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With patent commercialization, the value of the patent increases even more. In order for patents to be commercialized, first of all, the inventions that are the subject of the patent must be effectively introduced to potential customers. It is important to determine the stage of promotion of patents to potential customers and the market share of patented products. Considering the market aspect in patent commercialization, in this study, it has been tried to evaluate the patents in terms of Business Readiness Level BRL (Business Readiness Level) scale (Raghu, 2017) by using the patent maturity test of university patents. For this purpose, a literature study on Business Readiness Level BRL (Business Readiness Level), Technology Readiness Level TRL (Technology Readiness Level) and patent maturity was conducted. A survey was conducted with the inventors of the patents owned by Fırat University and the patent applications made. In line with the data obtained from the surveys, evaluations were made regarding the TRL and BRL levels of the patents. As a result of this study, it has been determined that the technological readiness level (TRL) of the patents of Fırat University is at a good level. Despite the high level recorded in TRL, it was determined that the job readiness level (BRL) was not high. Suggestions have been made to achieve an increase in the Business Readiness Level (BRL). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, drug protection methods in the context of globalization and rational drug use were examined within the scope of patent protection and data protection. Inventions are protected by patents and utility models. Turkey is a signatory to several international agreements for the protection of industrial property rights including patents, utility models, trademarks, geographical signs and designs has been carried out effectively. In accordance with the Trade-Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs) Agreement annexed to the World Trade Organization Agreement which includes provisions on the need to protect intellectual and industrial property rights in all member states in a standard manner, Turkey was obliged to accept patent applications related drugs since 1 January 1995.In accordancewith the 6 March 1995 and 1/95 of the Turkey-European Union AssociationCouncil Decision and the 23 June 1995 and 566 numbered Decreeof both procedure and product patent protection in Turkey has been under provisions will begin from 1 January 1999. The data protection obligation that originates from TRIPs, which is a protection method different from patent protection, entered our legislation in 1995.In this context, the confidentiality of the information provided for licensing is secured. Turkey, on 1 January 2005 the reference drug producing innovator firms which will provide relief in the market for a 6-year data exclusivity application was enacted. In order to avoid possible negative effects on the cost of treatment of patent and data protection which is the application appears to be a necessary for Turkey patented drugs parallel imports and production under compulsory licensing should be encouraged as well as rational drug use which supports the use of generic drugs. Drug policies that promote generic drug production need to be implemented and the pharmaceutical industry should be supported in this context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study, it is aimed to reveal the current status of countries with regular data in terms of health Research and Development (R&D) indicators. Material and Method: The study is a descriptive study. The data used in the analyzes are taken from http://data. uis.unesco.org/Index.aspx and OECD data. The analyzes were made at the level of countries with regular data in terms of health R&D indicators. Results: Health R&D indicators were analyzed under four main headings: "Health R&D Expenditures, The Workforce in Health R&D, Scientific Publications in Health, Patents in Health" and significant findings were obtained. Conclusions: It has been revealed that health R&D activities have an important place in R&D activities in the countries covered by the study (high income group countries). Health R&D activities in Turkey as the years have demonstrated a high level of performance and health indicators led to an increase in R&D. And also in investments belonging to Turkey health R&D activities (health R&D indicators / total R&D indicators) occoured contraction in decade (recession) and have been identified as having low capacity on a world scale in this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The ability of companies to compete in the market depends on their innovative product development capabilities. However, there is uncertainty about how they can be innovative. Innovative problem-solving methods, which are frequently mentioned recently, maybe the answer to this question. In this study, function analysis and trimming will be mentioned which will contribute to the ability of firms to develop innovative products. Functional analysis is the visual representation of the interaction between the components of a product. This representation clearly demonstrates the functions and effects between objects. Trimming method is the process of removing, modifying a non-functional element, or creating variations of the original system in the function model. This includes the use of existing or other resources in the system to achieve the ideal final result of the system or product. By applying the function analysis and trimming, it is possible to obtain alternative innovative products to existing ones, but it is also possible to overcome the said patent even if the present product is protected by a patent. In this study, to show the applicability of methods to obtain a new innovative product by applying the function analysis and trimming on a real industrial product has been applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patent evaluation which has strategic importance is simply defined as ranking patents in a firm's portfolio according to their values. However, there is not a generally accepted method to valuate patents. Methods are classified based on cost, market, and revenue. In this study ten patents of an automotive sector company from Turkey are ranked according to the twelve criteria with multi criteria decision making techniques MOORA and ARAS. The data is derived from Yavuz and Baki (2019)'s study in which two of multi criteria decision making methods called TOPSIS and VIKOR are used. Also the weights of criteria determined with entropy method in Yavuz and Baki (2019)'s study are used. The ranking of the patents as a result of the MOORA weighted ratio analysis and ARAS has both similarities and dissimilarities within and with the other methods. The first patent which is determined the best alternative in MOORA and ARAS, is again in the first rank in TOPSIS but in second rank in VIKOR. On the other hand, the seventh patent which has ninth rank in the other methods, is determined as the worst alternative in MOORA and ARAS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Our country is under economic and military risks due to its geopolitical position. Due to our history, it is understood that we are in a position to give importance to defence industry. When the concept of developments in defence industry is examined, it is seen that development could be provided by meeting the needs from internal or external sources. In defining the developments in the defence industry, variables such as patents and employment rate are taken as basis in the literature. One of the measurement values defining these variables is defence expenditures, and the effects of the expenditures on economic growth may be different depending on whether the defence needs are met by internal or external sources. In this study, the effects of the expenditures made for the development of the defence industry on the export-import balance, which is an important macroeconomic variable, have been investigated. In the researches carried out at different periods, it was observed that the expenditures made for the defence industry had a positive effect on the export-import balance in both short and long term as the technological level in the defence industry increased. Therefore, as the defence industry is localized, the share of imports in foreign trade volume is decreasing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patents are an important source of knowledge based information for industrial research and product development due to its novelty and easy accessibility. It is much more important to know how to use this source of information for innovative designs. In this study, some tools of Inventive Problem Solving Techniques, briefly known as TRIZ, is presented for the use of procedures followed to obtain a design around a patent through TRIZ. TRIZ is also based on extensive study of the world's most inventive patents to explore the patterns of invention. The design solution by using the design around patent should be different from the original patent that means changing the graph of the function and structure of the patented solution. Being an expert in the relevant technology is not enough to design around the patent alone. Beside this, it is necessary to have knowledge about patent issue, patent infringements and innovative problem solving techniques. In this study, to demonstrate the feasibility and effectiveness of the systematic and integrated design around a patent approach, an existing patent was chosen as an example of design of around existing patent, and then innovative design was obtained considering the design of around existing patents through TRIZ and the rules of patent infringement judgments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to present correlation between patent grants which can be described as innovation indicator and R&D activities, number of researchers and business ownership rates which is recently be upward tendency. Innovation implies that processes of renewal and regeneration commercialized along with a process or product innovation result. Patents emerge with efforts which basically aim to protect innovation through a particular system. Patent grants as an indicator of innovation, R&D activities, entrepreneurship rates and number of researchers which are related to innovation process are variables of study. The parameters of subject variables were calculated by Panel Data Analysis method and findings of model were interpreted at the level of the variables and supported by suggestions [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: We aimed to provide information on world's economic and academic citation and to find the characteristics of overall, medical and particularly general surgical scientific paper production. Material and Method: Data form SCI were used in order to determine the progress of scientific production in the world. Forty countries with the highest H-index rank that constituted 90% of the world's economic and scientific production were analyzed. An economic- scientific ranking (ESR) was developed in terms of average ranking of eleven criteria of these countries. Additionally, comparison of proportionate areas like USA versus eight European countries and Turkey vs Russia, Mexico, Egypt and Iran was done. Results: A tendency of decline in citations per paper was observed despite a constant increase in the number of articles. There was a considerably high correlation between ESR and H-index and total number of citations. While the proportion of USA in total world citations decreased, eight European countries filled this gap and became leader in medicine and overall in science. Turkey, which has a relatively high rank in the production of scientific articles, is inadequate in terms of the H-index, and new developments are needed. Although the number of publications from Turkey is considerably high, it is observed that H-index and the number of citations are inadequate. Conclusion: The H-index and total number of citations have been proved to be important in indicating social development, along with scientific productivity. It was concluded that the government and scientific institutions should aim to increase the number of publications that may provide high levels of citations in Turkey that needs innovation and patent formation, i.e. qualificational evolution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Intellectual capital, intangible assets of an organization mobilizing the resources it provides long-term life and do not appear in the balance sheet as assets as defined, information is based on a new type of capital. Patents and trademarks of the organization has received the organization's reputation, customer loyalty, such as abstract elements, in other words, information, and such assets are shown as are the basis of the capital. These assets, intellectual capital is separated into three basic components. The first, is the human capital and employee organizations of past experience, business skills refers to. Second, structural capital and the organization's culture and structure had settled into the habit of doing business and professionalism includes. Third, the relational or social capital and intellectual capital is the most important component. This type of capital, do business with organizations around the connection with other organizations that is based on. A social network, this mechanism contained in the bonds of members based on their capacity utilization means that they created. Actors within this network mechanism, the organization itself or the units can take an active role. This study, to companies affected by the global crisis, the crisis of social capital as a way out of a capacity to offer tips and suggestions for how could be increased. For this reason, study, an alternative approach as a means firms can exit from the crisis of social networking mechanism for how configurations and relational capital, how and in what form of action needed, the basic problematically respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Technology forecasting is used for analyzing the level of technology in long term and the impacts of this technological level. Technology forecasting methods are basically divided into two categories as qualitative and quantitative methods, which are further divided into more detailed subgroups. The purpose of this research is to develop forecasting methods which would help companies to predict the future of the technology that they are planning to use on their products and manage their resources and investments accordingly. In this article, comparisons among several technology forecasting methods are made after an explanation of these methods in detail. Then, isolation technology in white goods sector is set as an example and some performance criteria are defined for this technology. Patent analysis is used as the technology forecast method and the forecasts are made using pearl curve and technology substitution model that is created from this patent analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is a well-known fact that there is a significant relationship between technology and economic development. Technology can be defined as the knowledge which is necessary for production. The countries producing and using technology are those which have developed economies. On the contrary to this the countries which do not produce technology are supposed to be underdeveloped from the point of economics. On the other hand, the economic development is the rise in the capacity of good and service production. The indication of this is the bigness of GDP and GNP. Robert Solow, one of the distinguished economists, added technology to the development theory. The most important indicators of technology are the studies of research and development (RD), patent application, export and variety of products. It seems to be difficult for the Turkish economy with its growth rates at present to catch the economies of the developed countries in the years ahead. However, it is possible to close down this difference with some measures such as increasing the share of RD which is appropriated from national income to 2 % and establishing science-cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]