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Failure to aspirate blood from the lumen of venous catheters, inadequate blood flow and/or high resistance pressures during hemodialysis were accepted as catheter dysfunction. Other correctable problems such as residual lumen thrombus, external fibrin catheter sheath or malpositioned catheter tip were identified by contrast injection. Catheter malpositions were corrected by snare-mediated catheter repositioning or by exchange of the catheter over a guidewire. Catheters of inadequate length were exchanged over a guidewire to the appropriate position or replaced. Treatment of fibrin sheath formation included fibrin sheath stripping, guidewire catheter exchange, and urokinase infusion. Early catheter dysfunction is frequently due to mechanical problems such as inadequate positioning, kinking, or constriction. Delayed dysfunction usually results from thrombus formation, either within the lumen, around the catheter ("fibrin sleeve"), or in the host vein. In the management of catheter malfunctions and complications, interventional radiological techniques are safe and effective alternatives to standard surgical techniques.

Delayed rupture and aneurysm formation at the site of stent placement has rarely been described in the literature. However, these rare complications are usually fatal and the patients are taken to the operating theater for repeat endovascular treatment. In this case report, a rare complication that developed after percutaneous recanalization and stent angioplasty of chronic long-segment iliac artery occlusion, and the treatment of this complication are presented.

The primitive trigeminal, otic (acoustic), hypoglossal, and proatiantal intersegmental arteries are persistent fetal anastomoses between the carotid and vertebrobasilar circulations. These fetal anastomoses regress at roughly the rate at which the posterior communicating and vertebral arteries develop. The purpose of this study is to review the persistent fetal carotid-vertebrobasilar anastomoses with MRI and DSA.