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The causes of forest fires in Turkey can be grouped under four main groups such as arson (intentional), carelessness and negligence, natural and unknown fires. Especially the Mediterranean and Aegean regions are the places most affected by these fires. According to the data obtained from the General Directorate of Forestry (OGM), between 1988 and 2019, 4.91 ha forest area was burned per fire only in Hatay. Especially satellite technologies developed in recent years and Remote Sensing (UA) techniques are widely used in the detection of forest fires. In this study, fire severity maps were produced on the Google Earth Engine Platform (GEE) by using the UA method for the forest fire that broke out in the Belen district of Hatay on 09.10.2020. For this purpose, Sentinel-2A (L2A) satellite images dated 04.07.2020 before the fire and 12.10.2020 after the fire were used. The burning severity was graded using the Normalized Differenced Vegetation Index (NDVI), Normalized Burned Ratio (NBR) and NBR differences, Difference Normalized Burned Ratio (dNBR). In addition, elevation, slope, and aspect maps were produced with Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and forest fire was analysed in terms of topographic factors. High burning severity was observed in 50 ha area where the altitude was between 200 - 300 m, in 36 ha area where the slope is more than 30% and in 35 ha area in the eastward. As a result of the analysis, the area with high burning severity in the study area has been calculated as 90.94 ha in total. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the effect of different types of electrodes on the mortality rate in the electric weed control method, which is an environmental method, was investigated instead of the chemicals commonly used in weed control. Using single and multiple electrodes setup developed for this purpose, 110, 220, and 300 V AC voltages were applied to the plants germinated in the laboratory conditions, for 100 seconds. The relationship between the electrical current passing through the plants, the applied voltage, and the mortality rates were examined. In both single and multiple electrode applications, there was an increase in the NDVI values of the plants measured at the end of 1 week at replicates of 110 volts for 100 s. In other words, it has been determined that applied low voltages cause an increase in the germination rate of plants. On the other hand, at 220 and 300 volts in the single electrode method, death rates between 8% and 11% were obtained. In the multi-electrode method, these rates were around 10% to 17%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In previous years, as a result of wind erosion in the Manisa-Akselendi plain in Gediz basin, sand dunes have occurred. At the same time, major environmental damage has emerged because of improper agricultural practices on the area. The areas where the wind erodes and accumulates cover a large portion of the plain. The study was carried out in Manisa-Akselendi plain to investigate the temporal changes in vegetation using landsat satellite images of 1985, 2005 and 2017. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) maps of the area were prepared for these years. According to research that the bare rock, sand and non-plant areas of the study area were 44.66% in 1985, this figure halved in 2005, decreased to 0.58% in 2017. Vegetation areas (NDVI values between 0.1 and 0.5) of the research area were 122.47 km² in 1985, then increased to 193.34 km² in 2017. Except for the reforested areas, the expansion of intensive drip irrigation agricultural activities in the sand dunes has also had an important effect on these changes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The environment tends to get away from its natural structure due to industrialization and increasing population. The daily activities of human beings continuously change the natural structure of the environment and the process of environmental effects. Agricultural/economical innovations, increasing need of agricultural products and settlement areas cause changes in the vegetation. Detection of these changes was a difficult and time-consuming process in the past. However, with the development of Geographical Information Systems, these changes can be detected more accurately through various methods and analyses today. The most conspicuous ones of these analyses are NDVI and LULC. For determining the land cover changes in Ünye district, the LULC (Land Use Land Cover) "Maximum Likelihood Classifications" and NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) analyses were used. Through these analyses and on a multi-time basis, the land cover changes in Ünye district were analyzed between the years 1985-2000-2017. Among the most important causes behind the changes of land use in Ünye district are the wrong land use, increasing population, and increasing need of agricultural lands. The changes in the lands over the years were determined through Remote Sensing and Geographical Information Systems via areal measurement, and subsequently, suggestions were made concerning the sustainability of the land existence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the relationships between grain yield and quality traits with some physiological parameters which measured at the heading stage. In this study, 9 triticale advanced lines were grown under rainfed conditions according to randomized complete block design with four replications during the 2014-2015 growing seasons in Diyarbakır and Mardin conditions. The triticale genotypes of 41-ITSN-8022, 41-ITSN-8024 and DZ9-06 were found promising in terms of grain yield and quality parameter. Genotypic differences were significant for SPAD meter and leaf area index. It was remarkable the relationship between SPAD and grain weight although the relationships among physiological traits and quality traits changed depend on locations. Especially, the significant relation between LAI and grain yield suggest that physiological traits have potential to use as indirect selection criterion in future triticale breeding. The more related researches are necessary to reach this aim. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Indices developed for vegetation hold important place in remote sensing technology and they are commonly used. One of them is Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) which is developed for vegetation and accepted in worldwide. In this study, spatial distribution of plant density of Tokat province in 2000 was mapped by using LANDSAT-7 ETM+ images and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). Obtained NDVI map was classified as very weak, weak, moderate and intensive plant density classes for the first time by utilizing Braun Blanquet cover abundance classes (BB) and geographic information systems (GIS). The accuracy assessment of the created classes was performed by utilizing ground truth data collected from 103 points throughout the study area. The overall accuracy of NDVI (plant density) classes was found as 86.45 %. The results of the study indicated that the majority of the Tokat province takes place in the moderate class (47.56 %). This was followed by intense (40.36 %), low (7.57 %) and very weak (4.14 %) plant density classes. The remaining areas were evaluated as water surface (0.37 %). The results concretely demonstrated the high potential of Tokat province in terms of plant biological diversity and agriculture. BB assessments were also found to be usable to classify the NDVI values in a reliable way. Thus, a robust background reference was also formed to monitor vegetation cover change in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]