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Copyright of Journal of Academic Research in Nursing (JAREN) is the property of Hemsirelikte Egitim ve Arastirma Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is observed in pregnant women worldwide with a prevalence ranging between 1% and 14%. The oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) is performed for diagnosis. We compared the diagnostic value of HbA1c with the OGTT test in the diagnosis of GDM. Methods: 24-28 weeks pregnant women whose HbA1c was studied on the same day between 2019- 2023 January and who had OGTT with 75 g oral glucose were included in the study. Age, HbA1c, and hemoglobin values of groups separated as GDM and non-GDM were compared with the Wilcoxon test. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the relationship of fasting plasma glucose (FPG) and HbA1c values with the OGTT result. Finally, ROC analysis was performed to evaluate diagnostic performance. Results: According to the OGTT results, out of 81 patients included in the study, 28 (34.6%) were classified as non-GDM, and 53 (65.4%) were classified as GDM. The median HbA1c value of the non-GDM group is 5.05% and the GDM group is 5.3%, and the statistical difference between the two groups is significant (p=0.032). In the ROC analysis, the AUC was 0.65 for HbA1c, 0.94 for FPG and 0.94 for HbA1c + FPG. Conclusion: In the prediction of GDM, the diagnostic performance of ROC analysis alone or even together with the FPG value of HbA1c is low; It has been observed that HbA1c is not sufficient for diagnosis in patients with suspected GDM and OGTT study may be more effective.

Copyright of Mersin Üniversitesi sağlık Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Mersin University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: We aimed to compare the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) according to one and two-step approaches in pregnant women and contribute to the national literature by determining which approach would be more beneficial for such women. Methods: Our study included patients aged 15-45 years who were admitted to our hospital during their 24th-28th gestational weeks of pregnancies between January 2012 and December 2021. Participants were classified into five groups according to age:

Abstract Aim: Pregnancies complicated with diabetes are risky pregnancies with different maternal characteristics and increased maternal complications compared to the normal pregnant group. In this study, it is aimed to determine maternal characteristics and maternal complications in pregnant women with different glucose intolerance or blood glucose levels, and to compare them with the information in the literature and to investigate the effectiveness of our follow-up and treatment protocols. Material and Method: This study is carried out with 223 patients at Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital between May 2009 and March 2010. Group 1 in the study, normal glycemic group; Group 2, group with 1 value higher in 100 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT); Group 3, gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), is the blood sugar regulated group; Group 4, the uncontrolled group diagnosed with GDM and whose blood sugar is not regulated; Group 5 consisted of patients with pregestational diabetes mellitus, with or without regulated blood sugar. Results: Considering the maternal characteristics, it is seen that the age, gravida, parity, body mass index (BMI) of Group 3, Group 4 and Group 5 patients are significantly higher than the patients in Group 1 and Group 2. The rates of preeclampsia, macrosomic baby and preterm birth are significantly higher in groups 4 and 5. In terms of delivery types, normal birth rate is high in Group 1, while cesarean section rates are high in Groups 4 and 5. According to the groups, the cases with a 1st minute apgar score less than 7 are significantly higher in Group 4 and Group 5. Conclusion: It is revealed that different glucose intolerances cause some problems in pregnancy, increase complications, and uncontrolled blood glucose levels increase these problems and complications. In pregestational and gestational periods; In such cases, it should be aimed and ensured that these problems and complications are reduced to the lowest possible level with appropriate diagnosis and treatment approaches.

Copyright of Medical Journal of Ankara Training & Research Hospital is the property of Medical Journal of Ankara Training & Research Hospital and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: The most common metabolic disorder during pregnancy is gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). GDM can occur in anywhere between 1.7 and 11.6 percent of people. In hypothyroidism, the rates of glucose oxidation and glycogen synthesis are reduced, and the peripheral tissues' consumption of glucose is also delayed. Patients with subclinical and overt hypothyroidism develop insulin resistance because insulin is unable to adequately maintain the muscles' use of glucose. According to the literature, hypothyroidism is linked to 6–15 percent of GDM pregnancies. Additionally, the chance of having GDM is 4.3 times higher in pregnant women who have hypothyroidism. This study aimed to reveal the relationship between first-trimester thyroid function tests and GDM. Material and Method: This retrospective cohort study was conducted between May 2021 and May 2022. 100 pregnant patients diagnosed with GDM and 500 healthy controls were included in the study. Using a 75 g glucose challenge test, GDM was identified. The trimester-specific recognized normal limits were used to evaluate the TSH and fT4 readings. Results: There was a statistically significant difference in terms of SCH between patients with and without GDM (p=0.04). TSH's performance in predicting GDM was evaluated using AUC and ROC (AUC=0.586 and p=0.006). To forecast GDM, the TSH level cut-off value was discovered to be 1.58. The AUC was found to be 0.586 (0.521-0.652). Furthermore, the selectivity is 58% and the sensitivity is 41% Conclusion: There are many studies in the literature investigating thyroid functions and the development of gestational diabetes mellitus. Our study also found a correlation between the diagnosis of subclinical hypothyroidism in the first trimester and GDM. The study adds to the literature the importance of being cautious and vigilant in terms of the development of gestational diabetes mellitus based on the results of the thyroid function test in the first trimester.

Aims: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is an inflammatory disorder. GDM raises the risk of pregnancy complications. Early recognition of GDM is critical to prevent complications. Systemic Immune-Inflammation Index (SII) is an index that shows the inflammatory response, we hypothesized that it might be associated to GDM. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between GDM and SII, as well as whether SII in the first trimester can predict GDM. Material and Method: This retrospective cohort study was conducted between January 2021 and January 2022. 100 pregnant women were included in the study. The study group included 50 pregnant women who had been diagnosed with GDM. The control group consisted of the remaining 50 pregnant women who had not been diagnosed with GDM. SII values were calculated from the hemogram values of the patients at the first visit in the first trimester. Results: There was a statistically significant difference between GDM and control groups in terms of SII, platelet, neutrophil, fT3, apgar 1 min and apgar 5 min measurements (p

Purpose: This study aims to determine the placental elasticity by using shear wave elastography (SWE) in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), and to compare it with the placental elasticity of the control group. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one women with GDM and 30 healthy pregnant between August-December 2018 were included in the study. Pregnant women with a history of hypertension, systemic disease, and smoking, who were diagnosed with diabetes mellitus before pregnancy and did not have anterior placenta were excluded from the study. SWE evaluations were carried out separately by two blinded radiologists. For SWE examination, regions of the placenta with homogeneous echotexture and without vascular and calcification were preferred. For elasticity evaluation, measurements were taken from 3 different localizations using 10 mm diameter circular areas, and the average value was calculated. Results: The mean age of the GDM group was significantly higher than that of the control group (p=0.039). Gestational weeks did not differ significantly between the two groups (p=0.55). The median (min-max) stiffness values of the placenta were 14.1 (5-21.9) kPa in the GDM group and 12.6 (7.6-39.6) kPa in the control group. There was no statistically significant difference between the two groups (p=0.26). There was no relationship between maternal age and gestational week with placental elasticity in both groups (p=0.306, p=0.23, p=0.19, p=0.27). Intraclass correlation coefficients were 0.88 for stiffness (kPa) and 0.84 for velocity (m/s). Conclusion: SWE can be used as a complementary method to grayscale ultrasonography to evaluate the placenta, as in many organs.

İleri glikasyon son ürünleri, çok çeşitli yapısal ve fonksiyonel özelliklere sahip, herhangi bir canlı organizmada oluşan ve enzimatik olmayan bileşiklerdir. İleri glikasyon son ürünleri reseptöre veya doğrudan hücre dışı matrikse bağlanır ve hücre dışı moleküllerin istenilen şekilde çalışmamasına yol açar. İleri glikasyon son ürünleri ve reseptör etkileşimleri inflamasyon, oksidatif stres, vasküler hiperpermeabilite ile sonuçlanarak vaskülatürde homeostatik bozulmaya neden olur. Oksidatif bozukluklar ve inflamasyon; gestasyonel diyabet, preeklemsi, erken doğum, erken membran rüptürü ve tekrarlayan gebelik kaybı gibi olumsuz gebelik sonuçları ile ilişkilidir. Literatüre bakıldığında inflamasyon fetal membranları zayıflatarak erken rüptüre ve erken doğuma sebep olabilmektedir. İleri glikasyon son ürünleri düzeyinin yüksek olması ve bozulmuş metabolik durumun gebelikte preeklemsinin fizyopatolojisine etki ettiği gestasyonel diabetes mellitus ve tekrarlayan gebelik kayıpları ile ilişkilendirildiği belirtilmektedir. Çalışmalar, gebelik ve AGE’lerin düzeyi arasında güçlü bir ilişki olduğunu göstermektedir. AGE’ler ve gebelik arasındaki nedensel ilişkiyi bulmak için daha iyi tasarlanmış çalışmalar yapılması literatür açısından önem taşımaktadır.

Aim:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of seasonal changes in ambient temperature on the prevalence of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM).Materials and Methods:A retrospective evaluation was performed on the results of patients at 24-28 weeks gestation who underwent a GDM screening at the University of Health Sciences Turkey, Gazi Yaşargil Training and Research Hospital in Diyarbakır, which is a city that is warm and dry in summer and cold and rainy in winter, between January 2017 and December 2017. Pregnant women were divided into four groups according to the season they were screened for GDM. A comparison was made in terms of the prevalence of GDM among pregnant women screened for diagnosis of GDM in different seasons.Results:Of 3,618 pregnant women screened, 7.5% (n=272) were diagnosed with GDM. The seasonal distribution of the GDM cases was 6.4% (n=54) in winter, 8.3% (n=78) in spring, 9.2% (n=84) in summer, and 6.1% (n=56) in autumn. A significant difference was observed in terms of seasonal distribution (p

Copyright of Ahi Evran Medical Journal is the property of Ahi Evran University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim: To assess the role of simple complete blood count (CBC) in prediction of gestational diabetes (GDM). Materials and Methods: Pregnant women screened for GDM in 24-28 gestational weeks with a 75g-OGTT between January 2018-January 2020 were retrospectively investigated. Patients with a known systemic disease, using aspirin, low-molecular-weight heparin and steroids excluded. The assessed parameters in CBC were hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cells, mean corpuscular volume, mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, white blood cells (including neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, basophils), platelets, platelet distribution width (PDW), mean platelet volume (MPV), red cell distribution width (RDW), nucleated red blood cell (NRBC), NRBC percentage, plateletcrit (PCT), platelet large cell ratio (P-LCR), immature granulocytes (IG) and IG percentage. Platelet mass index (PMI), neutrophil-to-platelet ratios (NPR) and lymphocyte-to-platelet ratios (LPR) were calculated. These parameters were compared between GDM patients and controls. Regression analysis was performed with the parameters that were significantly correlated with GDM. ROC curve analysis was done in order to find cut-off values. Results: RBC, WBC (all subtypes including immature granulocytes), platelet indices including PMI, NPR and LPR were all similar. Only RDW and NRBC were found to be significantly increased in GDM patients and came out to be independent predictors of GDM with maternal age and screening week. Conclusion: These findings suggest women with GDM may be accompanied with increased RDW and NRBC levels which seem to be independent predictors of this disease and these parameters may be used to monitor and evaluate the development of GDM.

Objective: Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a form of diabetes that appears during pregnancy and can cause both maternal and fetal consequences if left untreated. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between the nutritional characteristics of pregnancy and the development of GDM and gestational glucose intolerance (GGIT). Material and Method: Three groups of pregnant women were included in the study. They were grouped according to the results of the oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT-50 g and 100 g) as follows: normal glucose tolerance (NGT, n=60), GGIT (n=60), and GDM (n=60). The demographic characteristics, health conditions, and nutritional habits of the participants were questioned, and a 3-day food consumption record was requested from the patients. Results: Average age, body weight, daily carbohydrate and protein intakes, and the frequency of diabetes history in the family were found to be higher in the GDM and GGIT groups than in the NGT group. It was also found that the amount of fat intake was higher in the GDM group than in the NGT and GGIT groups (p<0.05). According to logistic regression models, age, daily protein, carbohydrate, and fat consumption, not being pregnant before, and having a body mass index (BMI)>25 kg/m2 before pregnancy were the factors associated with the risk of GDM. Similarly, age, daily protein consumption, having a macrosomic baby, and current smoking were positively associated with the risk of GGIT. Conclusion: The phenotypic characteristics, family history of diabetes, and previous obstetric problems in pregnant women were found to be closely related to GDM or GGIT risk. Special attention should be paid to general health and balanced nutrition, especially in high-risk pregnant women. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to assess the relationship between gestational diabetes mellitus and coronary arter-·' disease by measuring epicardial fat tissue thickness and aortic stiffness in pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: 28 pregnant women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and 25 pregnant women without gestational diabetes mellitus were included in the research. Body mass index, laboratory values, blood pressure measurements and obstetric history findings of the study population were recorded. All participants of the study population were evaluated with transthoracic echocardiography between 24 and 28 weeks of gestational period. The measurement of epicardial fat tissue thickness was taken and aortic stiffness index was also calculated. Results: The age, gravidity, parity and obstetric history of the two groups were similar. Epicardial fat tissue thickness was found significantly higher in gestational diabetes mellitus group than control group (0.416 cm and 0.336 cm, respectively; pcO.OOl). However, no significant difference was found in aortic stiffness measurements of the two groups (p=0,Q79). Conclusion: According to the results of our study, epicardial fat tissue thickness was found to be statistically significantly higher in pregnant women with gestational diabetes mellitus compared to the control group. The fact that no difference was detected in other cardiovascular parameters suggests that measurement of epicardial fat tissue thickness in gestational period may be a beneficial adjunctive tool in early detection of gestational diabetes mellitus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Amaç: Bu çalışmanın amacı gestasyonel diabetes mellitus hastalarında ve sağlıklı gebelerde serum prokalsitonin düzeylerini karşılaştırmak ve prokalsitonin düzeyinin diğer metabolik parametreler ile ilişkisini değerlendirilmesidir. Gereç ve Yöntem: Endokrinoloji Bilim Dalı polikliniğine başvuran 142 gebe çalışmaya dahil edildi. Oral glukoz tolerans testi sonuçlarına göre 57 gebeye gestasyonel diabet mellitus tanısı konuldu. 85 sağlıklı gebe ise kontrol grubuna dahil edildi. Serum analizi için tüm kan örnekleri bir gecelik açlık sonrası oral glukoz tolerans testi başlangıcında sabah 7:00 ve 8:00 saatleri arasında alındı.Bulgular: Gestasyonel diabet mellitus grubunda serum prokalsitonin düzeyleri kontrol grubuna göre anlamlı olarak yüksek bulundu. Serum prokalsitonin düzeyi ile açlık glukozu ve oral glukoz tolerans testi 60. dakika glukoz düzeyleri arasında anlamlı pozitif korelasyon bulundu.Sonuç: Bu çalışmada gestasyonel diabet mellitus’lu gebelerde serum prokalsitonin düzeylerinin sağlıklı gebelere göre anlamlı olarak yüksek olduğu ilk kez gösterilmiştir. Bu sonuç kronik düşük-dereceli inflamasyonun gestasyonel diabet mellitus patogenezinde önemli role sahip olduğu bilgisini desteklemektedir. Prokalsitonin düzeyi gestasyonel diabet mellitus hastalarında kronik düşük-dereceli inflamasyonun yeni bir biyobelirteci olarak düşünülebilir.

Objective: We aimed to evaluate the role of sex hormone-binding protein and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein for predicting gestational diabetes mellitus. Methods: A total of 99 pregnant women between 6th and 14th gestational weeks who were admitted to our obstetrics and gynecology outpatient clinic between February 2017 and July 2017 were included. Age, gestational week, last menstrual date, gravida, parity, height, weight, history of gestational diabetes mellitus, macrosomia and polyhydramnios, tobacco use, delivery mode, delivery weight, sex hormone-binding protein, and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were recorded. Results: No difference between gestational diabetes and control group with regard to age, gravida, parity, gestational age at delivery and tobacco use (p>0.05) was noted. Body mass index, history of gestational diabetes, macrosomia and polyhydramnios, birth weight and cesarean rates were significantly higher in gestational diabetes group. Sex hormone-binding protein levels were 213.4±111.33 nmol/L in gestational diabetes and 251.64±137.94 nmol/L in control group, which were not significatly different between two groups (p=0.325). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein levels were 10.12±11.36 mg/L in gestational diabetes and 5.18±5.91 mg/L in control group and statistically significant difference was noted between two groups (p=0.004). High-sensitivity C-reactive protein >3.25 mg/L was found to be a predictor for gestational diabetes with a sensitivity of 78% and specifity of 62%. Conclusion: First trimester high-sensitivity C-reactive protein was found to be a predictor for gestational diabetes mellitus in which early diagnosis has a critical role for reducing maternal and fetal mortality and morbidity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: To investigate whether maternal serum levels of 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] in the first trimester is associated with an increased risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of a cohort of pregnant women who had undergone routine genetic multiple marker screening and subsequent glucose tolerance testing. Twenty-five women with GDM and 208 controls without GDM were included in this study. Plasma 25(OH)D concentrations were measured using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Results: Mean 25(OH)D concentrations at 11-14 weeks of gestation were not significantly different in women who subsequently developed GDM compared with those who did not (mean ± standard deviation: 13.96 9.05 versus 13.43±9.72; p=0.8). The prevalence of first-trimester severe 25(OH)D deficiency (

AimThe aim of the present study was to investigate levels of some biochemical and whole blood count parameters and plasma viscosity in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared to healthy pregnant and healthy, non-pregnant women, and to evaluate the relationships between plasma viscosity.Material-MethodsThe patients consisted of 27 pregnant with GDM. The control groups consisted of 25 healthy pregnant and 24 healthy non-pregnant women. Blood glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triacylglycerol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, total protein, albumin, HbA1c, Hct, Hb, PLT, MPV were measured by auto-analyzer. Also, plasma viscosity levels were measured by capillary viscometer.ResultsThe levels of total protein, albumin, blood glucose, insulin, HOMAIR, HBA1c, total cholesterol, LDL-Cholesterol, HDL-Cholesterol and plazma viscosity in women with GDM group were found higher than those in healthy pregnant and non-pregnant women groups. In addition, the levels of triacylglycerol were significantly higher in GDM pregnants than those in the healthy pregnant women. There were significant positive correlations between plasma viscosity and total cholesterol levels of GDM patients. Additionally, there were significant positive correlations between plasma viscosity and LDL-cholesterol levels.ConclusionPlasma viscosity may contribute to useful information in early diagnosis and treatment, prevention of progression in GDM patients. It should be considered as an important parameter in clinical terms to ensure healthy fetal development.

Objectives: Advanced maternal age, obesity, presence of family history of diabetes and macrosomic infant delivery are common risk factors for gestational diabetes (GDM). The increase in pregnancy weight and number of pregnancies are also possible risk factors. The purpose of this study was to assess the association of common and possible risk factors with GDM development. Materials and Methods: A case-control study was planned with a structured questionnaire on GDM screening. For this purpose, pregnant patients who applied to the Hatay State Hospital gynecology and obstetric outpatient clinic between January and October 2017 were included in the study. 181 case records who were applied a two-step oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) were scanned. 102 participants were included in this study. In our study, the data were analyzed statistically using 95% confidence, using the SPSS 22 (Statistical Package for the Social Sciences) package program. The significance level of all the tests used was determined to be 0.05. Pearson-Continuity Correction-Fisher Exact Chi-Square tests, binary logistic regression (enter method) analyzes were used in the study. Results: 74 of our 102 participants (72.50%) were non-GDM and 28 (27.50%) were GDM. The average age is 29.04 ±6.11. Univariate relations with GDM are investigated, age (p=0.001), prevalence of GDM at previous pregnancies (p=0.002), presence of diabetes mellitus family history (p=0.001), increase of body weight in pregnancy (p=0.011), presence of glycosuria before pregnancy (p= 0.020), multiple pregnancies (p=0.012), presence of macrosomic baby delivery (p=0.027). However, when the significance of risk factors is evaluated together with logistic regression analysis, advancing maternal age, multiple pregnancies and presence of diabetes mellitus family history increases the risk of GDM. Body mass index(BMI) and the weight of the first two trimester weight> 8 kg are not significant. Conclusion: Presence of diabetes mellitus family history, increased maternal age together with BMI, multiple pregnancies increases GDM risk. These risk factors need to be considered in prenatal screening. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: We aimed to examined to factors influencing of 75g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) screening by pregnant women. Methods: A total of 262 pregnant women who attended antenatal follow-up polyclinic of Düzce University Medical Faculty were included in the study; 129 who admitted 75g OGTT for GDM scan and 133 who refused 75g OGTT for GDM scan. Demographic characteristics, educational levels and income levels of the pregnant women were investigated. Results: The frequency of GDM in the OGTT group was 7.9% (n=10). BMI was higher in the OGTT group and the difference between the groups was statistically significant (29.17 ± 5.67 vs. 26.93 ± 4.02; p= 0.003). When the groups were compared in terms of educational levels, the rate of only literate women was higher in the OGTT group (8.5% vs. 0; p=0.004). The most common reason in the group without OGTT was the concern that the test would be harmful to the baby with 57.8% rate (n=77), the second reason was that the test was not recommended by some health professionals especially on visual media (30.8%, n=41). Conclusion: There has been a decrease in the rates of having OGTT for GDM scan by pregnant women in recent years. Information pollution, especially in the visual media and insufficient information provided by health professionals are considered as the main reasons for this situation. Therefore, all healthcare providers should start programs that would prevent misinformation during pregnancy starting from the preconceptional period and the information pollution on this issue should be removed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cukurova Medical Journal / Çukurova Üniversitesi Tip Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Cukurova University, Faculty of Medicine and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Aim:The aim of the present study was to determine levels of copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), malondialdehyde and some biochemical parameters in women with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) compared with healthy pregnant women, and to evaluate the relationships among these parameters.Materials and Methods:The patients consisted of 56 pregnant with GDM. The control group consisted of 60 healthy pregnant women. Plasma malondialdehyde, blood glucose, insulin, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and LDL-cholesterol were measured by biochemical methods. The concentrations of serum Fe, Cu and Zn were determined by flame atomic absorption spectrophotometer.Results:The levels of blood glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR, glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c), total cholesterol, triacylglycerol and LDL-cholesterol, levels of plasma malondialdehyde, levels of serum Fe and Cu in women with GDM group were found higher than those in healthy pregnant women. However, levels of serum Zn were significantly lower in GDM pregnants than those in the healthy pregnant women. There were significant negative correlations between LDL-cholesterol and Cu levels of GDM subjects. Additionally, there were significant negative correlation between LDL-cholesterol and plasma malondialdehyde levels. However, there were significant positive correlations between serum Fe and plasma malondialdehyde levels.Conclusion:Our findings emphasize the significant deficiencies of Zn levels and the significant elevation of malondialdehyde, hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia in women with GDM. Therefore, supplementation with Zn element involved in the antioxidative system may increase antioxidative enzyme activities, and consequently, an improvement in fetal and maternal complications may be expected.

Objective: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) is defined as the glucose intolerance started or diagnosed first at pregnancy. GDM screening tests are applied as single or two-step tests. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the numbers and positiveness ratios of single or two-step screening tests. Material and Methods: The number of GDM screening test pregnant women applied to Biochemistry Clinic between years 2010-2014 were evaluated from Hospital Laboratory Information System retrospectively, and applied numbers of one and two step screening tests and positiveness ratios were evalauted fort his 5 year period. Results: 281 (18.5%) of the total 1514 tests were positive. 270 (96.1%) of this positive results were obtained by one-step test and 11 (3.9%) of them were obtained by two-step test. In year 2011, all screening tests were carried out by one-step approach. In years 2012-2014, single step approach was appplied in increasing ratios. GDM detection rate of single-step test was found to be higher than two-step test. Conclusion: Single step approach can be the test of choice for GDM screening as it has a higher detection rate and more comfortable fort he patient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Our aim was to determine the risk factors associated with the need for insulin therapy in patients with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Material and Method: We enrolled 128 pregnant women who were diagnosed GDM by 75 gr oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at 24-28 week gestational weeks. The demographic features, insulin and HbAlc levels were evaluated. 35,2% of the patients needed insulin therapy during pregnancy. We compared patients with GDM who needed insulin therapy during pregnancy (insulin group) and women treated with diet alone (diet group). Results: The patients treated with insulin were older than the patients in diet group (32,0±0,6 vs, 34,7± 0,6; p=0.004), Prenatal body mass index (BMI) was significantly higher in the insulin group compared to the diet group (29±0,6 vs, 32± 0,8 kg/m²; p=0.004).While the mean fasting plasma glucose (FPG) levels was 101,6± 2,1 mg/dl in the insulin group, it was 92,7± 1,1 mg/dl in the diet group (p<0.001). While there was not a difference in OGTT 1 hour- plasma glucose levels between the two groups (p=0.069), 2 hour- plasma glucose levels were 159,1± 6,8 mg/dl in the insulin group and 143,1± 3,7 mg/dl in the diet group (p= 0.027). HbAlc level was significantly higher in the insulin group compared to the diet group (4,9± 0,1 vs, 5,3± 0,1; p= 0.001). There was not a difference in fasting insulin levels and HOMA-IR between the two groups (p=0.908, p=0.073). Conclusion: Age, family history of diabetes, prenatal BMI, FPG and HbAlc were found to be risk factors associated with insulin need in patients with GDM. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of our study was to analyze the characteristics of maternal and fetal variables in babies born 4000 g and above. Methods: A study group was created with 572 pregnant women who delivered babies 4000 g and above between 37 and 42 weeks of gestation, and a control group was created with 614 pregnant women who delivered babies between 2500 and 4000 g at the same weeks of gestation, all who delivered at our hospital between January 2009 and April 2012. In the study, maternal age, gravida, parity, week of gestation, body mass index, maternal height, weight gained during pregnancy, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels, presence of polyhydramnios, macrosomia history at previous pregnancies and fetal sex were evaluated. Results: When the pregnant women delivered babies 4000 g and above and the pregnant women delivered babies below 4000 g were compared and maternal age being higher than 35 years (p=0.02), mean parity (p=0.03), week of gestation (p=0.01), mean maternal height (p<0.001), maternal HbA1c levels (p<0.001), polyhydramnios (p<0.001) and history of delivering baby with macrosomia (p<0.001) were found significantly higher in the study group (birth weight higher than 4000 g). There was no significant difference between the groups in terms of gravida, body mass index and weight gained during pregnancy. Conclusion: Pregnancy at over 35 years old, parity, mean maternal height being high, weight gained during pregnancy being over 12 kg, high HbA1c, presence of polyhydramnios during current pregnancy and the history of delivering baby with macrosomia increase the risk of macrosomia in fetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To establish the risk of the gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) with respect to maternal age and body mass index (BMI). Methods: The data of the patients, admitted to our clinic for pregnancy follow up between 2007 and 2011were collected retrospectively. 50 gram and 100 gram screening test results, birth weight of the newborns and demographic features of the patients were recorded. Results: 544 patients were included. Mean age of the patients was 30.2±4.2 years, mean BMI value was 23.3±4.1 kg/m2 (15.6-66), mean gestational age at delivery was 38.9±1.2 weeks (34.9-42), and mean birth weight was 3409±415 grams. The odds ratio for GDM at the patients above 40 years old was 7.84 and the odds ratio for patients with a body mass index ⩾25 was 1.74. Conclusion: Gestational diabetes mellitus increases with advanced maternal age and body mass index. The patients with a body mass index ⩾25 at the antenatal visits may be offered regular nutrition and exercise program and get pregnant after having a body mass index below 25 if possible. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this prospective case-control study, we assessed the effect of oral iron supplementation on glucose metabolism of pregnant women who had low risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Between April 2004 and November 2004, we analyzed pregnant women that were admitted to our antenatal clinic at their first trimester. Study group was given at least 2 months of oral iron supplementation (40 mg/day) after entering study protocol. Control group was not given any iron supplementation, but matched with study group according to age, gravida, parity, BMI, first trimester Hb. In these two groups, 50 g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) at the 24th-28th weeks and iron metabolism parameters were compared. This study was approved by our institutional review board. Fifty-eight eligible women (35 study, 23 control) were analyzed. Mean ferritin levels at 24-28th weeks were 12.5±9.7 ng/ml in control, and 16.5±6.09 ng/ml in study group (p=0.018). The mean serum glucose levels after 50 g OGTT were 115.26±27.01 mg/dl in control group, and 129.77± 27.8 mg/dl in study group (p=0.04). 50 g OGTT was considered as abnormal in 17 pregnant women (49%) in the study group and 6 (26%) in the control group (p=0.05). This is the first prospective trial in the literature that evaluated the relationship between iron supplementation and glucose intolerance in pregnant women. We found that iron overloading might cause glucose intolerance in non-anemic pregnant women who had a low-risk for GDM. Thus, the rationale of routine iron supplementation should be discussed especially in non-anemic women at risk of developing GDM in the absence of any potential benefit to the fetus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]