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In this present study, the effect of salt (NaCl) (0.0, 1.0, and 2.0%) and phosphate (K2HPO4) (0.00, 0.25, 0.50%) solutions at various concentration on the emulsion properties of Northern pike fish flesh was studied in a model system. Protein, fat, ash, dry matter contents of Northern pike flesh (pH 6.7) were 16.83, 2.41, 0.82, and 20.16%, respectively. pH values of slurries containing fish flesh, salt and phosphate solutions ranged from 6.58 to 7.30. Emulsions prepared with various slurries had pH values ranging from 6.81 to 7.87. The emulsion or slurry pH values significantly increased with the use of phosphate solution (p0.01), even though the use of salt concentration decreased pH values of either slurry or emulsion. Emulsion capacity (EC) of Northern pike fish varied from 230.74 to 274.44 mL oil/g protein. The use of phosphate solution significantly increased EC (p0.01). Emulsion stability (ES) was between 66.00 and 78.97%. The increase in phosphate concentration or the presence of salt in emulsion increased ES values (p0.01). Emulsion viscosity (EV) values ranged from 1800 to 4600mPa. s. While all phosphate treatments increased EV values significantly (p0.01). In conclusion, Northern pike fish is suitable for emulsion type of food products as far as its emulsion properties are concerned. Moreover, the combination of salt and phosphate solutions with fish flesh may be helpful for further improvement of its emulsion properties.

Büyük Menderes Deltasından avlanan kefal (Leuciscus cephalus) ve levreklerde (Perca fluviatilis) Cu, Zn ve Cd düzeylerinin belirlenmesi ve metallotiyonin ile ilişkisinin araştırılması Çalışmamızda, Büyük Menderes Deltasından avlanan 15'şer adet kefal ve levreğin karaciğer ve kas doku örnekleri mikrodalga fırında çözünürleştirilmiş ve ICP-OES ile Cu, Zn ve Cd analizleri yapılmıştır. Balıkların karaciğer dokularındaki metallotiyonin düzeyleri ELISA yöntemi ile belirlenmiştir. Bu iki balığın yenilebilir kısımlarında (kas), karaciğere göre daha düşük metal düzeyleri tespit edilmiştir. Kefal karaciğerindeki ortalama ağır metal düzeyleri; bakır için 378,56±57,7 μg/kg, çinko için 527,60±91,46 μg/kg, kadmiyum için 9,13±0,94 μg/kg, levrek karaciğerindeki ağır metal düzeyleri ise; bakır için 3485,20±543,80 μg/kg, çinko için 550,10±71,59 μg/kg, kadmiyum için 8,22±1,21 μg/kg'dır. Kefal kasındaki ağır metal düzeyleri; bakır için 25,21±3,20 μg/kg, çinko için 101,83±14,76 μg/kg, kadmiyum için 6,07±0,90 μg/kg, levrek kasındaki ağır metal düzeyleri ise; bakır için 25,40±2,98 μg/kg çinko için 71,07±12,96 μg/kg, kadmiyum için 9,43±1,26 μg/kg'dır. Elde edilen sonuçlar; literatür verileri ve Gıda Tarım ve Hayvancılık Bakanlığının açıklamış olduğu tolere edilebilir sınırlar göz önüne alınarak değerlendirildiğinde Büyük Menderes Deltasından avlan kefal ve levreklerde sağlık açısından tehlike oluşturacak bir ağır metal kontaminasyonun olmadığı anlaşılmıştır. Kefal karaciğerindeki metallotiyonin düzeyi 115,62±571,51 mg/kg, levrek karaciğerindeki metallotiyonin düzeyi 109,44±159,54 mg/kg'dır. Dokulardaki ağır metal ve metallotiyonin düzeyleri arasında istatistiksel olarak bir önemlilik olmadığı görülmüştür. Determination of Cu, Zn and Cd concentrations of mullet (Leuciscus cephalus) and perchs (Perca fluviatilis) hunted in Büyük Menderes Delta and investigation of their relationship with metallothionein In our study, liver and muscle samples of 15 pieces mullet and perchs fish hunted from Büyük Menderes Delta were solubilised in the microwave and Cu, Zn, Cd analyzes were performed by ICP-OES. Metallothionein levels in fish liver tissues were determined by ELISA method. Lower metal levels were determined in the edible partes (muscle) of these two fishes in comparison to the liver. The average heavy metal concentrations in mullet liver were 378,56±57,7 μg/kg for Cu, 527,60±91,46 μg/kg for Zn and 9,13±0,94 μg/kg for Cd. On the other hand heavy metal concentrations in the perch liver were 3485,20±543,80 μg/kg for Cu, 550,10±71,59 μg/kg for Zn and 8,22±1,21 μg/kg for Cd. The average heavy metal concentrations in mullet muscle were 25,21±3,20 μg/kg for Cu, 101,83±14,76 μg/kg for Zn and 6,07±0,90 μg/kg for Cd. On the other hand heavy metal concentrations in the perch muscle were 25,40±2,98 μg/kg for Cu, 71,07±12,96 μg/kg for Zn and 9,43±1,26 μg/kg for Cd. Obtained results compared with the literature and the Turkish Food Health Organisation announced that there is no risk on the tolerable limits of the heavy metal contamination for mullet and perchs hunted from Büyük Menderes Delta. Metallothionein concentrations in the liver were 115,62±571,51 mg/kg and 109,44±159,54 mg/kg in mullet and perchs respectively. There was not a statistical significance between the levels of heavy metals and metallothionein concentrations in tissues

WOS: 000177741200027 In this study chemical and sensory changes were investigated in pike perch (Sander lucioperca Bogustkaya & Naseka 1996) fillets during frozen storage (-18 C) of 7 months Total volatile basic nitrogen (TVB N mg N/100 g) thiobarbituric acid (TBA mg malonaldehyde/1000 g) and pH were considered as chemical quality criteria of fish flesh TVB N value was 4 19 mg N/100 g at the beginning but increased to 14 90 mg N/100 g at the end of the research TBA and pH values were changed as 0 0208 0 0533 mg malonaldeyde/1000 g and 6 80 7 02 respectively At the end of the study the chemical quality did not reach the critical values However the decrease in the values of sensory analyses were faster than those of chemical analyses.