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Occupational hygiene is very important in meat processing plants. For this reason, butchers need to disinfect the cutting blades before and after each procedure. In this study aimed that the kettle is suddenly intended to remove the water as soon as possible to the desired temperature and keep it stable at a certain temperature with the rod resistors and thermostat control system positioned on the aluminum plate of different power. It is also aimed to increase the ideal water temperature to the optimal point of use by using the energy correctly. A mechanism has been created to keep the water temperature under control with the help of a thermostat. Experimental results were obtained by operating the rod resistors placed in aluminum plate at 1 kW, 1.5kW and 2kW. It has been observed that the aluminum plate positioned under the AISI 304 quality stainless body heats the water homogeneously by the heat transfer by convection. The results from the experiments were compared according to the determined parameters. As a result of the experiments, we were observed that the rod resistance with a power of 2 kW reached the desired temperature in a shorter time.

In this study, the effect of drilling Carbon Fiber Reinforced Products (CFRP) under dry and cryogenic conditions with different diametered drill bits and different cutting parameters on delamination injury, hole diameter and on surface quality were investigated experimentally. Two different cutting speed (20 and 50 m/min), four different moving amount (0.075 mm/rev, 0.15 mm/rev, 0.225 mm/rev and 0.3 mm/rev) and two different diametered drill (4 mm and 6 mm) values for experimental design have been applied under dry and cryogenic conditions in this study. The results showed that the penetration of CFRP by the immersion cryogenic technique was facilitated, greatly improving the machinability by reducing the surface roughness of the drilled parts. However, thrust and delamination factor increased.

YDİ YabancıDil Olarak İngilizce öğrenenlerin yaptıklarıhatalarıetkileyen başlıca iki neden vardır. Birinci neden öğrencilerin ana dilidir; öğrenci kendi ana dilini edinmişolduğu için, sesletim, sözcük, cümle, anlam, edim düzeylerinde ana dili tarafından etkilenir. Eğer öğrenci ana dili ile öğrenmekte olduğu dilin belirtilen bu düzeylerde birbirinden farklıolduğunun bilincinde değilse, hata riski daha yüksek olur. İkinci neden ise, hedef dil yani öğrenilmekte olan dildir; öğrenilen dil içinde yapılan yanlışgenellemeler ve bilgi eksikliği öğrencilerin hata yapmalarına neden olur. Bu makalede, Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi İngilizce Öğretmenliği Bölümü öğrencilerinin çok yaygın olarak yanlıştelaffuz ettikleri kelimeler üzerine yapılan bir araştırma sunulmaktadır. Bu hatalar sadece bu çalışmanın yapıldığıyerdeki öğrencilerin hatalarıolarak görülmemekte, hataların nedenleri göz önünde bulundurulduğunda İngilizce öğrenen bütün Türk öğrencilerin aynıhatalarıyapabilecekleri düşünülmektedir. Bu çalışmada incelenen telaffuz hatalarının nedenleri de deneklere verilen anketle araştırılmıştır.

Coxiella burnetii is the causative agent of the common zoonotic disease known as Q fever. Human infection is mostly maintained by inhalation of contaminated aerosols that originate from infected birth products, milk and urine. Sexual transmission has also been reported. In pregnant women the disease causes abortion during the first trimester, while at later stages it tends to become chronic causing low birth weight babies and premature birth. The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of C.burnetii in women who had miscarriages, their spouses and in a control group composed of women with normal delivery by using serological and molecular methods. A total of 89 cases (58 female, 31 male; age range: 21-64 years, mean age: 33.1 ± 7.6 years) were included in the study. Women who had abortion (n= 36) were recruited along with their husbands (n= 31), and 22 women who had normal pregnancy were accepted as controls. Blood and placental tissue samples (after abortion or normal delivery) were collected from all of the female subjects, while blood samples were collected from the males. C.burnetii IgG and IgM antibodies in the sera of patients and controls were analysed by ELISA and indirect fluorescein antibody (IFA) methods, and the presence of C.burnetii DNA was searched in whole blood and placenta samples by using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). In our study, C.burnetii Phase II IgG antibody positivity rates in women who had miscarriages, their spouses and in women with normal delivery were found as 27.8% (10/36), 38.7% (12/31) and 4.5% (1/22), respectively by ELISA, while those rates were detected as 27.8% (10/36), 41.9% (13/31) and 9.1% (2/22), respectively by IFA which was accepted as the reference method. However C.burnetii Phase I IgM, Phase I IgG and Phase II IgM antibodies were not detected in none of the subjects by both methods. The relatively high seropositivity rate in our study group (25/89; 28.1%) was thought to be associated with high rates of livestock breeding in our region. Although C.burnetii IgG seropositivity rate in in women who had miscarriages was higher than women with normal delivery, the difference was not found to be statistically significant (x2= 2.906, p= 0.088). When the results of the women with miscarriages and their spouses were evaluated together, it was detected that C.burnetii IgG antibodies were not determined in the spouses of four seropositive women (two positive with 1/64, two with 1/128 titer); titer was 1/64 in four women and their spouses and two women with 1/128 titer had spouses with 1/64 titer. The determination of high titer phase II IgG positivity in 13% (4/31) of the spouses of women who had miscarriages was of notice. All of the blood (n= 89) and placenta samples (n= 51, 29 were from aborted and 22 from normal delivered women) were negative for C.burnetii DNA by PCR. In conclusion, since livestock breeding is common in our region, in cases with recurrent abortion and premature births, women and their husbands should be screened for C.burnetii.

Blastoschizomyces capitatus is a rare fungal pathogen that may lead to fatal infections especially in immunosuppressive individuals. In this report, three cases of B.capitatus were presented. The patients were under treatment for acute myeloid leukemia and their blood cultures yielded B.capitatus. The patients clinical conditions deteriorated and they died despite amphotericin B treatment. The isolates were identified by conventional mycological methods and API 20C AUX (Bio-Mérieux, France) system. Antifungal susceptibility test of the strains was performed with Sensititre Yeast One Panel (Trek Diagnostic Systems, USA) and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) ranges for amphotericin B, caspofungin, fluconazole, itraconazole, voriconazole, posaconazole, and flucytosine were found as 0.5-1; > 16; 8-16; 0.5; 0.25; 0.5-1 and 0.06-0.25 µg/ml, respectively. Isolated strains were genotyped with RAPD-PCR (Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction) using Cnd-3, Cnd-4, OPE-03, OPE-18 primers. The strains isolated from the first two cases were found to be genotypically identical, while the strain isolated from the third case was different. Genotypically identical isolates belonged to two patients who were admitted to the hospital with approximately 18 months interval. The other strain with a unique genotype, was isolated from a patient who was admitted to the hospital about two years later than the other two patients. In conclusion, B.capitatus should be considered as an important opportunistic pathogen especially in patients with hematologic malignancies. The data of this study demonstrated that the lowest MIC values for B.capitatus strains were with voriconazole.

Left internal mammary artery (LIMA) to pulmonary vasculature fistula is a rare complication after coronary artery bypass surgery. In most cases, the duration between bypass grafting and fistula formation ranges from 2 to 5 years. We present a 62-year-old man who presented with anginal symptoms five years after bypass surgery. On coronary angiography, selective catheterization of the LIMA showed fistula formation to the pulmonary artery, which probably led to coronary steal syndrome and myocardial ischemia. He underwent surgery and the connection between the LIMA and pulmonary artery was terminated. After surgery, his anginal complaints improved and echocardiography showed improvement in the wall motion abnormality detected before surgery.

Candidemia is a serious clinical picture with a rather high mortality. Early diagnosis and appropriate treatment is crucial in this picture especially in immunocompromised cases. The aims of this retrospective study were to investigate the antifungal susceptibility patterns and to detect the presence of phospholipase, esterase and biofilm production which are excepted as virulence factors of Candida spp. strains and to evaluate the clonal relationships between isolates. A total of 46 Candida spp. Strains isolated from blood cultures of patients of whom eight were newborn and 38 were adults, between the period of February 2005 to July 2010, were included in the study. Of the isolates 17 were identified as C.albicans, 18 were C.parapsilosis, five were C.glabrata, four were C.tropicalis, one was C.guilliermondii and one was C.krusei. Antifungal susceptibility tests were performed by using "Sensititre Yeast One (Trek Diagnostic Systems, USA)" commercial kit. Esterase activity was detected in Tween-80 medium; phospholipase activity in yolk egg agar and biofilm formation was investigated by microplate assay. Strain genotyping was performed by RAPD-PCR (random amplified polymorphic DNA-polymerase chain reaction) by using OPE-03, OPE-18, AP50-1, Cnd-3 and Cnd-4 primers. All strains were found to be susceptible to amphotericin B, voriconazole, posaconazole, and caspofungin. C.krusei strain was defined as resistant (intrinsically) to fluconazole. All strains of C.albicans, C.parapsilosis, C.glabrata, and C.tropicalis were found to be susceptible to fluconazole. Three of five C.glabrata strains were resistant to itraconazole, while the other strains were found to be susceptible. All of the C.albicans strains had phospholipase and esterase activity, however none were biofilm-producing isolates. In contrast all of the C.parapsilosis strains were negative for phospholipase and esterase activity, however all were positive for biofilm formation. Phospholipase activity has not been detected in non-albicans strains; esterase activity were found positive in all of the C.tropicalis strains, while biofilm formation was detected in three C.tropicalis, one C.glabrata and one C.krusei isolates. The results of genotyping demonstrated that C.albicans strains displayed 5-8 different patterns and C. Parapsilosis strains 2-3 patterns with the use of five primers. Among C.parapsilosis strains, 14 were found identical (with the use of all the primers forming a single pattern (pattern A). In conclusion, the Candida spp. İsolated from blood samples were highly susceptible to the tested antifungals, and C.albicans strains had high phospholipase and esterase activity, while C.parapsilosis strains had high rate of positivity for biofilm formation. The predominant pattern amongst C.parapsilosis strains was thought to be related to exogenous dissemination.

Candida species which cause local infections, may also lead to fatal systemic infections. The increasing incidence of non-albicans Candida, especially fluconazole susceptible or resistant dose-dependent C. glabrata, increased the importance of rapid and accurate species level identification for Candida. Rapid and correct identification of C. glabrata is essential for the initiation of the appropriate antifungal therapy. This study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the rapid trehalase test in the diagnosis of C. glabrata isolates. A total of 173 Candida strains isolated from various clinical specimens and identified according to germ tube test, growth on cornmeal Tween 80 agar and the colony morphologies on Mast-CHROMagar Candida medium (Mast Diagnostics, UK), were included to the study. The identification of non-albicans Candida species were also confirmed by API 20CAUX (BioMerieux, France) system. Accordingly 86 (50%) of the isolates were identified as C. glabrata, 48 (28%) C. albicans, 17 (10%) C. krusei, 13 (8%) C. tropicalis, 5 (3%) C. parapsilosis, 3 (2%) C. kefyr and 1 (1%) Cutilis. In order to detect the presence of trehalase enzyme in Condida strains, all isolates were grown on Sabouraud dextrose agar containing 4% glucose and then one yeast colony was emulsified in 50 microl of citrate buffer containing 4% (wt/vol) trehalose for 3 h at 37 degrees C. Presence of glucose which emerged after the action of trehalase on trehalose, was detected by a commercial "urinary glucose detection dipstick" (Spinreacta, Spain). All C. glabrata strains yielded positive result by trehalase test. None C. glabrata isolates were found negative by trehalase test except for one strain of C. tropicalis. In this study, the trehalase test allowed identification of C. globrata with 100% sensitivity and 98.9% specificity. It was concluded that trehalase test is a rapid, cost-effective and simple test that can be used for the accurate identification of C. glabrata.

The aim of this study was to investigate clinical findings and the effects of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX) in cases of blastocystosis. A total of 37 cases whose stool specimens were sent to the parasitology laboratory from the outpatient clinics of our hospital for various reasons were included in the study. Only five or more Blastocystis hominis were found during examination with direct wet mount using the 40x objective. The stool specimens were tested for other agents (Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., Escherichia coli H157:07, rotavirus) and cases with one of these were excluded from the study. The cases with blastocystosis were given TMP-SMX for 7 days. After the treatment, the cases were questioned as to symptoms once again, the stool specimen examinations were repeated with the same methods, and the results were evaluated. In 34 (91.89%) out of the 37 cases where B. hominis was found, various clinical symptoms such as stomach ache, flatulence, diarrhea, itching and fever were observed singly and/or together. After the treatment it was found that 36 (97.3%) out of 37 cases improved. This study supports the premise that TMP-SXT is effective in the treatment of B. hominis.

Identification of Candida species is important to guide treatment in vulvovaginal candidiasis which is seen frequently and needs long-term therapy due to recurrence. The aim of this study was to determine the species distribution of Candida isolated from vaginal specimens and evaluation of CHROMagar Candida medium in the laboratory diagnosis. Samples from 80 patients who were clinically diagnosed as vaginitis have been analysed in our laboratory. Colonies appeared on CHROMagar Candida media after 48 hours of incubation at 35 degrees C were evaluated for their colors and characteristics. Candida strains were identified by germ tube test, growth on corn meal Tween 80 agar and when necessary also by API 20 C AUX commercial kit. A total of 84 Candida strains were isolated from 80 patients. Two different Candida species have been isolated from four (5%) of the samples. Among Candida strains isolated, 45 (53.6%) were C. albicans, 29 (34.5%) C. glabrata, 7 (8.3%) C. krusei, and 3 (3.6%) C. kefyr. All of the C. albicans and six of the seven C. krusei isolates have been identified correctly by CHROMagar Candida medium. These results showed that C. albicans is still the most frequently isolated species from vaginal samples. It was concluded that CHROMagar Candida medium is useful for identification of colonies due to frequently seen Candida species and also in differentiation of multiple Candida species grown on the same culture.

Purpose: To evaluate the efficacy of US-guided glue injection in the treatment of femoral pseudoaneurysms., Materials and Methods: In 13 patients, 14 femoral pseudoaneurysms were embolized with direct percutaneous glue injection with ultrasonographic guidance. We compressed the aneurysm neck during glue injection to prevent distal embolization., Results: All of the patients were treated successfully. In each patient, complete occlusion of the pseudoaneurysm was achieved without complication. The procedure time varied between 5 and 20 minutes., Conclusion: Direct percutaneous glue injection with ultrasonographic guidance is an effective and easy method in the treatment of pseudoaneurysms.