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Copyright of Current Retina Journal / Güncel Retina Dergisi is the property of Anadolu Kitabevi Basim Yayim Medikal Turizm Kirtasiye Tic. Ltd. Sti. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objectives:To compare the clinical findings and multimodal imaging of pediatric patients diagnosed with papilledema and pseudopapilledema with those of healthy individuals.Materials and Methods:Ninety children (0.05). The average, nasal, and temporal RNFL thicknesses were significantly higher in the pseudopapilledema group compared with the controls (p

Objective: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effects of the Coronavirus disease 2019 on sonographic optic nerve sheath diameter measurement and thus avoid possible misleading results in clinical practice. Material and Method: Each volunteer was first evaluated using carotid system color Doppler ultrasonography. Patients with a history of PCR-confirmed Coronavirus disease 2019 infection were classified as group 1 and patients without a history of Coronavirus disease 2019 infection were classified as group 2, and sonographic optic nerve sheath diameter values of both groups were analyzed. Results: Of the 123 patients included in the study, 70 (56.9%) were female and 58 (43.1%) were male. 83 (67.5%) of the patients included in the study were in group 1 and 40 (32.5%) were in group 2. The mean sonographic optic nerve sheath diameter values for the groups were 3.53 mm and 3.46 mm, respectively. The sonographic optic nerve sheath diameter differences between the two eyes for the groups were determined to be 0.203±0.139 mm and 0.282±0.2 mm. Conclusion: Due to the variable effects of Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2, the use of sonographic optic nerve sheath diameter measurement in current standards for critical patient management may lead to false-positive or false-negative results.

Copyright of MN Opthalmology / MN Oftalmoloji is the property of Medical Network and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective and Aim Covid-19 targets all tissue and organ systems, not just the lungs. The optic nerve and retina with extensive microvascular nutrition are prone to viral involvement. Optical coherence tomography is a technology that provides detailed information about both optic nerve and retinal structure. The study was carried out to investigate possible changes in the optic nerve and retinal structure of patients with Covid-19 infection, dividing PCR positivity or negativity. Methods Thirty PCR positive Covid-19 patients with different ages and varying admission complaints were included in the study. Twenty-five Covid-19 patients who were PCR negative with similar age and gender were selected as a secondary group for comparison. All patients underwent ophthalmologic examination, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, funduscopy, and OCT. These examinations were performed four weeks after the diagnosis of Covid-19 for full compliance with the mandatory isolation. In addition, RNFL, retinal thickness, and retinal volume measurements were performed. Results No statistical significance was observed in any parameter between the PCR positive or negative patients when the comparative analysis for both eyes in RFNL measurements. There was a significant difference in retinal thickness measurements between the PCR positive and negative groups regarding left eye central retinal thickness (p=0.047). However, there was no statistical difference in retinal volume measurements. Conclusion Retinal imaging with optical coherence tomography is a non-invasive, reproducible, and rapid technique in which subclinical or overt retinal pathologies can be detected during COVID-19. Therefore, management of COVID-19 patients should include retinal assessment with close follow-up, especially in patients with headaches and optic pain.

Copyright of Current Retina Journal / Güncel Retina Dergisi is the property of Anadolu Kitabevi Basim Yayim Medikal Turizm Kirtasiye Tic. Ltd. Sti. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of MN Opthalmology / MN Oftalmoloji is the property of Medical Network and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Tepecik Education & Research Hospital / İzmir Tepecik Eğitim ve Araştırma Hastanesi Dergisi is the property of Logos Medical Publishing and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Retina Journal / Güncel Retina Dergisi is the property of Anadolu Kitabevi Basim Yayim Medikal Turizm Kirtasiye Tic. Ltd. Sti. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Retina Journal / Güncel Retina Dergisi is the property of Anadolu Kitabevi Basim Yayim Medikal Turizm Kirtasiye Tic. Ltd. Sti. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Current Retina Journal / Güncel Retina Dergisi is the property of Anadolu Kitabevi Basim Yayim Medikal Turizm Kirtasiye Tic. Ltd. Sti. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of MN Opthalmology / MN Oftalmoloji is the property of Medical Network and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: We aimed to compare optic nerve elasticity and central retinal artery resistive index values in Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and Proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Materials and Methods: The degree of optic nerve hardness of 31 patients with nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy was evaluated using the Shear-Wave Elastography technique. Simultaneously, the resistive index values of the central retinal artery were measured using Color Doppler Ultrasonography and compared with the control group. Results: Optic nerve Shear-Wave Elastography values were significantly higher in patients with retinopathy compared to healthy volunteers and diabetic patients without retinopathy(p<0.05). Central retinal artery resistive index values were significantly higher in patients with retinopathy than those without retinopathy (p <0.05). RI values were measured as 0.57 ± 0.88 for those without retinopathy and as 0.67 ± 0.53 for those with retinopathy. Conclusions: The etiopathogenesis diabetic retinopathy is still controversial. Significant changes in the degree of stiffness of the optic nerve and ocular blood flow parameters in Color Doppler Ultrasonography examination can be observed in Nonproliferative diabetic retinopathy and Proliferative diabetic retinopathy with Shear Wave Elastography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction:Optic nerve sheath diameter (ONSD) measurement is a non-invasive and easy imaging technique for the estimation of intracranial pressure in children and adults. We aimed to measure the ONSD in pediatric patients with head trauma.Methods:In this study, 40 patients with head trauma and age- and sex-matched 40 healthy children were included. Nerve sheath diameter was measured by transorbital sonography.Results:Diameter of the mean optic nerve sheath of the right and left eye of the patients were 0.408±0.064 mm and 0.417±0.065 mm, respectively; both results were higher in patients than in controls. In the right eyes of the patients, the ONSD values had a negative correlation with Glasgow Coma Scale scores. There was a positive correlation between systolic and diastolic blood pressures and optic nerve sheath diameters of patients. Clinical status of the patients at admission and blood pH levels were associated with ONSD.Conclusion:The result of our study indicated that ONSD measurement is a non-invasive technique and can be used easily to estimate increased intracranial pressure in pediatric emergency departments.

Objective In this radioanatomical study, we aimed to obtain data on the morphometric properties of the optic strut as it is an important reference point for optic nerve surgery. Material and Methods Seven adult human dry skulls, present in the inventory of Faculty of Medicine Department of Anatomy were included in this study. Direct anatomical measurements were obtained with a digital caliper and radiological measurements with computed tomography. The position of the optic strut was evaluated according to the preciasmatic sulcus. Results The length and width of the optic strut were 4.53 ± 0.74 mm and 4.83 ± 1.34 mm in direct anatomic measurements. On computed tomography, the length and width of the optic strut were 4.13 ± 1.27 mm and 4.31 ± 0.82 mm. The distance between the two struts was 16.83 ± 2.56 mm and 15.91 ± 1.81 mm in direct anatomic measurements and computed tomography, respectively. Computed tomography and direct anatomic evaluation revealed that the optic strut was sulcal in 4 dry skulls, postsulcal in 2 dry skulls, and asymmetric in 1 dry skull. Conclusion Considering the fact that optical strut is a landmark for surgeons and may be damaged during anterior clinoid process resection, our numerical data may be useful during surgical applications around the optic nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ophthalmologic examination of a ten-year-old girl, who presented with erythema in both eyes for three days revealed conjunctival hyperemia, small petechial hemorrhages and valve edema, was diagnosed with adenoviral conjunctivitis. Congenital optic disc drusen was detected in fundus examination. Ten days later, OCT scans showed increased optic disc nerve fiber layer thickness and disc edema. Parainfection optic neuritis was considered in the patient, who had no decrease in visual acuity. In the follow-up, edema developed in the optic disc resolved spontaneously without systemic treatment. The aim of this case report is to present the development of parainfectious optic neuritis in a child with adenoviral conjunctivitis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Currently Terson’s Syndrome(TS) is used to describe all types of bleeding seen in the posterior segment associated with intracranial hemorrhage and intracranial pressure elevation. During intracranial hemorrhage rising intracranial pressure is thought to be transmitted through the optic nerve sheath, resulting in venous hypertension in the optic nerve, rupture of the retinal veins and bleeding. In this study we present a case of TS who applied initially to our clinic. A seventy-seven-years-old male patient was admitted to our clinic with decreased vision in both eyes and complaints of headache. Best corrected visual acuity(BCVA) of the patient was found to be 0.2 and 0.3 in the right and left eye respectively. In fundus examination there was papilledema, intraretinal hemorrhages around the optic disc and intravitreal. The patient, who was thought to be TS in the differential diagnosis, stated that he had a head trauma 2 months ago. The patient underwent emergency cranial computerized tomography and was diagnosed with subdural hematoma which he underwent surgery for. During the third month of follow-up, increased BCVA and decreased intraocular hemorrhage were noted. This case shows us vital importance of differential diagnosis of TS in any case of intraocular hemorrhage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optic nerve avulsion is a rare pathology with poor prognosis usually seen after blunt trauma. The optic nerve is separated from the sclera by indirect forces due to the relatively weak structure of the lamina cribrosa area. Here we describe an 11-year-old boy who experienced optic nerve avulsion and retinal detachment after penetrating ocular trauma.

Aim: To evaluate the effect of intravitreal injection of ranibizumab, an anti-VEGF agent commonly used for the treatment of choroidal neovascularization, on optic nerve by pattern VEP test. Material and Method: Pattern VEP test was applied to 20 eyes of 20 patients who received 0.5 mg of ranibizumab injection because of age related choroidal neovascularization maculopathy and also to other non-injected eyes of the same patients in 1st and 6th weeks. Results are compared with 10 control patients of same age distribution. Results: Mean age was 73.45 in 20 age related maculopathy patients ranging between 64 and 82. Mean best corrected visual acuity of eyes receiving injection was 9/100 before injection and 14/100 finally on 6th week. Mean intraocular pressure was 13.85mmHg in eyes receiving before the injection, 16.75mmHg at 1st week and finally 14mmHg at 6th week. There was no statistically significant difference between the VEP wavelengths and latencies of the patient group and the control group (p> 0.05). There was no statistically significant difference between VEP wavelengths and latencies in 1st and 6th weeks between injection receiving eyes and the other eyes (p> 0.05). Conclusion: As a result of VEP evaluation it is concluded that 0.5 mg intravitreal ranibizumab injection does not have an indirect toxic effect to the optic nerve. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the usefulness of macular volume analysis calculated by optical coherence tomography (OCT) for glaucoma diagnosis and follow-up. Materials and method: Fifty glaucoma patients who were examined in ophthalmology department of Ondokuz Mayıs University and 50 healthy volunteers were included in the study. Glaucomatous eyes were divided into two groups based on visual field test as early stage glaucoma (35 patients) and advanced stage glaucoma (15 patients). The measurements of optic nerve head (ONH), retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness and macular volume were performed by Stratus-OCT. The relationship between the macular volume and the presence and stage of glaucoma was investigated. ROC analysis was performed to compare the sensitivity of macular volume, RNFLthickness, and C/D ratio in the diagnosis of glaucoma. Results: Mean macular volume was 6.59±0.44mm3 in early stage glaucoma, 6.05±0.38mm3 in advanced stage glaucoma and 6.98±0.34mm3 in control group. In the comparison of early and advanced glaucoma groups with each other and with the control group, significant differences were found in all macular volume parameters except for foveal volume, all RSLT parameters, and all OSB parameters except for disc area (P<0.05). AUROC values were calculated as 0.786, 0.814 and 0.912 for the macular volume, RSLT, and C/D ratio, respectively. Conclusions: Macular volume analysis with OCT provides objective and quantitative data for evaluation of glaucomatous structural defects. The use of macular measurements in conjunction with OSB and RSLT parameters will be an appropriate approach for the diagnosis and follow-up of glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sheehan sendromu postpartum kanama ve hipovolemiye sekonder olarak ortaya çıkan hipofiz nekrozuna bağlı parsiyel veya tam hipofiz yetmezliğidir. Klinik bulgular laktasyonun kesilmesi, sekonder amenore, libido kaybı ve hipofiz rezerv kaybı ile ilişkili bulgular ile karakterizedir. Tedavide hormon replasmanı kullanılır. 44 yaşındaki kadın sürekli uyuma isteği, halsizlik, vücutta şişlik ve görme bulanıklığı yakınması ile kliniğe kabul edildi. Fizik muayenede hipotansiyon ve ödem saptandı. Özgeçmişinde 11 yıl önce doğum yaptığı, aşırı kanamasının olduğu, kan transfüzyonu yapıldığı ve sonrasında bebeğini emziremediği bildirildi. Hali hazırda amenoresi olduğu belirlendi. Sheehan sendromu olarak değerlendirilen olguya glukokortikoid ve levotiroksin replasmanı başlandı. Hipofiz magnetic rezonans görüntülemede empty sella, orbital magnetik rezonans görüntülemede ise bilateral optik sinir kılıflarında ödem saptandı. Empty sella subaraknoid mesafede basınç artışına yol açarak optik sinir kılıfında ödeme neden olabilir. Bu olgu nedeniyle klinik pratiğimizde ender görülen bu birlikteliğe dikkat çekilmek istenmiştir.

Sheehan syndrome is partial or complete hypophyseal insufficiency due to hypophyseal necrosis secondary to postpartum hemorrhage and hypovolemia. Clinical findings are cessation of lactation, secondary amenorrhea, loss of libido and hypophyseal reserve loss. Treatment is hormone replacement. Forty-four years old women admitted with somnolence, malaise, edema and blurred vision. Physical examination revealed edema and hypotension. She had massive bleeding during her birth 11 years old ago; therefore she had received blood transfusion and could not breast-feed then. She had amenorrhea when she admitted. She was diagnosed to be Sheehan syndrome while glucocorticoid and levothyroxine replacement was started. Hypophyseal and orbital magnetic resonance imaging revealed empty sella and edema in bilateral optical neural sheaths respectively. Empty sella may cause edema in optical neural sheaths by increasing pressure in subarachnoidal space. We present this case to point out this coincidence. [Cukurova Med J 2013; 38(2.000): 299-304]

Pur po se: To investigate the clinical and laboratory features of patients with traumatic optic disk pallor. Ma te ri al and Met hod: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 45 patients (47 eyes), who were diagnosed with traumatic optic disc pallor in our clinic between 2005-2010. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), biomicroscopic and fundoscopic findings were recorded. Analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness maps, computerized visual field tests and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were evaluated. We compared the data of pathologic eyes with the data of healthy eyes. Re sults: The mean age was 22.3±3.8 (20-37) years. Twenty (44.4%) patients had traffic accident history, 9 (20%) - object trauma, 8 (17.8%) experienced work accident, and 8 (17.8%) had home accident history. BCVA was at the level of 20/40 (0.5) and above in seven eyes, between 20/200 (0.1) and 20/50 (0.4) in 20 eyes, counting fingers in 15 eyes, hand motion and light perception in three eyes, and no light perception in two eyes. There was thinning of RNFL in pathologic eyes at all quadrants (p

Peripapillary staphyloma (PPS) is a non-hereditary congenital optic disc (OD) anomaly. Herein, we aimed to describe a case of PPS and discuss the clinical, orbital magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasonography (USG) findings. A one-year-old healthy girl was referred to our hospital for absence of fixation in her left eye. In addition to ophthalmological examinations, MRI and ocular USG were also performed. Sciascopic examination revealed -2.0 diopters in her right and -8.0 diopters in her left eye. Slit-lamp examination showed normal findings in both eyes. At fundus examination, peripapillary staphyloma was detected in the left eye, while the right eye showed normal findings. MRI and USG also supported the diagnosis. As a result, MRI and USG findings can support the clinical observations in the diagnosis of PPS, which should be kept in mind especially in the differential diagnosis of unilateral absence of fixation in children. (Turk J Oph thal mol 2012; 42: 397-9

Objectives: Evaluation of structural alterations of the optic nerve head (ONH) and the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in patients with ocular hypertension (OHT) and early-stage glaucoma and assessment of the discriminatory diagnostic performance of spectral-domain optical coherence tomography (SD-OCT) Copernicus (Optopol Technology S.A.). Materials and Methods: This study included 59 eyes of a total of 59 patients, 29 of whom were diagnosed with OHT (Group 1) and 30 with early-stage glaucoma (Group 2). The differentiation of early-stage glaucoma and OHT was carried out on the basis of standard achromatic visual field test results. Analysis of the ONH and RNFL thickness of all cases was made using SD-OCT. Group 1 and Group 2 were compared with respect to the ONH parameters and RNFL thickness. The diagnostic sensitivity of the OCT parameters was evaluated by the area under the receiver operating characteristics curves (AUC). Results: The average, superior, inferior, and nasal RNFL thicknesses in early-stage glaucoma cases were approximately 10% (12-14 μm) less compared to the OHT eyes, with differences being highly significant (p⩽0.001). However, there was no statistically significant difference in the temporal RNFL thicknesses. The most sensitive parameter in the early diagnosis of glaucoma was average RNFL thickness corresponding to AUC: 0.852, followed by AUC: 0.816 and AUC: 0.773 values in superior and inferior RNFL thickness, respectively. In localized RNFL defects, the highest sensitivity corresponded to superior and superonasal quadrants (ACU: 0.805 and ACU: 0.781, respectively). There were not any statistically significant differences between the ONH morphological parameters of the two groups. Conclusion: RNFL analysis obtained using SD-OCT Copernicus is able to discriminate early-stage glaucoma eyes from those with OHT. However, ONH morphological parameters do not have the same diagnostic sensitivity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the clinical and laboratory features of patients with traumatic optic disk pallor. Material and Method: We retrospectively reviewed the records of 45 patients (47 eyes), who were diagnosed with traumatic optic disc pallor in our clinic between 2005-2010. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), biomicroscopic and fundoscopic findings were recorded. Analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) and macular thickness maps, computerized visual field tests and visual evoked potentials (VEP) were evaluated. We compared the data of pathologic eyes with the data of healthy eyes. Results: The mean age was 22.3 ± 3.8 (20-37) years. Twenty (44.4%) patients had traffic accident history, 9 (20%) - object trauma, 8 (17.8%) experienced work accident, and 8 (17.8%) had home accident history. BCVA was at the level of 20/40 (0.5) and above in seven eyes, between 20/200 (0.1) and 20/50 (0.4) in 20 eyes, counting fingers in 15 eyes, hand motion and light perception in three eyes, and no light perception in two eyes. There was thinning of RNFL in pathologic eyes at all quadrants (p<0.05). Discussion: Traumatic optic disc pallor is associated with permanent loss of visual acuity and visual field. Relative afferent pupillary defect, prolonged VEP latency, and low amplitudes are useful for the evaluation of the cases. RNFL and macular thickness map analysis are important methods to evaluate the damage objectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In this study we evaluated the optic nerve head (ONH) cupping parameters and thickness of retinal nerve fibre layers (RNFL) with Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) in patients with the diagnosis of physiological cupping whose intraocular pressure (lOP) and visual fields (VF) are normal but ONH cupping is more than 0.6. We then compared them with early glaucomatous (EG) patients and normal cases as control (NK). Material and Methods: The study enclosed 57 eyes of 57 patients having no previous diagnosis of glaucoma but with physiological cupping C/D≥0.6 on routine ophthalomological evaluation and 56 eyes of 56 early glaucomatous patients followed in our glaucoma unit. Control group (NK) consisted of 55 eyes of 55 cases with C/D≤0.4. All the patients were evaluated with whole ophthalmologic examination, intraocular pressure measurements, with gonioscopy and tests for thickness of central cornea (TCC), OCT, RNFL analyses, HRT, ONH parameters and VF tests. Only one eyes of each patient were randomly chosen. Results: All of the three groups were comparable with regards to TCC and refraction values (p=0.437 and p=0.478). But there was significant differences regarding OCT and HRT evaluations (p<0.001). Disc areas of PC cases were greater than those of other groups (p<0.001). The cupping area of PC cases was similar to those of EG cases (p=0.085) whereas it was significantly greater than those in control group (p<0.O01). There was no difference in Rim area of PC and C groups as was expected (p=0.355) and Rim area of both groups was measured thicker than that of EG cases (p=0.002). It was seen that the most important OCT parameter differentiating PC and EG cases from each other was mean RNFL thickness. When the sensitivity and specificity of OCT and HRT measurements in differentiating PC cases were compared it was seen that OCT was superior. Conclusion: Optic coherence tomography and Heidelberg retinal tomography might be valuable in differentiating between large optic nerve head cupping cases from glaucoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optical aberrations of the eye are the errors of the optical system that limit the resolution, contrast and amount of detail in the image formed on the retina. Wavefront technology allows us to measure these optical aberrations, calculate mathematically, and transfer this information into excimer laser system to perform customized treatment on the cornea. Two treatment algorithms developed to create low aberration-corneal profile are wavefront-optimised (WF-O) and wavefront-guided (WF-G) treatments. WF-O treatment, aims not to increase the existing spherical aberration while treatment is based on manifest refractive error as in conventional laser treatments. By increasing the number of laser spots applied peripherally in order to optimize the corneal asphericity, the preoperative central:peripheral keratometry ratio is preserved and optic zone shrinkage is prevented. On the other hand, WF-G treatment is based on aberrometry measurements and aims to correct the existing high-order aberrations in the eye. Thus, retinal image with high spatial details can be achieved. However, presence of postoperative defocus can abolish the successful results obtained with WF-G treatment. Clinical randomized controlled trials showed that in patients with preoperative RMS value of <0.3 μm, higher order aberration outcomes are similar after WF-G and WF-O treatments, but WF-G treatment yields better results when it is ≥0.4 μm. In normal eyes, very limited visual advantage can be achieved with WF-G treatment and preservation of asphericity value with WF-O treatment carries greater importance. On the other hand, in case of high astigmatism or higher order aberrations other than spherical aberration, decreasing aberrations with WF-G treatment becomes more important. In this study, we aimed to make a comparative analysis of characteristics and outcomes of the two treatment algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the relationships between the birth parameters such as birth weight, gestational age, and birth type and the parameters of macula, optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in preschoolers. Material and Method: After a broad ophthalmologic examination was performed for every healthy child at age between 3 and 6, the children were scanned by optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the evaluation of macula, optic disc, and RNFL parameters. The relationships between the birth parameters and OCT parameters were analyzed by Spearman correlation test and Mann Whitney U test. Results: One hundred and seventy-two eyes of 111 healthy children were evaluated in the study. The mean age of the children was 57.48±11.87 months (range: 30-80 months). Forty-eight percent of the children were delivered vaginally and the rest of them - by cesarean section. The negative correlations between gestational age and thicknesses of superior inner and temporal inner macula, and temporal and inferior RNFL were statistically significant(r=-0.204, p=0.019; r=-0.203, p=0.020; r=-0.230, p=0.009; r=0.175, p=0.047; respectively). While the parameters that showed negative correlations with birth weight were superior outer macular thickness, temporal, inferior, and average RNFL thicknesses and disc area, the parameters that demonstrated positive correlations with birth weight were cup/disc-area and horizontal cup/disc ratios (r=-0.196,p= 0.025; r=-0.317, p< 0.001; r=-0.269, p= 0.002; r=-0.228, p=0.009; r=-0.189, p=0.032; r=0.181, p=0.04; r=0.197, p= 0.025,respectively). Optic disc area of the children who were delivered vaginally was larger than that of the children who were delivered by cesarean section and this difference between these two groups was statistically significant (p=0.034). Discussion: There were significant effects of the birth parameters such as birth weight and gestational age on some parameters of macula and optic disc obtained by OCT. It may be thought that the impairment of intrauterine growth could possibly influence optic nerve head and macula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Normal tension glaucoma is a progressive optic neuropathy characterized by glaucomatous optic nerve cupping and visual field effects yet with measured Intraocular pressure (IOP) levels within the normal range. The purpose of these two case reports is to emphasize the clinical characteristics and differential diagnostic considerations. The first case discusses the clinical features of a normal tension glaucoma case with normal cranial imaging findings. The second case highlights the association of a compressive intracranial mass causing asymmetric disc cupping and normal IOP readings. The differential diagnosis of this case is discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: We aimed to compare the analysis of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNLF) thickness of the patient with ocular hypertension (OHT) and open angle glaucoma (OAG) with the analysis in normal population. Material and Methods: The 167 eye of 87 subjects were examined after pupillary dilation with optical coherence tomography (Stratus OCT , model 3000).There were 3 groups; OHT group 1 (n=36), OAG group 2 (n=85), control group, group 3 (n=46). The results of RNLF thickness (mean, superior, inferior, nasal, temporal) were recorded and compared statistically. Results: Central corneal thickness (CCT) was 577.7±24.8 μ in group 1 whereas 557.0±34.6 μ in group 2 and 541.8±32.3 μ; in group 3. The measurement of CCT was significantly thicker in group 1 than that of group 2 and 3 (p<0.05). RNLF thicknesses (mean, superior, inferior, nasal, temporal) were 103,1±9,3, 124.3±15,8, 134.6±14.5, 85.4±19.6, 67.9±11.8 μ; respectively in group 1, whereas 84.9±17.0, 101.5±25.6, 107.8±26.0, 67.8±18.9, 61.1±16,6 μ in group 2 and 98.3±11.3, 117.3±25.6, 127.9±24.1, 77.2±16, 66.2±11.4 μ in group 3. Although there was no statistically significant difference between group 1 and group 3 regarding the mean and all quadrant thicknesses, there was a significant difference amoung groups at all quadrants except temporal quadrant (p<0.001). Conclusion: RNLF thickness analysis with Stratus OCT is an effective and reliable method in detection and evaluation of glaucoma patients. It can provide a significant contribution to other diagnostic methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare of the optic nerve head topographic parameters between patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and an age- and sex-matched control group, by using Heidelberg retinal tomography (HRT) III. Materials and Methods: Optic disc topography analysis was done in 15 eyes of 15 patients with RA and 15 eyes of age- and sex-matched control subjects by HRT III. Differences between the groups were analysed statistically with the Mann-Whitney U test. Results: The mean age of the 15 nonglaucomatous RA patients (6 male, 9 female) was 53.8±9.6 and that of the 15 normal subjects (6 male, 9 female) was 53.7±8.5. No statistically significant differences were found in cup volume (p=0.5813), cup area (p=0.6295), rim area (p=0.6384), rim volume (p=0.8183), disc area (p=0.4764), mean cup to disc ratio (p=0.9632), mean cup depth (p=0.7650), or mean retinal nerve fiber layer (p=0.8530) thickness of eyes between the two groups. Conclusion: The optic disc topography parameters of non-glaucomatous RA patients have similar properties with sex-and age-matched healthy subjects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-traumatic optic nerve transection is a rare condition. It is usually complete and can be accompanied by orbital bone fractures and globe luxation. The management of such cases is quite challenging. In this report, we aimed to present the case of a 49-year-old male patient with orbital trauma, globe luxation, medial rectus muscle and optic nerve transection on the left side. Globe reduction and medial rectus muscle reposition were performed 19 days after the trauma. Five month later, the patient had no light perception in the left eye, however, he had eye movements in all directions of gaze and was satisfied with his left eye aesthetically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The RNFL thickness value of the patients who had established lacunar infarct on their MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging), compared by OCT with healthy volunteers, which is a noninvasive examination and has a high reliability. Material and Methods: The patients who had applied to neurology polyclinic for any reason and established lacunar infarct on their MRI were included in the study. Patients' optic nerve fiber thickness was measured. The control group was formed by 50 randomized healthy volunteers. Results: 20 of patients were female (40%) and 30 of them were male (60%), and the average age was 62.88±1.25 of control group were female (50%) and 25 of them were male (50%), and the average age was 62.64±1.06. When the regional RNFL thickness of the patients and the control group was compared on superior, inferior, nasal and temporal quarters, it was determined that significant differences had demonstrated (p<0.001). Conclusions: When the studies with optic atrophy were examined, the noticing feature was that; these diseases or pathologies had effected the brain diffusely in all. But in our study, we satisfied that in the patients with lacunar infarct whose central nervous system has been effected locally; the RNFL might become thinner on the all face of optic nerve's in OCT. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the safety and effectiveness of Trabecular Bypass Micro Stent (GlaukosTM i-stent) in open-angle glaucoma patients via a prospective, controlled study. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out in three groups. In the first group, one or two stents was/were randomly inserted into 23 medically uncontrolled, open-angle glaucoma patients. In the second group, either two stents were applied or latanoprost therapy was started in 21 newly diagnosed open-angle glaucoma patients randomly. In the third group, either phaco+stent or only phaco surgery was performed in 12 cataract patients with openangle glaucoma. Surgery was performed under local anesthesia. An L-shaped stent, preloaded onto a special inserter was put into the anterior chamber through a temporal clear corneal incision with a 20 G MVR knife. The stent was inserted into the Schlemm's canal using a Swan Jacob surgical goniolens. The changes in the number of antiglaucomatous medications and intraocular pressure (IOP) were analyzed. Results: In patients with one stent, the preoperative mean IOP dropped from 20.7±2.4 mmHg with a mean number of 1.7±1.2 drugs to 18.7± 2.5 mmHg with 0.7±1.3 drugs, whereas in patients with two stents, the preoperative mean IOP dropped from 21.1±2.2 mmHg with 2.0±0.9 drugs to 18.7±1.8 mmHg with 0.8±1.0 drugs. The decrease in both IOP and the number of drugs was statistically significant within each subgroup, but the difference between the two subgroups was not significant (one stent versus two stents). Mean baseline IOP in the latanaprost group was 22.9 ±3.3 mmHg and it decreased to 17.6±2.7 mmHg in the last examination. Furthermore, the preoperative mean IOP in patients with two stents was 23.5±1.5 mmHg and it decreased to 17.8±2.9 mmHg in the last examination. The decrease in IOP was not different between the two subgroups (latanaprost versus two stents). In the phaco group, the preoperative mean IOP dropped from 22.9±4.7 mmHg with a mean number of 0.6±0.9 drugs to 16.4±1.8 mmHg with 0.8±1.1 drugs, whereas, in the phaco+stent group, it dropped from 23.1±4.9 mmHg with a mean number of 0.6±0.5 drugs to 14.6±2.8 mmHg without any drug in the last control. The decrease in IOP was statistically significant in both subgroups. The phaco+stent combined procedure allowed discontinuation of antiglaucomatous drugs in all patients. An IOP spike was seen only in one case on the first postoperative day. Minimal anterior chamber hemorrhage was detected in only 4 eyes. Refractive and visual acuity changes were not detected in any patient except in those who underwent phaco surgery. Conclusion: Glaukos i-stent was safe and effective in open-angle glaucoma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

An 11-year-old male, who was admitted with the complaint of sudden unilateral visual loss after blunt trauma, was diagnosed with presumed optic nerve avulsion based on clinical and ultrasonographic findings. Colored Doppler ultrasonography revealed variations in the flow rate and indexes of ophthalmic artery and central retinal artery when compared with the contralateral normal eye, and these variations changed during the follow-up. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A 55 year-old presented to our clinic for routine eye examination. Her visual acuity was 0.7 in right eye and 1.0 in left eye. Anterior segment examination and intraocular pressure was normal in both eyes. Dilated fundus examination revealed a vascularizated mass involving temporal half of the optic nerve head and shown exudation in the inferor retinal region adjacent to the optic nerve head. Fundus fluorescein angiograpy demonstrated early hyperfluorescence of lesion and the late pooling of the dye with leakage from the optic nerve capillaries. The retina in the periphery was normal. Central nervous system and other systems were normal. The patient who had been diagnosed with capillary hemangioma of optic nerve head were not given any treatment regimen and was followed regularly. One year after the evaluation of lesion, the visual acuity was 0.9 in right eye at the last follow-up examination and dilated fundus examination showed that there was no variation the size of lesion on optic disc and retinal region with exudation became small. Periphery retina of right eye and left eye were normal. Capillary hemangioma of optic nerve head rarely occurs and can be detected at the routine eye examination. Capillary hemangioma can be treated by alternative methods. But, capillary hemangioma seldomly may regress spontaneously. The association of capiller hemangioma of optic nerve head with various systemic disease should be considered and systemic investigations should be made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effects of age, sex, glaucomatous optic nerve change and pre-treatment intraocular pressure level on the ocular hypotensive effect of latanoprost in primary open-angle glaucoma cases. Materials and Methods: Primary open-angle glaucoma cases 99 in number who latanoprost treatment had been begun between January 2003 and January 2005, were included to our retrospective study. The cases were divided into groups according to their ages (40-59 year-old and ≥60 yearold), pre-treatment intraocular pressure (22-26 mmHg and 27-32 mmHg) and cup/disc ratios (0.2-0.4 and 0.5-1.0). The eyes with higher intraocular pressure; in the case of equality, the right eyes were enrolled. Post treatment amount of decrease in intraocular pressure and percentage of decrease and necessity of change the therapy between the groups were compared statistically by non-parametric t-test, chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. Results: Percentage of decrease in intraocular pressure was 28.02%(0-53%) at the post-treatment third month and 32.4%(0-56%) at the post-treatment first year. The change or addition of other anti-glaucoma drops were necessary in 20 cases (20.2%) within the first year of treatment. In respect to ocular hypotensive effect of latanoprost no statistically significant differences were detected between the groups according to their ages, sex and cup/disc ratios (P=0.15, P=0.35 P=0.95.) But pre-treatment intraocular pressures were found to have statistically significant effect on the decrease in intraocular pressure after latanoprost therapy (Pª0,001). The necessity of the change or addition of other anti-glaucoma drops were found to be more frequent in male cases and cases with higher cup/disc ratios. Conclusion: It was concluded that ocular hypotensive effect of latanoprost is more in patients with high pre-treatment intraocular pressure; but age, sex and optic nerve changes had no statistically significant effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]