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After the proclamation of the Second Constitutionalism on 23-24 July 1908, significant changes were happened in matters such as organization and association The existence of newspapers and magazines in Albanian language in the organizations of Albanian clubs opened in places such as Istanbul, Thessaloniki, Manastır, Görice, Elbasan and Shkodra was an important step for the development of the Albanian language. However, a dilemma arose regarding the Albanian language. This dilemma brought up the issue of whether the Albanian language should be written in Latin or Arabic letters. In this process, there were various discussions among Albanian intellectuals in Istanbul on the subject. Newspapers published by Albanians were seen as a field of discussion on the issue of letters. These newspapers represent an important process among the development stages of the Albanian language. Some of the newspapers were written in Ottoman Turkish and some of them were written based on the Albanian language with Latin or Arabic letters. One of the most important of these newspapers was published by Derviş Hima (İbrahim Mehmet Naci) under the name "Arnavud/Shqipetari" in Istanbul Beyoğlu. The 74th and last issue of the newspaper, which started its publication life on January 13, 1910, was published on October 25, 1912. The weekly newspaper was published for almost three years and brought up important issues about Albanians. In this study, the newspaper Arnavud/Shqipetari from the Istanbul press of the second sonstitutional period was analyzed and some important articles about the Albanian language, culture and history were conveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

That Armenian historians disagree on the origin and geography of the ancient Armenians is a reality. As known Armenians lived under various administrations worldwide. For instance, the Armenian Patriarchate was founded by Mehmet the Conqueror, and considerable numbers of Armenians from conquered lands settled in Istanbul under Yavuz Sultan Selim and Suleiman the Magnificent. After the 1821 Greek Revolt, Armenians took over numerous Greek state tasks. The so called "Millet-i Sadıka" Armenians lived in harmony with other nations in the Ottoman Empire for almost five hundred years. After Russia won the Ottoman-Russian war in 1877-1878, foreign governments were allowed to intervene in Ottoman borders, making the Armenian issue an international issue. After that, the Iranian State helped the Ottoman Armenian uprisings in several ways. Iran supported the foundation of rebel groups like Hinchak, Dashnak, and Armenekan. Furthermore Iranian consulates issued passports to Armenians so they could travel freely and avoid unpleasant situations. Iranian media slanted Armenian coverage and reported that Armenians were massacred. This study examines how the Iranian press and primary sources covered the Armenian issue's rise. It will contribute to the literature by providing information about the Iranian perspective on the Armenian issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a tool of socialization, the press plays an effective role in the construction and reconstruction of collective identity. Elements that define identity can be disseminated and preserved through the press. Ethnic identity, as one of the collective identities, is reconstructed in the social arena through various rituals based on history, culture, mythology, etc. At this point, the representation of ethnic identities by the press and the presentation of rituals are important. In this study, the role of local press in the reconstruction of identity is examined in Iğdır, where Azerbaijani Turks and Kurds live together as two upper ethnic identities. The study seeks to answer how the Nevruz-Newroz festival, which holds significance for both ethnic identities, is presented in Iğdır local press and how the "us-others" dichotomy is constructed. To achieve this, the critical discourse analysis method of Van Dijk was used to analyze the Nevruz-Newroz content published in the March 2023 issues of local newspapers such as Yeşil Iğdır, Güven, Aras, Doğuş, and Iğdır Yaşar. The study found that Yeşil Iğdır, Güven, and Iğdır Yaşar newspapers presented the festival from the perspective of Azerbaijani Turks, while Doğuş and Aras newspapers presented it from the perspective of Kurds. The findings showed a parallelism between the ethnic identities and political views of newspaper owners and the way the festival was presented in their newspapers. This suggests that the newspapers played an important role in the reconstruction of the two upper identities in Iğdır. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a multifaceted fact the foreign post incident had a great repercussion throughout the world until the early parts of the 20th century. Foreign post offices, an integral component and consequence of the expansionist policies of European states, had a significant impact on the Ottoman Empire. Western postal administrations conducted operations within Ottoman settlements for an extended period. The Ottoman Empire also came to the fore as a country where European postal administrations competed among themselves. Foreign post offices, initially established on the basis of commercial and social considerations, eventually gained a political dimension. The Ottoman Empire, which adopted a Western-style postal system in 1840, prioritized the development of its domestic postal infrastructure as a matter of institutional policy. However, this initiative was met with resistance from European postal administrations who sought to maintain their presence within Ottoman territory. Despite objections to the perceived lack of structural transformation and operational competence within the Ottoman Postal Administration, the Empire’s participation in the inaugural international postal congress in Bern in 1874 marked a significant turning point. Becoming a founding member of the Universal Postal Union enabled the Ottoman Empire to provide international postal services within two years, fulfilling a critical requirement for membership that had been leveraged by European States. Nonetheless, this did not resolve all of the Empire’s issues related to foreign postal services, which continued to be a source of political, economic, and social contention. Although the European press extensively covered this topic, a comprehensive academic study has yet to be undertaken. In addition, little attention has been given in foreign literature to alternative perspectives on the issue of foreign postal services in the Ottoman Empire. This article aims to point out the gap in the literature by examining the foreign press’s coverage of the Ottoman Empire’s postal system and exploring alternative approaches to this topic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

When studying "Periodicals in the Ottoman Empire published in languages other than Turkish" it is natural to include Judeo-Spanish and Hebrew, which are used in the publications of the Jewish community in different parts of the Empire. In this article, we aim to analyse the subject solely within the context of Istanbul, based on the available data. Judeo-Spanish also known as Ladino in international platforms was referred to by various names such as Judeo-Espanyol, Yahudice, Musevice, Cudezmo and Sefardi among the people. Contrary to popular belief, the use of Hebrew was very limited. We observe that the use of Turkish language in the press became widespread only after the 1950s thanks to the new generations who were educated within the National Education system of the new Republic. Meanwhile, French took the second position, influenced by the Alliance schools established by the French Jewish community in various cities of the Ottoman Empire, Currently, the Jewish press in Turkey consists of the weekly Şalom newspaper which is published in Turkish and its monthly supplement El Amaneser [Dawn] published in Judeo- Spanish. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the 19th century, the Ottoman Empire started to implement policies with a productive perspective in order to increase wealth, and since the state was more competitive to increase agricultural production at this point, the agricultural sector was preferred and implemented in this direction. One of the policies it has implemented is the spread of agricultural mechanization in the country. This study stated the policies implemented by the state for the spread of agricultural mechanization, and the change experienced in the process was examined by examining the articles in the press and the process of agricultural mechanization was illustrated. The content of the study is explained what the concept of propaganda is due to the use of the press as a propaganda tool, the function of the press as a policy tool is explained, and it is emphasized that the press constantly touches on the same issues for intellectual change in order to increase agricultural mechanization. As a result of the articles for the spread of mechanization in the press, it is observed that the mechanization has increased in the country and this increases the number of mechanization used. As it is frequently mentioned in the press, even if factors such as lack of capital and not being open to innovations have slowed down the spread of mechanization, there is a partial success. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

President İsmet İnönü's determined stance is one of the developments in foreign policy, especially in the Second World War. The victory of the pro-democracy England, France and the USA in World War II accelerated the process of transition to a multi-party political life. In this process, with the establishment of parties such as the National Development Party (MKP) and the Democrat Party (DP), the long-lasting single-party period in Turkey came to an end. The 27-year Republican People's Party (CHP) government came to an end with the 14 May 1950 elections, especially as the DP gained strength in the hearts of the people after the 1946 elections. In the new era in Turkey, DP has turned into the ruling party and CHP has turned into an opposition party. In this context, between the years 1950-1960, which is expressed as the DP period, parliamentary elections were held in 1950, 1954 and 1957. The most troublesome period of the DP government, which won the aforementioned 1950 and 1954 general elections by a wide margin, was the election that took place in 1957, when it struggled with both internal and external problems. As a result of the election, the DP lost a significant amount of votes compared to the previous elections, and accordingly, the number of deputies decreased. While this is the case across Turkey, the DP in Kütahya achieved a serious success by winning all 8 deputies. In the study; The reflections of the 1957 general elections, which are not in parallel with Turkey, on the city of Kütahya, and the changes made in the election law, the methods used by the parties in nominating candidates, the propaganda process and how they evaluate the election results are mentioned in detail. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This book, published in 2021 by Bedri Cumhur Doğu and Okan Kaya, consists of related news clippings that were reflected in the newspapers in the early Republican period. The book aims to convey to the reader the impact of the practices aimed at closing the lodges and zawiyas on Bektashis through the news reflected in the press. Bektashi dervish lodges were closed together with other sects and all kinds of sect practices were banned within the scope of the law enacted in 1925 for the closure of lodges and zawiyas. While the Bektashis complied with these law requirements, they tried to maintain the sect's requirements by carrying their rituals to their homes in secrecy. As a result of the exercises carried out in this context, these meetings held at homes were raided and many Bektashi babas and dervishes were arrested and referred to the jurisdiction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the rapid development and spread of mass media, it has been possible to transmit news content to the masses much more quickly. In addition to the national mainstream media, which provides a public service to large masses, there is also a press .and broadcast branch that conducts local reporting activities aimed at relatively small audiences within a limited area or district. This branch of press and broadcast, known as the local press, is as important as the mainstream media in both setting the agenda and forming public opinion. In this context, the study focuses on the frequency of the appearance of the news related to local tourism and related thematic levels of that news. The universe of this study consists of local newspapers released in Edirne/ Keşan province and the sample size of the study is based on Medya Keşan newspaper, which was first printed on May 17, 1993 in Edirne/Keşan province with its printed issues between January 2006 and December 2012 and digital issues between January 2013 and June 2022. The aim of the study is to determine and evaluate the frequency of the appearance of the tourism keyword in the news headlines and the relational level of this keyword with other concepts and word indexes in printed and digital issues of this local newspaper within a period of 15 years and 6 months. For this purpose, the printed and digital issues of the newspaper were screened and the obtained data were interpreted using frequency analysis and categorical analysis techniques within content analysis. As a result of the study, it was understood that the local press as well as the mainstream media plays an important role in producing news content in both traditional and digital journalism and at the same time it acted as an agenda setter. Further suggestions were made by drawing attention to the need for local press to receive the necessary training and support in producing news content in the field of tourism. It has also been discussed that tourism is not only about rest and entertainment. In addition to this, it was emphasized that by covering areas such as institutions, individuals, activities, environment, enviromental economy and infrastructure, the subject of tourism journalism could be enlarged on. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Cyprus issue has become one of the main elements of Turkish-Greek relations since the mid-1950s, has been perceived as a "national cause" by the public opinions of both Türkiye and Greece, and has become one of the most important determinants of Turkish foreign policy. At the Summit Conference held at the level of prime ministers in Keşan and Alexandroupolis on 9-10 September 1967, it was aimed to find a peaceful solution to the existing problems between Türkiye and Greece, including the Cyprus issue, through bilateral negotiations. The meetings, which started with the request and invitation of the Greek side, were inconclusive due to the Greece's imposition of enosis as the only possible solution in Cyprus. These meetings had wide repercussions in the Turkish public opinion both before and after; various comments and evaluations were made on the issues discussed at the meetings, the thesis and approaches of the parties and other international actors, and the policy should to be followed against Greece. The public's attitude towards the meetings and their results has become evident in two ways: a positive or critical approach to the meetings. When evaluated in very general terms, while the ruling party and the circles close to it welcomed the meetings and the results obtained, those in the opposition took a critical attitude, although the dose was different. In this study, it has been examined how the Keşan-Alexandroupolis meetings are perceived and evaluated by different segments of the Turkish public (government/opposition parties, press and non-governmental organizations). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Newspapers that we can express as the diaries of a nation; It contains information about the social and political texture, values, personalities and institutions of the period in which it was published. Newspapers are not only the news source of the period in which they were published, but also provide a rich data source that can be used by many disciplines from politics to history, from economy to education, from law to sociology. In the research, it is aimed to examine the reflections of the news about democracy between 1946-1960 in the local press of Malatya. The research has a qualitative method and a case study model was used. The newspapers Fırat, Malatya Postası and Yeni Malatya Postası, which were included in the Malatya local press between 1946 and 1960 in the National Library Periodicals Archive, were determined as the study group of the research. Among the determined newspapers, nearly 7000 newspaper pages were scanned and democracy news was taken as a basis and criterion sampling method was used. As a result of the scanning, a total of 891 news related to the subject of democracy were reached, classified in eight categories and coded. The document analysis method was used as a data collection tool in the research, and the content analysis technique was used in the analysis of the data. In line with the analysis, it was concluded that the understanding of democracy, culture, institutions, political texture and personalities of the period from the transition of Turkey to the multi-party political life in 1946 until 1960 were tried to be reflected through the example of the Malatya local press. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bu çalışmada Millî Mücadele dönemi boyunca Kütahya’da yaşanan gelişmeler, ABD ve İngiltere basınına yansıyan yönleriyle ele alınmıştır. Dolayısıyla ABD ve İngiltere basınından yararlanılmak suretiyle 1918-1922 yılları arasında Kütahya’da yaşananların okuyucunun bilgisine sunulması çalışmanın ana gayesidir. Bu araştırmada karşılaştırmalı içerik analizi yöntemi tercih edilmiştir. Buna göre öncelikle araştırma konusuyla ilgili haber ve yazılar tespit edilmiş, ardından bu haber ve yazılar objektiflik ilkesi göz önünde bulundurulmak suretiyle tasnif edilmiştir. Kütahya’daki gelişmeleri olduğu gibi okuyucuya sunma gayreti içinde olduğu ve çoğunluğunun haber ajanslarına ait olduğu anlaşılan yazılar öncelikli olarak değerlendirilmiş, yanlış bilgiler içerdiği aşikâr olan haberler değerlendirme dışında tutulmuştur. Değerlendirme kapsamına alınması kararlaştırılan haber ve yazılar, yerli kaynaklardaki bilgilerle karşılaştırıldıktan sonra çalışma kapsamına alınmıştır. Çalışmanın önemli olduğu düşünülen bulguları, Kütahya ile ilgili araştırmaların literatürüne katkıda bulunulması ve dönemin iki önemli ülkesi olan ABD ile İngiltere ülkelerine ait basın organlarının Kütahya’daki gelişmeleri okuyucularına sunum şekillerinin ortaya çıkarılmasıdır. ABD ve İngiltere basın organlarının, Millî Mücadele dönemi boyunca Kütahya’da yaşanan gelişmelere önemli oranda yer verdiği tespit edilmiştir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Propaganda is a method used to persuade the public on any subject. Yale Approach developed by Carl Hovland stands out with the features of message, recipient, and source of the message. For the message to be effective, it must give fear, repeat, express the opposite opinion, and include feelings and facts at the same time. Based on this information, "Can one of the propaganda methods used by the press in the Early Republican period be defined as 'Yale Approach'?" research question arises. By finding the answer to this question, the propaganda techniques used in the Early Republican period press can be understood. For this purpose, the propaganda language used by the Cumhuriyet newspaper, about the 1930 Ağrıdagı Rebellion was analyzed by content analysis method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technological structures that progress day by day have brought both the development of new models and the making of different articulations to the existing ones. At this point, it is important to examine the approaches to the Metaverse phenomenon, which can be considered as new. The news that holds a mirror to the society also gives clues about the period in which it is lived and reflects the views of individuals. At this point, the study aimed to examine the Metaverse phenomenon through content analysis method through national and international news platforms. The study is important in terms of examining the course of the metaverse phenomenon and analyzing regional differences. The results show that Metaverse has been discussed as a new phenomenon in the international press, mainly under the title of technology. In the national press, it has been shown that this issue is considered as an investment opportunity for individuals, especially in the economic framework. This difference between the regions draws the framework of the approaches of the people of the region to which the news belongs and brings the technological developments under different categories. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Since the censorship was banned with the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy II on July 23rd, 1908 (July 10, 1324), a serious dynamism began in the press. While publications were being published in Istanbul, which had been the center of the press before, with the freedom brought by the Constitutional Monarchy II, people from all walks of life became eager to publish periodicals, thus journalism spread from the center to the countryside. However, a large part of this activity composed of periodicals published in the form of one or more issues. Unplanned steps and financial difficulties were effective in the short duration of these publications. Newspapers are one of the first sources to be consulted in order to observe the attitudes of various segments of the society who think that they can do whatever they want with the Constitutional Monarchy, towards the Constitutional Monarchy, and to interpret the atmosphere of the period. The material of this study is the catchy articles of Esek, Feylesof, Deccal, Saka, Dertli ile Garip, Coskun Kalender, Lak Lak, Nester, Sakaci. The newspapers used in the study were chosen because they were published in the first ten years when the enthusiasm of the Constitutional Monarchy II was intense, they were short-term, and they included articles about constitutionalism-freedom in their pages. In the selection of the articles, the texts written from different perspectives and related to different fields (literary, political, social) were preferred as much as possible so that these concepts could be viewed from a broad perspective. The articles selected from the newspapers were transferred to new letters and so the Turkish cultural world was informed about these newspapers, and how the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy II resulting in great joy throughout the country and the perception of freedom were reflected in the humor press was examined. In the articles and cartoons selected from the specified humor newspapers, it has been seen that the proclamation of the Constitutional Monarchy II was handled from different perspectives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the early 20th century Russian Empire a number women-led riots called "Babi Bunty" manifested. The underlying reason of such actions was actually the economic outcome of the WWI. Famine and scarcity at the end of the war led women whose spouses were fighting to a number of spontaneous protests. The protests that in a short time reached even the furthest margins of the Empire, demonstrated their impact over South Caucasia, a significant part of the Empire. Baku, a substantial industrial city of the Empire became the epicenter of protests by February 1914. This study discusses the short history of these women-led riots and then it comprehensively analyzes the February protests in Baku by referring to contemporary memorandums and media coverage. The paper focuses on the aims of the rioting women and the reaction of local administrators to the protests. Moreover, such actions in the Russian Empire could be evaluated as a logical continuation of women's movements manifesting in the modern world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mankurt and kozkaman are concepts that have been expressed with increasing frequency by Turkish politicians in recent years and have found a parallel place in the Turkish press. When examined in terms of origin, it is possible to say that both concepts are derived from the Epic of Manas. The concepts of mankurt and kozkaman, which are still up-to-date today, and the stories in which the concepts make sense, offer important opportunities to make sense of today's political and cultural world. The main purpose of this study is to reveal what the concepts of mankurt and kozkaman from the Epic of Manas mean, in which contexts they are used today and the reflections of these contexts in the Turkish press. In the existing literature, mankurt and kozkaman concepts are frequently examined in the context of literature, and the political dimensions of the concepts, their reflections in the press generally ignored. The study evaluates this situation as problematic. The media is among the most important devices of today in informing and raising awareness of individuals and societies, transferring the collective memory to future generations and shaping the attitudes and behaviors of individuals. In this direction, it is very important to examine the reflections of the concepts in the media. In this context, the representations of the concepts of mankurt and kozkaman between the years 2015 - 2020 in Turkish newspapers Yeniçağ, Yeni Şafak, Sabah, Hürriyet, Cumhuriyet and Evrensel, which have different ideological publishing understanding, have been analyzed in accordance with the critical discourse analysis method developed by Teun Van Dijk. According to the data obtained, the concepts are used in conjunction with nationalist discourses, the public is warned against the "terrorist elements" with these concepts, the person or people who belittle their country and culture, and denigrate their own country to the "imperialist states" are described as mankurt and közkaman. In addition, according to the data obtained from the study, the political stance of the newspaper also affected the way the concepts were conveyed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the place and significance of the French language in the development of Ottoman Jewish press before the end of the War of Independence in 1922. To this end, in light of the sources available, we have tried to give general information about the periodicals published solely or partially in French and their publishers. We also provided a panorama of developments after the proclamation of the republic in an sub-section. The term "Jewish Press" implies the periodicals (newspapers and magazines) published by Ottoman Jews within the borders of today's Turkey (Aydın, Edirne, Istanbul and Izmir) intended to address the Jewish community. In addition, we have included some periodicals aimed at the general readership into our study. The publishers and/or editors of these periodicals were Ottoman Jews, and the French-speaking Jewish community of the Ottoman state followed these publications with great interest. However, we have not included the procedures required to obtain official permits and licenses for publishing a periodical into our study. We also had to leave the issues related to censorship and press legislation out, since they were not specific to publications in French, but were general rules applied to all Ottoman press. Therefore, we believe these issues should be the subject of another study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

One day after the establishment of the Committee of Inquest on April 18, 1960 and the adoption of the Law of Police Powers, which gave this committee broad powers, on April 27, protests led by university students began in Istanbul and Ankara. Martial law was declared in these two cities by the Democratic Party government and harsh measures were implemented. Within the scope of these measures, the press was also intervened and any news about the protests was prohibited. While the newspapers that did not comply with the prohibitions were sentenced to close down for a while, the relevant copies were confiscated. For this reason, it is almost impossible to come across news about the upheavals in Istanbul and Ankara in the newspapers of the period until the May 27 coup. After the coup, the junta began to accuse the DP government with mind-blowing accusations to explain the legitimacy of the coup to the public. The allegations that a large number of students were murdered feloniously by the government in the Istanbul-Ankara upheavals and their bodies were chopped in feed machines and pulverized were widely covered in the press. The newspapers of the period even launched campaigns to build monuments for students who lost their lives. There are also allegations that plans were made to exterminate the cadets of the Military Academy and that there were buried weapons and military equipment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In this study, the news of incorrect alcohol meter measurements were investigated after the use of substances such as cologne and hand sanitizer, which we encountered a lot in printed and online publications during the pandemic process. It is aimed to discuss the issue through the products accused of causing the incorrect measurement and the subsequent process. Materials and Methods: In this research, which is a descriptive retrospective study, the news published between January 2020 and March 2021, which can be accessed via the internet, were examined. As a result of the scanning, 20 news that could be accessed formed our sample. Results: Cologne and hand sanitizer constitute 40% (n=8) of the products accused of causing incorrect results in alcohol meter measurements and mouthwashes constitute 15% (n=3). 80% of people who think that the measurement is incorrect or high have applied to the hospital for objection purposes. In 81,25% (n=13) of those who applied to the hospital, blood alcohol levels were found to be '0 promile'. All of the drivers who used cologne and hand sanitizer said that they applied these products to their hands and faces for disinfection shortly before the measurement. Some of these drivers even stated that they used cologne or hand sanitizer while waiting during the time of control of the vehicle before them. Conclusions: Before measuring with an alcohol meter, it should be questioned whether the recent use of products that are thought to affect the result has occurred. If necessary, it may be useful to take measurements after the driver has been waiting for a while so as not to encounter false positive measurement results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The incident, became a subject of international law textbooks, took place on August 2, 1927 in the Aegean Sea, off Mytilene, in the form of a collision between the French SS Lotus and the Turkish ship Bozkurt. The next day, the captain of SS Lotus, was arrested due to mutual complaints. At this point, the French authorities had intense objections to the jurisdiction of the Istanbul Court, while the Republic of Turkey proposed to refer the case to The Hague Court of Justice. Thus, the case is transferred to international law. While the Turkish press generally maintained its courtesy at the beginning and continuation of the Hague process, it is difficult to find the same style in some newspapers published in French media. In this study, it is aimed to examine some news published in the French press of the period from a linguistic perspective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Second Constitutional Era was a period of political freedom, as well as freedom in the field of press. With the provision that the press is free within the framework of the law, both civil and military press produced many works. In this period when the military newspaper culture was strongly felt, on the one hand politics were done through the press and on the other hand the dominance of the army over politics was felt. Numerous newspapers and magazines have been published, including many news and articles related to aviation, particularly the naval and land army. In this study, Başçavuş Mecmuası, which dealt with the instruction and education of low-ranking soldiers called as petty officers, and also includes important articles on the military and political atmosphere of the period, will be examined. The study includes the examination of a magazine that will contribute to the military history literature as well as to the history of press. Başçavuş Mecmuası, which will be discussed in the light of documents of Ottoman Archive and other literature sources, needs to be examined like many works of the press during the Second Constitutional Era. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: In the media, allegations of medical malpractice and violence in healthcare continuous publication of news of violence against healthcare professionals, the way the news are presented, and the effort to make healthcare professionals worthless are among the situations we encounter frequently today. Materials and Methods: In our study, the relevant news in national newspapers were analyzed retrospectively in order to examine the way in which the mass media deal with news related to medical practices, allegations of wrongful medical practice and news about violence in health. Results: In the presentation of the news; It has been observed that headings such as, 'Compensation of 4 million lira for negligence that caused blindness',' Stomach reduction surgery caused the death of two children' s father', 'He went to the hospital with abdominal pain, his life was darkened', 'The band was forgotten in his abdomen during cesarean section', 'They cut his heart in stomach surgery', 'He went to the hospital for a broken arm, came out with his lifeless body', 'The doctor was fainting beating' etc. Conclusion: It is observed that the media play a provocative role in violence against physicians/healthcare professionals and the news has damaged the reliability of healthcare professionals. Media can protect the clean air we all need and clean the polluted air instead of a role that consumes the healthy atmosphere that should be. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to examine the perspective of the USA on Armenian question by looking at reactions in the press to the events in the past. During the First World War, the relocation of Armenians with the Law of Relocation and Settlement has become a trump card used by European countries and the USA against the Turks. One of the most important sources that have to be considered to understand the attitude of the U.S. is the press of that time. In the U.S, which has shown concern for the Armenians for a long time for its self-interests, the press gave widespread coverage to the events which took placed in Urfa related to Armenians between the years 1915-1918. The American Press frequently carried on its pages that the Armenians were persecuted and massacred in Urfa province, and carried out black propaganda against the Ottoman Empire. The main sources of the study will be the USA newspapers of the period 1915-1918. At the end of the study, the perception of the American Press on the subject will be clarified through the news given as a sample. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the policies followed by the Committee of Union and Progress towards the press during the Second Constitutional Monarchy, newspapers such as Muahede, Sosyalist, İnsaniyet, İştirak which were the media organs of the Democrat and Socialist parties, were closed and their authors were also arrested. The deputy of Komotini, İsmail Hakkı Bey reacted and gave a parlimentary question to the Grand Vizier to explain why the aforementioned newspapers were closed. There percussions of this requesting in the Parliament showed that the MPs evaluated the aforementioned events at two different points; those focused on the point that the detention procedures of the martial law could not be criticized, while according to others the procedure was unlawful and evaluated as unfair attempts. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the frames in which the Arab - Israeli normalization is presented to the public in the Middle Eastern press. The main purpose of the study is to determine the similarities and differences of the regional powers framing methods of the normalization attempt, and to discover if there is a casual relationship between framing methods and the countries foreign policies. In this direction, the study adopts the "framing" approach as the conceptual basis. For this research, data collection technique and discourse analysis were chosen as qualitative methods in order to analyze the data. The scope of the research consists of news from the media of four regional powers; Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Iran and Egypt from August 13, 2020, the day when the joint declaration was signed, to September 15, 2020, the day when the Abraham Accords were signed. The main argument of the study is that the Arab-Israeli normalization is presented in the Middle Eastern media in a reconstructed way, and the regional powers foreign policy determines the way in which the news are framed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the proclamation of the republic in Turkey in 1923, the parliamentary system had started, and the country has been administered with this system for a long time. However, in 2017, Prime Minister of the time Binali Yıldırım and 103 AK Party members of the Parliament proposal for the Presidential System to the parliament (anayasadegisikligi. barobirlik.org.tr, 2020) was accepted with the support of the Nationalist Movement Party (MHP) and it was decided to hold a referendum. As a result of this decision, the referendum ballots took place on the 16th April 2017 and a "yes" result was obtained from it. Although the relationship between the press and politics is a subject that is constantly criticized, the existence of such a relationship cannot be denied. It is possible to see the relationship between the press and politics in every media material such as news, columns and cartoons. In this study, how the 2017 Presidential System referendum was reflected on cartoons is examined in the context of the relationship between discourse and ideology. On the other hand, it has been tried to determine whether the cartoonists reflect the ideologies of the newspapers they are working for. In this direction, the cartoons published in a period of two months have been examined and those found to be relevant to the referendum were selected for analysis. In this study, the cartoons archives of Yeni Şafak and Yeni Çağ newspapers representing the right view, and Cumhuriyet and Evrensel newspapers representing the left view have been studied. In the study, qualitative research methods discourse analysis and semiotic analysis have been used together. The findings of the study revealed that the cartoons were drawn according to the publication visions of the newspapers in which they were published and that discourses were formed in the lines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Egyptian Question was one of the main problems of Ottoman diplomacy during the 19th century as Egypt had been occupied first by the French in 1798 and then by the British in 1882. While the Turkish-Arab relations were being reshaped under the "Ottoman supra-identity" following the re-proclamation of the Constitution in 1908 and the administration of CUP governments, the relations between Cairo and the Porte were also reshaped. Claims that the British thought of Egypt as an alternative center for the Islamic Caliphate also influenced the course of these relations. At the very beginning of WWI, the attention of the Turkish public was turned back to Egypt, and it was noteworthy that an intense writing activity regarding Egypt's recent history and the significance of the land within the Islamic tradition made its commencement. In particular, the journals such as Sabîl al-Raşād, Islām, Mahfil, Ta'âruf-i Muslimîn, and Bayān al-hak have been observed to closely have been interested in the developments in Egypt and to have tried to stay in tune with the latest news by publishing articles and series about Egyptian political life. Ömer Rıza Doğrul, Tāhir al-Mawlawī and Abd al-Ghanī Saīd in Sabîl al-Raşād and Sâmizâda Surayya in Ta'âruf-i Müslimîn, depicted their impressions of Egypt in their writings and through these meticulously promoted the thought that Egypt was still a part of the Ottoman sovereignty. Many Islamist journals of the era also advocated the idea that Egypt is a very important part of Islamic culture, commenting that the British had also aimed at ruining the unity and commitment of the universal Muslim body by invading Egypt. In the years following the Second Constitutional Era, the press organs both in Istanbul and Egypt took a close interest in each other. The authors of the Islamist journals shared their opinions about various media outlets published in Egypt with their audience until the late 1920s when the secular transformation of the young Turkish Republic began to take place. The prominent Egyptian newspaper al-Muqahham was accused of serving British interests and al-Ahrām of approaching Egypt's affairs from a perspective which traditionally belonged to the French, while the anti-British stance of conservative patriotic newspapers such as al-Liwāh and al-Šahb was highly praised. The Islamist magazines' approach to al-hizb al-Wahanī group led by Muhtafā Kāmil, who represented the conservative patriotic wing in Egypt, was also extremely positive. However, Muhammad Farīd, the leader of the group after Muhtafā Kāmil, was criticized for not being able to lead the patriotic sentiments as effectively as his predecessor and of being unable to develop an effective policy against neither the Khedive nor the British. Egypt was one of the urgent issues of Islamist press once again during the occupation of Tripoli by Italy. Topics discussed were the reaction made by the Egyptians to the occupation, the aid activities they initiated, the efforts they made to show their solidarity, and how the Ottoman efforts of intervening in the occupation resonated in Egypt. During the years of WWI, Egypt was on the front pages of these journals due to the effects of the proclamation of Cihâd-ı akbar and the predictions on how the British patronage of Egypt would affect the fate of the war. When the war was finally over, and the defeat was accepted, it became clear that Egypt was completely lost. Afterward, Egypt was rather regarded as a part of the Islamic spiritual union just like the other Muslim communities and states outside of Istanbul's direct political influence, and this interest took place only in the news compilations that generally conveyed the news of these Muslim communities to the Turkish audience. This study aims to evaluate the Turkish Islamists' perspective on the British occupation and the Egyptian identity by examining the news and articles related to Egypt in the Turkish Islamist press beginning from the Second Constitutional Era until the proclamation of the Turkish Republic. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the digital journalism practices in Turkey over Ensonhaber, Hürriyet, and Medyascope and tries to determine the essential qualities of digital news media. The purpose of this study to compare news media which is both born digital-born and has the printed newspaper version by examining the structure of the news sites in terms of digital journalism practices in Turkey. In this context, Ensonhaber and Medyascope which are the digital-born with the website of Hürriyet which has the printed version as well have been examined the data on ranking/access/traffic data of news sites through Alexa.com. In addition, social media accounts and news categories have been analyzed by using the content analysis method. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first newspapers in the Ottoman Empire were published by the French people in French. The activities of some of these newspapers published in Istanbul and Izmir conflicted with the interests of the empire and led to political crisis between the empire and foreign representative offices. In addition, the Ottoman rulers realized the effect of press on society and politics thanks to these newspapers, and they based their newspaper publishing practices on this understanding. As a matter of fact, with the publication of Takvim-i Vekayi (Calendar of Cases) which is acknowledged as the starting point of the empire's press history, the Ottoman government tried to form public opinion in its own favor both in the country and in Europe. The press in the Ottoman Empire started with the publication of an official gazette, however the opposition about the direction of the country was made through newspapers, and the opponent attitudes of the first journalists determined the content of newspapers. Providing the public with useful information was among the primary goals of those who published newspapers from the beginning. Therefore, addressing people through a language which they would easily understand was a guiding principle which almost all journalists insisted on. The first Ottoman newspapers also reflected the style of the period. For instance, it was observed that the praise to the Ottoman sultan, one of the characteristic discourse features of the period, was seen in newspapers, however the intensity of such discourse decreased as the opposing attitude of the newspaper became sharper. In this article in which the prefaces of Takvim-i Vekayi, Ceride-i Havadis (Journal of News), Tercuman-ı Ahval (Interpreter of Situations) and Ibret (Object Lesson) were evaluated, the contents of the prefaces were introduced first, and then they were analyzed under the titles of 'Preface Authors', 'Evaluation of Contents' and 'Language and Styles'. In conclusion, it was found that all the features of the Ottoman press in its early stage were reflected also on the prefaces of the newspapers and it was deduced that journalists had the awareness of their purpose why they would embark on journalistic journey and what they would do throughout this journey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Based on the consular reports of a European power having a notable geopolitical interest in Ottoman Albania especially since 1878, this article highlights the Dual Monarchy's consuls' appreciation on the diffusion and reception of Albanian periodical press in the western parts of the Balkan Peninsula in 1903-1904. The article thus analyses this perception while pointing out various factors of diffusion and non-diffusion of the "nationalist" press and tackles the issue of the receptivity among the Albanian population of this rising nationalist propaganda. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The new world order that emerged after the First World War put the future of the Ottoman Empire at risk. Following the Mondros Armistice Agreement, many regions of the country were occupied by the members of the Entente States. Local press in Trabzon was formed in the second half of the 19th century. During the period from the beginning of the National Struggle to the publication of Istikbal Newspaper, there were various newspapers published by non-Muslims in Trabzon as well as anti-National Struggle newspapers owned by Turkish people. İstikbal Newspaper, which was first published in 1918 by Faik Ahmet Barutçu, became influential in the region with its pro-National Independence publication policy. The newspaper objected to those who tried to show the establishment of the Turkish Grand National Assembly (TGNA) as an act against the Ottoman administration. In this regard, the newspaper put forward legitimate reasons such as the occupation of Istanbul, the center of caliphate and reign, Ottoman administrators who were stripped of power to rule, and the dire need for the nation to be self-governing. Criticizing the wrong policies of the Damat Ferit Pasha Government, Istikbal Newspaper highlighted that the Turkish nation would not rebel against the caliph and the sultan. The newspaper that stated the formation of the new Assembly in Ankara was essential, also addressed the ceremonies to be performed on April 23, 1923. In addition to the articles describing religious sensitivities on the opening day of the Turkish Grand National Assembly, information was provided on the election of deputies to attend the Turkish Grand National Assembly as well. At a time when the press was gaining importance as a propaganda tool, İstikbal Newspaper contributed to the country's unity and solidarity as well as to the success in the regional and national struggle through its publications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"Vasárnap the Ujság" which was published between the years 1854-1921, in Hungary and was an important organ of the newspaper is one of them. Vasárnap the Ujságis which did not give up reflecting the developments related to Turkey during its publising period informed its readers about World War I in the course of "Háború Napjai" (War Days) day by day about the developments of the war and evaluated the events with the Hungarian perspective. The front opened in Caucasus region and the Caucasus opened were what Vasárnap Ujság transfer to its readers with the great excitement and followed with interest. Illuminating the reader through correspondents sent to the Caucasus front Vasárnap the Ujság, both reflected the news about the First World War on the Caucasian front the Hungarians' point of view and this is extremely important also in terms of reflecting the Turkish-Hungarian friendship during the war. This work uses this newspaper, which is an important source in Budapest Széchényi Library newspaper archives (Országos Széchényi Könyvtár Hírlaptára) in using visual and written expression, and other resources related to the period. The developments in the Caucasus front and the Turkish- Hungarian friendship are in the press to the day. These news are evaluated by presenting possible findings which can be expressed as important data to review the Turkish-Hungarian relations politically, military, socially and culturally. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first official newspaper of the Ottoman Empire based in Istanbul is Takvim-i Vekayi. The main purpose of the newspaper was to popularize the state laws and reforms. This newspaper was subsequently followed by semi-official and private publications. Tuna Provincial Reform Law of 1864, provided the reflection of the media life to the Ottoman country. The Reform included the establishment of a printing house in each province and the issue of the newspapers of the province. Diyarbakir's first official provincial newspaper is Diyarbekir Newspaper, which started its publication in 1869. During the post-Constitutional period when Committee of Union and Progress began to strengthen, private newspapers started to be published. One of them is Dicle, which was published between 1911-1915. Dicle Newspaper was published with the support of the Diyarbakir branch of the CUP. The newspaper published articles on internal and external political, social, economic, intellectual and literary issues throughout its 4 years of publication. In this study, the publishing phase of Dicle, its writer staff, its publication policy and its importance for Diyarbakır were examined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With her cautious foreign policy, while Turkey avoided to enter in the Second World War on the one hand, she had faced with serious internal economic and political problems which were emanating from the war on the other hand. During the war, the Turkish press was dictated and obliged to support the government's foreign policy. When it became clear that Germany was to loose the war, the Turanians who had been under the Soviet radar for a long time, were chased and arrested. Moreover, maintaining a large army as a standby reserve throughout the war disrupted heavily the Turkish economy, as the country was still struggling to create a stabilized treasury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the 1870s, the Ottoman intellectuals, who argued that protectionist policies should be implemented, were seen. Ottoman intellectuals such as Ahmet Mithat, Mizancı Murat and Akyiğitzade Musa were influenced by the German economist Friedrich List and emphasized that the country's industry should be protected by customs duties. This idea was adopted by almost all Ottoman intellectuals and bureaucrats from the 1880s onwards. Intellectuals of the II. Constitutional Monarchy also suggested that the economic development of the country would be in line with the patronage of economic thought. II. The Committee of Union and Progress Party, which was in power during the Constitutional Monarchy, carried out its state policies in line with this idea after 1912 and financed many newspapers in order to spread this idea. In this study, II. In the light of the newspapers published during the Constitutional Monarchy period, the discussions on the idea of economic economy in the Ottoman state were examined. Protesting thoughts in the newspapers began to be seen with the declaration of the Constitutional Monarchy in 1908, and this idea became a subject in newspapers until 1923. The newspapers of the period tried to teach the principles of this idea to the public and aimed at the economic policies of the country to be in line with this idea. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The art and literature magazine Doðu has an important place in the press life -started in the 1920s and continues until today- of Antalya. Doðu which was printed by Niyazi Recep Bey and Doctor Cemil Süleyman on 1921, is one of the periodicals published in Antalya during this period. The magazineset out with the aim of being "a sincere companion to young friends in national emotions and professional activities"- devoted its first pages to the writings and poems of Mehmet Emin Yurdakul who was presented as "our idea father and national poet". Thus, Doðu, which puts its broadcasting policy on a national line, has continued this aim in the later numbers, and despite its short-term publication, it has gained an important place in the history of Antalya press. In this study, an introduction and review will be made by taking into account the numbers of Doðu and Yeni Hayat, the first literary and art magazines of Antalya. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

2019 is the 100th anniversary of the Greek occupation and the our National Struggle in the Aegean Region. The process which started with the invasion of İzmir on May 15, 1919, continued soon after in Greek occupation of Manisa. One of the main sources of this process is the press of the period. Newspapers published in Turkey has fulfilled their duties of informing their readers about the occupation under extremely difficult conditions. However, the situation of the press is different in Greece which occupies the region. In our country, it was not emphasized how the other party approaches the situation. However, the press is an important resource in Greece as well as in our country. Of course the general view of the Greek press in those days was positive. Because the Greek armies occupied İzmir, which was of great material and moral importance for them, and continued occupation in the Aegean region rapidly. In this context, it is possible to perceive a general mood of satisfaction in the Greek newspapers. On the other hand, in the Turkish press, a reaction against the occupations and the attempt to prove the Turkishness of the region is perceived. The main objective of this study is to evaluate how the two sides see the occupation of Manisa and transfer them to the public, based on the accessible collections of newspapers published during the occupation period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After 1877-1878 Ottoman-Russian War, Kars remained under Russian rule until the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk dated March 3, 1918, and during this process, because it applied a Russianization policy in all areas, the people preferred to migrate to the inner parts of Anatolia. Turkish people who did not immigrate and remained were tried to be disconnected with Anatolia, Turkish broadcasting was not allowed in Kars and any book excepting the Holy Koran was not allowed in the city. In this period of time, because the Kars Newspaper published by Russia was in Russian, it historically has a great importance, although it has no value for the Turkish people. The Kars newspaper included important information from the period between 1883-1917. The aim of the study is to reveal the experiences in the region through the newspaper and to determine the perspective of Russian intellectuals and administration towards Turkish-Muslim people. In this direction, the supplied issues of the newspaper were examined and translated with the support of my esteemed student Dilbar İzatova and some evaluations related to the newspaper were included. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tobacco began to be known by the discovery of the American continent and soon began production all over the world. Tobacco cultivation began in the Ottoman state in the early 17th century and spread to all regions in a short time. The end of tobacco farming in the Ottoman Empire was an important source of tobacco farming farmers, and the state began to earn significant income from tobacco farming. With the moratorium declared in 1875, the Ottoman state declared that the repayments of the borrowers that it had made could not do. After this moratorium, the buyers established the Duyun-ı Umumiye Administration, which will control the important income sources of the Ottoman state. One of the sources of income that the Duyun-ı Umumiye Administration will control is tobacco agriculture. Duyun-ı Umumiye Administration established the Reji Company in 1884 in partnership with Credit Ansalt in Vienna, Banker Bleichröder in Berlin and Ottoman Bank in order to better manage tobacco revenues. Tobacco revenue will be shared between the Reji Company, the Duyun-ı Umumiye Administration and the Ottoman state. With the establishment of the company Reji, tobacco planting, trading and manufacturing in the Ottoman Empire was monopolized by this company for 30 years. With the establishment of Regji, major problems have arisen in tobacco farming. The reason for these problems was the management of tobacco agriculture in the direction of Reji's own company. Reji chose to sell tobacco farming in an attempt to control tobacco farming and to sell off-farmers' production of illegally trafficked crops to sell to Reji. This has led to the spread of tobacco smuggling in the country and there have been bigger problems in the country due to the rescue organization that Reji has established to combat smuggling. Tens of thousands of Ottoman citizens were killed by the army. With the establishment of the Reji Company, many articles about Reji began to appear in the press of the period. In this study II. In the Ottoman press after the Constitutional Monarchy, writings about tobacco agriculture and Reji were examined. In these writings, Reji's damages to Ottoman agriculture were explained, and it was requested that the company would not be re-negotiated with the company due to the close of the term of the Reji Company. It is also emphasized that the monopoly administration is not a suitable policy for the development of tobacco agriculture in the country. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Media plays a vital role in regenerating the social norms that cause the power to dominate the individual. While practising the biopower, which is described as "new form of invisible power" by Foucault, news discourse of media attracts the attention. Foucault's conceptualization of subject-power, types of power, and audit society can present new point of views on forming the health politics. The assumptions of this study are that bio-power, the new form of power, is often occurrenced in health practices in the 21st century and that newspapers are the bearers of this form of power in the direction of their own ideologies. Purpose of the study: It was aimed to help to understand the role of the media in regenerating the social norms. In this context health practices examined in the light of Foucault's discourse analysis on power. Sample of the study: The dailies Evrensel, Sabah and Yeni Akit were investigated for the health care news on abortion, supporting having 3 children, alcohol-smoking ban, banning the usage of salt and sugar in the context of obesity. Method of the study: Critical discourse analysis was used within the context of Foucault's biopower concept. As a result of literature review and analysis it was presented how different newspapers having different ideologies formed the news according to their ideologies on regenerating the social norms that causes the power to dominate the individuals. It can be said that Newspaper Sabah used ideological discourses representing the dominant ideology; Newspaper Evrensel used critical discourses representing its socialist ideological view on power's sanctions and Newspaper Yeni Akit used discourses serving to its fundamentalist, Islamist and conservative ideologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the invention of writing around BC 3000 and the invention of the printing in 1450s, developments occurred in culture, art, science and communication fields and the human beings started to communicate and interact with each other. The immigration phenomenon, which can date back as far as the human history also developed and continued to increase with the globalization and the developments in communication tools. These two important facts developed and increased parallel with each other and they became the most important subjects of the world in recent times. The refugee and asylum-seeker movements form the world agenda nowadays and it continues to be in the agenda due to press and media organisations following the subject closely and creating a public opinion. The growing refugee crisis gained speed and continued to increase especially with the protests and civil wars called "The Arab Spring", happening in the Arabic peninsula, and became the most emphasized topic by the media and the press agencies of many countries. In this study, six days' news coverage on the topic of refugees in The Guardian in England and the Hürriyet newspaper in Turkey were analysed and compared. The study will try to explain and focus on the similarities and differences between these news contents, from what perspective the refugee problems are looked at and how they are reported in the news. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published since 1870, Turkish humor magazines discussed the daily life as well as dealing with other newspapers and magazines. Becoming the target of humor magazines, however, brought about polemics among various actors of the press. The ensuing tension was sometimes carried into the courtrooms. The case between Hayal magazine and Mecmua-i Maarif newspaper in September 1874 is a good example of such a dispute. This study examines the process of lawsuit and trial between Hayal magazine and Mecmua-i Maarif newspaper, which was soon turned into "a matter of honour." [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the War of Independence the press played a great role in diverting and creating a public opinion. During the War of Independence, Mustafa Kemal Pasha prioritised the presence of the press and media, and performed great efforts to ensure its presence aside the Kuvâ-yı Milliye (National Forces). He followed pro-War of Independence press in Istanbul and varıous cities of Anatolia very closely, and saw them as a means to inform the public of the struggle that was taking place. Pro-War of Independence press in Istanbul and Anatolia became a crucial part in gaining the support of national and international actors, as well as playing a great role in fulfilling its duty by correctly informing the public. One of the most important examples of the Anatolian press during the National Struggle Period was the Dertli newspaper in Bolu. The newspaper was published in the provincial printing house, and it informed and enlightened the public on the War of Independence led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk as the provincial spokesmanship. The newspaper was published between 1919 and 1925. The Publisher of the newspaper was known as Deputy of Bolu to the Turkish Grand National Assembly, İlyaszade Şükrü Bey. The editor-in-chief of the weekly newspaper was Ali Saib Bey. The newspaper published news on the War of Independence, the early stages of the Republic, as well as news on politics, business and culture in Bolu and its surrounding provinces. The Dertli Newspaper is one of the outstanding examples of the Anatolian press, which has been kept up to the present day with its full collection. In this study, all the issues of the Dertli newspaper in the Hakki Tarik Us Collection will be reviewed, and the articles and news in the newspaper will be examined, and the data on staff, publication principles and policy of the newspaper will be evaluated. The study will be conducted using a qualitative research method based on document review and the contribution of the news and articles related to the War of Independence, and its contribution to the National Forces. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Dünyanın süper güçlerinin birbiriyle savaştığı ve Türkiye'nin arada kaldığı İkinci Dünya Savaşı'nda, İsmet İnönü'nün başını çektiği kadro, değişken bir dış politika izlemek zorunda kalmıştır. Almanya'nın ve Müttefiklerin Türkiye'yi savaşa sokma baskıları bertaraf edilmiş, Sovyet Rusya'nın Boğazlarla ilgili isteklerine karşı durulmaya da çalışılmıştır. Bu tehlikeli süreçte, İnönü ve iktidara gelen hükümetler tüm kontrolü elinde tutmaya çalışırken, kamuoyunu yönlendirme yeteneği olan basın da bu uygulamaların muhatabı olmuştur. Çıkarılan yasalar ile basın kontrol altında tutulmaya çalışılmış, muhalefet eden basın organları kapatılmıştır. Bu süreçte basını kontrol etme yöntemlerinden biri de gazeteci mebuslar olmuştur. Mebus seçilen gazeteciler, Hükümetin çıkardığı yasa ile aynı zamanda gazetecilik mesleğini de icra edebilmişlerdir. Bu mebuslar, hükümetin politikalarını onaylayan yazı ve haberlerle halkı yönlendirmeye çalışırken, aynı zamanda savaşın gidişatına göre hükümetin dış politikalarına da destek vermişlerdir. Çalışmamızda; İkinci Dünya Savaşı sürecindeki Türkiye'nin değişken politikalarına karşı basının tavrı ve hükümet-basın ilişkisi incelenirken, gazeteci mebuslar ile bunların değişen şartlara ve hükümet politikalarına göre aldıkları vaziyet değerlendirilecektir. In the Second World War, world's süper power fight each other, Turkey remained outside by foolowing a volatile policy in presidency of İsmet İnönü. Germany and Allies' pressures on Turkey for enter war is blocked and Soviet Russia's attempts to counter the demands of the Straits. In this dangerous process, while İnönü and the his team were trying to keep all control, the press, which has the ability to direct the public, was also involved in these applications. With the enacted laws, the press was tried to be kept under control and the opposing press were closed. One of the methods of controlling the press in this process was the journalist deputies. Deputy journalists were also involved in the journalism profession with a law that the Government proclaimed. These deputies were trying to direct the people with articles and news confirming the policies of the government and they have also supported the government's foreign policies according to the course of the war. In our study; in the process of Second World War, attitudies of the press towards Turkey's variable foreign policies and government-press relations were examined and attitudies of deputies-journalists towards governments policies were evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Second Constitutional Era is a period during which Turkish society experienced many important changes and innovations in various terms. Press is one of the most important organizations as it was renewed and gained speed during this period. Hence, there are many studies devoted to the press in this period. However, one of the first and most important humor newspaper, known as Boşboğaz ile Güllabi, is not thoroughly analyzed yet. This study aims to eliminate this lack, and followed a chronological order. The study involves press activities before the Second Constitutional Era as well as during the period itself. The study also dwells on an analysis of humor journalism in this period. Therefore, the study reveals the environment in which Boşboğaz ile Güllabi was born. The study offers information about the newspaper as well. The important columns of the newspaper were introduced. The publishing policy of the newspaper was analyzed in line with the issues which were emphasized. The study ends with information on caricatures published in Boşboğaz ile Güllabi. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Today, when the media is handled with a broad sense, it contains intense violent elements in the publications such as television, computer / internet, newspaper, cinema, video, billboards and posters. These elements of violence are among the most important factors affecting human psychology negatively. In this study, we aimed to investigate the effects of violent news and programs, especially on television, on the incidents of violence in young people and how they affect the mental health of the individuals and discuss the measures that can be taken in order to prevent violence. Material and Methods: Face-to-face survey method was used as data collection technique. The questionnaires were applied to 200 healthy university students, 109 female and 91 males, randomly selected in the Harran University Campus. Participants' questionnaires were interpreted by calculating frequency and percentages in SPSS program. Then, the Chi-square test was used to test the relationships between gender and visual media behaviors. Thus, a scientific article was created with the test results obtained. Results: When we assess the answers given by the participants in the question "Do you think that programs containing violent elements broadcast on TV are especially preferred?" 74.5% yes, and 25.5% no, have emerged. And when we assess the answers of the question "Do you think that the violence elements on TV broadcasts affect the behavior?" 92.5% answered yes, 7.5% no, have emerged. Conclusions: Although various legal regulations are enforced, it seems that these are not deterring to publishers, and the same danger is growing. Therefore, it has become compulsory for RT'K (Radio and Television Supreme Council) to take more serious sanctions, which will provide deterrence. It must be clearly seen that the media plays an active role in the marketing of violence rather than deterrence. In particular, parents should not leave their children vulnerable to the media. Everyone, especially children and young people, should be taught widely and effectively to understand the nature of the media while following the media. Especially when watching TV and internet, instead of accepting everything presented passively, it should be given the ability to act selectively, to have a critical eye, and to acquire the knowledge that many things presented in the media have a fictional quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The subscription system is widely used in Europe, America and Far East countries where newspaper sales are high. Nine of the 10 newspapers with the highest circulation in the world implement a completely subscriber system, one of which is a mixed system of both subscription and dealer sales system. Subscriber sales system is applied in twelve of the first 13 countries where the highest numbers of newspapers are sold per person, and a mixed system is applied in one of them. The subscription system in our country is not common. In this study, readers' perspective on the subscription system has been determined and an opinion on the future of the subscription system in the print media sector has been put forward in addition to finding out the differences of Turkey than global applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abdulmejid II, elected by Turkish Parliament as the Caliph of Muslims in 18th November 1922, remained in office until the abolishment of the caliphate. This period of 16 months has witnessed an intensive activity in the Egyptian Press involving the new Caliph’s limited authority which was found unorthodox, appearently. His relationship with Ankara Government was also discussed in detail. From his entering upon the office until The Cairo Conference for Caliphate which was held in 1926, Abdulmejid Effendi has remained to be a major theme for Egyptian journalists as the questions about the destiny of Islamic Caliphate arised and he was the one whose caliphate has received wide acceptance around the World. This study tries to reveal how prominent Egyptian newspapers of the time, al-Ahram, al-Mokattam and al-Manar, have perceived Abdulmadjeed II as a caliph, a member of the Ottoman Dynasty and an opponent of Ankara Government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In Turkish political life, another opposition party that was established after the Progressive Republican Party was the Liberal Republican Party (LRP). The LRP was founded on 12 August 1930 by Fethi (Okyar) Bey upon the suggestions of President Mustafa Kemal Pasha. Along with other developments which had been being experienced in the country in the political and economic sphere, factors external to the country also came into play in the foundation of the new party. Receiving great support all across the country in a short span of time and setting off with a liberal program, the LRP began to be represented in the Grand National Assembly of Turkey (GNAT) by the members of parliament that resigned from the Republican People's Party. The LRP was able to start advocating its views more effectively as Fethi Bey won the parliamentary elections held in Gümüşhane and received a seat in the GNAT. As long as the LRP remained in the political arena, it was supported most notably by the newspapers Yarın and Son Posta as well as Hizmet, Yeni Asır and Serbest Cumhuriyet. On the other hand, other newspapers of the period such as Cumhuriyet, Hakimiyeti Milliye, Vakit, Milliyet and Akşam were situated in opposition to the LRP with their news in favor of the ruling party. The focus of the press on the party was augmented by the fact that the LRP completed its formation phase and decided to participate in the local elections held in 1930, thereby planning its activities in accordance with this. Besides, the importance of the elections was enhanced by the fact that women were to use for the first time the right to be candidates for municipal councillorship positions and to vote. For this reason, I try to provide in this study an account of the process toward the local elections of 1930, which were a topic of interest in the local and national press, and the developments that took place after the elections. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]