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Bu çalışmanın amacı, son zamanlarda enerji tüketiminde yerini alması için üretiminin desteklenip teşvik edildiği yenilenebilir enerji kaynaklarının neden önem arz ettiğinin değerlendirmesini yapabilmektir. Yöntem olarak literatür ve arşiv çalışmaları incelenmiş, konunun güncelliği sebebiyle güncel kaynak ve verilerin kullanılmasına özen gösterilmiştir. 1970’li yıllardan sonra yaşanan enerji krizlerinin etkisiyle yenilenebilir enerji kaynakları alanındaki çalışmalarda bir hareketlenme yaşanmaya başlamıştır. Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri yenilebilir enerji alanında öncü olmuşlardır. Çünkü, Avrupa Birliği ülkeleri yenilebilir enerji kaynaklarından enerji ihtiyaçlarını karşılayabilmek adına enerji üretimindeki payı arttırmak için hedefler koymuşlardır. Dolasıyla ülkeler bu hedeflere ulaşabilmek için politikalarla teşvikler verip bu alandaki uygulamaları ve programları desteklemişlerdir. Hidrokarbon enerji kaynaklarına göre yenilebilir enerji kaynaklarından üretilen enerjinin payı çok düşük kalmaktadır. Fakat yenilebilir enerji kaynaklarının fosil kökenli olmaması, çevreye olan zararının hidrokarbonlara göre daha minimum seviyede kalması, daima kendini yenileyebilmesi ve doğa tarafından sürekli takviye edilebilmesi gibi avantajlarının bulunması alternatif bir enerji kaynağı olması açısından önem teşkil etmektedir., The aim of this study is to evaluate why renewable energy sources, whose production is supported and encouraged, are important in order to take place in energy consumption recently. As a method, literature and archive studies were examined, care was taken to use up-to-date resources and data due to the currency of the subject. With the effect of the energy crises experienced after the 1970s, there has been a movement in the field of renewable energy resources. European Union countries have been pioneers in the field of renewable energy. Because the European Union countries have set targets to increase their share in energy production in order to meet their energy needs from renewable energy sources. Therefore, countries have provided incentives with policies and supported applications and programs in this field in order to achieve these goals. Compared to hydrocarbon energy sources, the share of energy produced from renewable energy sources remains very low. However, it is important that renewable energy sources are not of fossil origin, that their damage to the environment remains at a minimum level compared to hydrocarbons, that they can always renew themselves and they can be continuously supplemented by nature.

Çin’in 1980’lerden itibaren olağanüstü büyümesi ve modernleşmesi dünya sahnesinin merkezinde yeniden ortaya çıkmasını da beraberinde getirmiştir. Son otuz yıl içinde Çin, zayıf görünüme sahip bir ülkeden ekonomik olarak küresel bir üretim merkezine, siyasal olarak da uluslararası meselelerde görüşlerine başvurulması gereken bir küresel güce dönüşmüştür. Özellikle 2013 yılında Çin devlet Başkanı Xi Jinping’in “Kuşak ve Yol Girişimi” (BRI) olarak adlandırılan projenin hayata geçirileceğini ilan etmesiyle birlikte Yeni İpek Yolu’nun yeni bir küresel düzen gerektireceği konusu gündeme gelmiştir. Yeni İpek Yolu girişiminin kapsamı ve amaçları göz önüne alındığında, Çin gelişimini ve modernleşmesini tamamlayacak, tek kutupluluktan çok kutupluluğa geçişi kolaylaştıracak, dolayısıyla bugünün hegemon gücü Amerika Birleşik Devletleri’ni dengeleyebilecek bir proje olduğu dile getirilmektedir. Şüphesiz bu da Amerika Birleşik Devletleri ile rekabetin yoğunluğunu arttıracak bir unsur olacaktır. Bu rekabetin de küresel düzeyde etkileri olacaktır.

To investigate the peripheral blood levels of B and T lymphocyte attenuator (BTLA/CD272) on T cells and its role in Behçet disease (BD), and to define the role of inhibitory receptors on BD. Materials and methods: Included in this study were 25 patients with BD and 20 healthy control subjects, matched for age and sex. Results: CD4+CD272+ (P < 0.001) and CD3+CD272+ (P < 0.001) T cell levels were significantly higher in BD patients (active and remission) compared to the healthy controls. However, there was no difference between the active patients and those in remission in terms of CD4+CD272+ T cells, while CD3+CD272+ T cell levels were significantly higher in active-phase BD patients compared to patients in the remission phase (P < 0.05). Conclusion: Further functional studies could be implemented to investigate the effectiveness of the present research parameter in the diagnosis or follow-up of certain diseases similar to BD and with obscure etiology, as well as its contribution to immune dysregulation of BD. BTLA can additionally modulate T cell response in BD on different inflammatory areas and it can be upregulated in BD because of T cell activation. The results of the present study indicate that BTLA expression on CD4+ Th (T helper) cells might play a limiting role on the inflammation at peripheral sites or organs in BD.

Energy has been the most contested meta since the mid-19th century. Since energy was utilized for light and heating at first and later for industrial production it has become one of the indispensable element of social and economic life. In line with the industrial and technological development, increasing energy need and consumption have become one of the indicators of power in economic, political and social areas since having political power depends on a strong economy. Also, energy is a fundamental factor in contemporary economy. Therefore, states struggle to have necessary energy resources, keep energy routes under control and access to energy easy and cheaply. Since the states do not have an equal position in energy reserves, there occurs a struggle to possess and access to energy resources. On the other hand, it has to be noted that possession of energy resources does not mean that that state has economic and political power. Since energy is an area of contesting global powers, it may lead to political, economic and social instability. It is possible to test the above statement by looking at the present and potential conflict areas in the world. Energy creates political as well as economic dependency between energy supplying and consuming countries. In order to mitigate the effects of this dependency, regional and global cooperation occurs. On the other hand, energy becoming a political tool with high economic and political cost has led states, both suppliers and consumers, to alternative energy resources. Thus, it is possible to explain why states with high levels of income from energy resources started to invest in other areas that can create income, such as tourism. Another issue is the legal and environmental problems occurring during the extraction and transportation of energy resources. Environment and environmental problems are top in the agenda of the world since the end of 21st century. Huge environmental contaminations on land and sea occurring during production and transportation of fossil fuel demonstrates the importance of the issue. In the light of all these issues, 1. International Eurasia Energy Problems Symposium has been held in 28-30 May 2015 at İzmir Katip Çelebi University by the Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences in order to host as an academic platform for up-to-date ideas and opinions. During the symposium, experts on the area found opportunity to express their opinions in areas of energy supply and security, alternative energy resources, legal and environmental problems, regional political and economic conflicts and contesting global powers. Definitely, hosting an international symposium is hard work. However, consecutive success makes hard work a pleasure and proud for organizers and supporters. There is no doubt that organizing conferences, meetings and symposiums necessitates team work. On the other hand, individuals and institutions who chair these teams and give support financially and morally have to be mentioned. Therefore, we thank to the rector of İzmir Katip Çelebi University, Prof. Dr. Galip AKHAN, who encouraged the symposium. Also, we thank to the dean of the Faculty of Economic and Administrative Sciences, Prof. Dr. İbrahim Attila ACAR, who cultivated fast and practical solutions to problems occurred during the organization and demonstrated patience, harmony and understanding; and to the president of the organization board Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nesrin DEMİR from the Department of International Relations, who has a ii significant share in the success of the symposium with her never-ending energy and enthusiasm. In the symposium held in 28-30 May, the participants, who sent the full texts of their work, bear the legal and academic responsibilities. During the editing process, meaning and content of their work have been kept.