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In this study, amino acid (AA) balance in dairy cattle, absorbable AA sources, essential AA requirements, coated methionine (MET), coated lysine (LYS) and coating technologies, relationships between protected MET (PMET), protected LİZ (PLYS), rumen microflora and yield is examined thoroughly. In this way, it is aimed to investigate the effect of PMET and PLYS feeding on rumen microflora and milk yield (MY) and composition. As a result of the study, it is indicated that microbial protein does not have ideal AA balance; AA composition in microbial protein is determined by rumen undegradable protein (RUP) and rumen degradable protein (RDP); for the maximum performance and yield, formulation needs to be balanced in terms of RDP, RUP and AA; duodenal AA composition is influenced by microbial populations and protein variation of formulation; MET is limiting aminoacid in grain based formulation and LYS is limiting AA in formulation based on legumes and animal protein source; protected AA are more effective than syntetic AA, PMET has positive effect on milk fat and MY; using MET and LYS, protected on early lactation period, increased milk fat and MY. As a consequence, since PMET and PLYS have no negative impact on rumen microorganisms, it is concluded that especially early lactation period PMET and PLYS can be used together to increase milk protein and fat and MY. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex and dynamic population of microorganisms, the gut microbiota, which exert a marked influence on the host during homeostasis and disease. Intestinal bacteria play a crucial role in maintaining immune and metabolic homeostasis and protecting against pathogens. Many factors contribute to the establishment of the human gut microbiota during infancy. The approach to diseases that begin with the human microbiom project reveals new pathogenesis. Altered gut bacterial composition (dysbiosis) has been associated with the pathogenesis of many inflammatory diseases. Antibiotics are one of the most important factors in the development and change of microbiota. The increasing prevalence of childhood obesity is one of the greatest challenges facing medical professionals. Effective strategies for reducing the risk of obesity are desperately needed. The development of these strategies is dependent on a better understanding of the factors that play a role in the development of obesity. The data in recent years show that the risks of obesity can start in infancy and that being overweight in childhood is a strong predictor of obesity in old age. Particularly, the relationship between the antibiotics used up to the age of two and their childhood overweight or obesity is revealed by epidemiological studies. How dysbiyosis caused by the use of antibiotics can reveal the ground of obesity can be demonstrated with well-diazed animal experiments. Obese individuals exhibit marked differences in the composition of the intestinal microbial community as compared to lean subjects. Obesity is associated with an increased abundance of the phylum Firmucutes and a decrease in Bacteroidetes. The intestinal microbiota associated with obesity increase intestinal energy uptake from the food too. According to the data obtained today, antibiotics may cause changes in the microbiota composition, as well as different physiological mechanisms and changes in gene level to prepare the ground for obesity. The causes of obesity due to the effect of antibiotics caused by dysbiosis are discussed in this review. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]