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Adequate, safe and sustainable access to water, sanitation and hygiene services is an important worldwide public health issue. Healthcare facilities are also the units most affected by the lack of water, sanitation and hygiene services. Global projections highlight that onethird of healthcare facilities lack what is necessary to ensure hand hygiene where patient care is provided. One out of every four institutions does not have water service and 10% do not have sanitation service. In other words, 1.8 billion people lack basic water services and 800 million people has to use sanitary facilities without toilets. Healthcare workers also need adequate and safe water to provide appropriate services. As drinking water and for meals, hand hygiene, washing, and a variety of general and specific medical uses all require reliable sources of water for healthcare workers and patients. Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to the provision of clean drinking water and the appropriate treatment and disposal of human excreta and sewage. Sanitation systems aim to protect human health by providing a clean environment that will stop transmission, especially by fecal-oral route. The most important step of the hygiene service in healthcare facilities is effective hand hygiene. Effective hand hygiene is the cornerstone of infection prevention and control (IPC) guidelines and practices and is recognized as a primary measure to prevent healthcare-associated infections and the spread of antimicrobial resistance. Healthcare professionals are the main target of efforts to improve hand hygiene, as they care for large numbers of patients and may come into contact with blood and other bodily fluids in the process. Like washing hands with soap, avoiding human contact with faeces is also part of sanitation. It is important that healthcare facilities provide handwashing facilities with soap and water in the toilets for healthcare facility applicants and in the restrooms where they can meet their other needs. Improving access to these services supports health, life expectancy, education, gender equality and other important goals of international development. In this study, it aims to present the situation of water, sanitation and hygiene services in healthcare facilities on a global scale. One of the essential methods required to take the COVID-19 pandemic under full control without harming the nature is to invest in water, sanitation, hygiene and energy services in these facilities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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In this study, microbial quality of the peskütan yoghurt which is a concentrated yoghurt type produced by traditional methods and sold in Sivas province public markets was assessed. For this purpose, 30 peskütan samples were collected from Sivas center and districts and microbiological analysis were performed according to the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) methods. The analysis aerobic bacteria (TAMB), yeast-mould, coliform group bacteria, Escherichia coli and coagulase-positive Staphylococci counts. Besides these bacterial groups, Listeria monocytogenes and Salmonella spp. were also counted in samples. As a result of the analysis, TAMB and yeast-mould counts in the samples were found 6.74±0.66 and 7.11±1.10 log kob g-1 respectively. In none of the samples, coliform group bacteria, E. coli, Salmonella spp. and L. monocytogenes species were not detected. In the counting of Staphylococci, 19 of the 30 samples were determined as Staphylococcus spp. but none of them were identified as coagulase positive S. aureus. The results obtained indicate that there are no pathogenic microorganisms or fecal contamination in the peskütan samples. However, the high number of TAMB and yeast-mold in peskütan samples may indicate that hygienic conditions are not sufficiently at the production, storage or marketing stages. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Helicobacter pylori is a bacterium which colonizes the human gastric mucosa and known to affect half of the world's population. H. pylori is defined as the aetiological agent of peptic ulcer, gastric adenocarcinoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. However, the natural host and reservoir have not been clearly identified. The ability of adaptation and biofilm formation, which play an important role in the virulence of the bacterium, constituted the basis of studies about water contamination. In relation with this, bacterial DNA was detected in drinking water, surface water, groundwater and wastewater in many studies. It has been suggested that the transmission of bacterium occurs via fecal-oral, oraloral and gastro-oral routes, additionally contaminated foods and water may be source of infection. In the present preliminary study, it was aimed to investigate the presence of H. pylori DNA in drinking water samples. Methods: Thirty five different trademarked drinking water samples (each one 500 mL) were collected from March-June 2019 in all around Istanbul. It was observed that water samples have a slightly alkaline pH ranging from 6.6 to 8.45. All water samples were filtrated using 0.22 µM filter membranes which were incubated on Brain Heart Infusion (BHI) broth for half hour at room temperature and filter included broths were centrifuged. Then bacterial DNA was extracted. Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) was used for the detection of the ureC (glmM) gene. The PCR products were visualised in %1.5 agarose gel electrophoresis. Results: In this study H. pylori DNA was not detected in any of the water samples tested. Conclusion: This preliminary study results have suggested that, drinking waters do not have a role in transmission of H. pylori in this geographical area. However, it is important to carry out more extensive studies since the number of samples examined in this study was limited and only bottles sold in 500 mLpackaging are included. Therefore it may be concluded that different water sources such as 19L flagon bottled drinking waters, tap waters and water samples from various tanks may be useful for clarifying the role of water for transmission route of this pathogen. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Man has been shaping and designing him ever since he was born. However, the machinery industry, which was developed with the industrial revolution, increased the arm strength of the human and the changes they created in the world compared to ancient people have increased tens of times. Man has made indirect and direct changes in many of the ecosystem elements. Geomorphology is one of them. Anthropogeomorphological forms created by man are quite common in Atakum (Samsun). In the district, the forms consisting of quarry and construction-excavation piles have the largest share in anthropogeomorphic structures. Apart from this, coastal structures constructed for both tourism-sports and coastal management purposes are another anthropogeomorphic structures with a large share. These landforms created by human influence in the district caused loss of agricultural land, soil texture degradation, coastal line regression, erosion, mass movements and environmental pollution. Remote sensing and geographic information system technologies (GIS) were used in the preparation of the study. Qgıs 3.6 and ArcMap 10.5 GIS software were used to make databases, maps and analysis of anthropogeomorphological shapes in Atakum district. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Diminishing water sources and their contamination by pathogenic microorganisms in pariculat set forth the neccessity of application of disinfection processes. Chlorine which has been used for disinfection purposes and disinfection by-products generated bu the reaction of chlorine with organic compounds are known to have adverse effects on human health, therefore the research on alternative disinfection techniques has brought into question. Ultrasound disinfection is among major alternative disinfection technologies. In this study the removal of Eschericia coli that is a major indicator microorganism which is a fecal contamination factor that can be found in water media, was performed in ultrasound reactor. Various frequencies were studied in ultrasound reactor and effects of various media ions (HCO3-, NO3-, SO4-2) and hydrogen peroxide and nitrogen gas fed to the system at various flow rates were examined. Optimum microorganism inactivation was attained when the operation frequency of the reactor is 28kHz. The increased concentration of SO4-2 and HCO3- ions added to the system favored the microorganism inactivation, however the presence of NO3- didn't change the inactivation yield of the ultrasound system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]