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Archaeological forgery refers to forged artifacts, inscriptions, or other archaeological material made with the intent to deceive researchers, collectors, or the public. Forgery has long existed in the world of archeology and art history. Identifying counterfeit artifacts requires a multidisciplinary approach that includes collaboration between archaeologists, art historians, materials scientists, linguists, and other experts. In this study, a process related to the material characterization to be applied in the research of the authenticity of the works is suggested. The identification of the artifact is evaluated within the chaîne opératoire of various materials. The identification of archaeological finds in this chain provides a better classification of their physical, chemical, formal, and aesthetic features. In the study, material characterization methods used in the analysis of archaeological artifacts made of stone, terracotta, and metal raw materials in the context of the process chain are mentioned. It is also stated that the analysis of the patina layer of the works whose authenticity was examined gives information about the natural or artificial formation of this layer. As a result, the importance of detailed evaluation of material analysis of archaeological finds is emphasized in terms of providing data for comparison during the identification of counterfeit artifacts. In addition, it has been suggested in the study that a database to be created with measurements obtained from real works with RGB and CIE XYZ color analysis methods will allow preliminary evaluation in a much shorter time and with less cost in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The name of Korkut has long attracted the attention of the world scientific community. In the folklore of many Turkic peoples related to the ancient Oghuz tribes, there are legends and myths about Korkut, which describe the heroic deeds of the Oghuz heroes. The legacy of the legendary Korkut's music and epic has attracted the attention of researchers since the middle of the 19th century. Scholars from Russia, Türkiye, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan have written a wide number of research papers, which highlighted the problems associated with the main epic legacy of Oghuz antiquity -- "The Book of Dede Korkut" or "The Book of Korkut Ata". The literary artifacts associated with the name of the legendary Korkut have gained worldwide fame. Both versions of the Oghuz manuscript "Kitab-ı Dede Korkut Ala Lisan-ı Taife-i Oğuzan" (Dresden) and "Hikâyat-i Oğuznâme-i, Kazan Beğ ve Gayrı" (Vatican), which have come down to us, are now the focus of scientific consideration. The abundance of cognitive information and onomastic names in the epic increasingly attracts the attention of folklorists. It is no secret that in the Kazakh folklore of the early 20th century, the Soviet ideology imposed a ban on the development of the epic heritage of Korkut. Moreover, closer to the middle of the 20th century, the Oghuz heroic epic was evaluated as a creative product of the feudal era. For this reason, some peoples of Oghuz origin openly ignored the folk heritage. Korkut is a representative of the Oghuz tribe. In addition, his name has existed in Kazakh folklore for a very long time. Even before the 1917 Revolution, several legends about the Korkut tombstone were recorded by famous ethnographers. Kazakh scholars began to study folklore materials about Korkut at the turn of the 1970s. This topic was first voiced by Professor Auelbek Konratbayev, who published several articles, then translated V. V. Bartold's edition of "The Book of my grandfather Korkut" into Kazakh. In recent decades, especially after the gaining of independence, folklorists, musicologists, and performing musicians have begun to deal with this problem. It got to the point that some of them started talking about the newly found legacy of the legendary Korkut - musical compositions for the bowed instrument - kylkobyz. Without referring to reliable sources, without arguing the origin of the newly discovered musical compositions attributed to Korkut, individual authors began to publish their rather detailed research in the form of scientific articles and even books. Despite the existing criticism in international publications, the wave of pseudo-researchers is growing. The questions related to the heritage of Korkut are overgrown with all sorts of tall tales of indefinite origin. This article attempts to conduct a scientific analysis of numerous studies published in the recent years on the pages of both foreign and local press. The works of individual novice authors who are engaged in inflating the number of legends associated with the name of Korkut are subjected to special consideration. In this regard, the article emphasizes that the classic version of the Kazakh legend of Korkut was published by V. Velyaminov- Zernov in the second half of the 19th century. Despite the presence of a published text, this legend has been freely interpreted by individual authors. Another legend, once published by A. Zhubanov without reference to the original source, also requires close study. This article is based on scientific problems related to the music and epic heritage of Korkut. It highlights the stages of mastering the musical heritage of Korkut and the legends associated with them. Much attention is paid to detailed, comparative analysis and the study of primary sources. In the process of developing the theme, all the changes that have occurred since the beginning of the development of the musical heritage of Korkut are identified. The legends that allegedly arose in connection with his music are also subjected to scientific analysis. Through the prism of hermeneutical analysis, the musical melodies attributed to Korkut are also studied. A special attention is drawn to the reliability of previ ously unknown primary sources that have begun to enter scientific realm. At the same time, the artistic features and scientific significance of these musical tunes are analyzed. Only in recent years, several articles about Korkut's musical heritage have been published on the pages of foreign scientific publications. They have become the focus of this article. In the recent years previously unknown legends, which have been claimed to be preserved in Kazakh folklore, have appeared in the literature. The admirers of Korkut's name are trying hard to connect these immature plots with the name of the legendary Korkut. Moreover, some researchers started talking about the musical heritage of Korkut, which is not known not only to the Turkic world, but also to the scientific world. As the primary source, they began to refer to the religious and mystical tunes of Nishan Shamenuly, who lived in the second half of the 20th century, from whom the musical tunes "saryn" and "sarnau" were recorded. This article attempts to determine the origin of the music and religious tunes of Nishan, because the aforementioned sweeping statements are circulated without taking into account the centuries-old performing tradition of the kobyz, some of which has not even reached our times. Without much detailed research so-called previously unknown musical heritage of medieval Korkut have been introduced to the whole world. Moreover, these same tunes, which have nothing to do with the legendary Korkut, were included in the UNESCO list as an example of the intangible culture of medieval antiquity. All these questions formed the main problem of the given article. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Inspection of the reliability of videos is one of the most important issues in recent years. In order to determine the reliability of the videos, the changes made on them should be investigated. Editing can be made on the videos to hide an event or an object. In this study, a new method for the detection of duplication fraud, between video frames is proposed. The developed method consists of three stages. First of all, feature vectors are obtained with the edge information extracted from the frames. Then, similarity analysis is performed based on the correlation information between the frame groups of feature vectors. Finally, the false positive locations obtained are eliminated. A new method that can automatically decide whether the video is fake or original with high accuracy has been contributed to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Postal services became operational with the stamp application, which aims to prevent wages and wage evasion. Stamps were able to turn into an imaginary material in a short time with a number of different functional features beyond monetary value. Direct or indirect transmission of the visual message increases people's curiosity about stamps and makes stamps important objects. The stamp is among the documents that best reflect the independence, national values, history, economic development, beliefs, political attitudes, artistic and cultural aspects of a state. Stamps, which have a mission beyond being a communication tool, also attribute visuality to many qualified works in different fields. The aim of this study is to try to position the stamps, which take the standard mold as visual objects, in the status of valuable papers. Within the scope of the research, the definition of the stamp is included; the emergence, historical development, types, functions, today's practices and educational aspects are given. In addition, attributing financial value to stamps; The evolutionary process at the stage of misprinting, counterfeiting, forgery, collecting and evaluation as securities has been mentioned and suggestions have been made. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study discusses the terracotta patera/tagenon with a ram’s head handle that was found during the 2009 excavations in the Granarium at Andriake, which is a port settlement in Myra. The Andriake patera/tagenon was produced as a terracotta imitation made of a metal-like material. Pateras are thought to have been used for hand washing rituals before and after meals together with pitchers. However, some researchers also suggest that these artefacts were also used as pans. The Andriake patera/tagenon may have been used for both purposes. Analogies with objects similar to the Andriake patera/tagenon suggest that they date back to 1st-2nd century CE. The clay and slip characteristics of the artefact analyzed in this study are not similar to those of its close parallels and other patera examples, but the site of the production of the Andriake patera/tagenon is still not certain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Andalusia, whose word meaning has not been determined yet, has attracted a lot of attention recently. The Iberian peninsula, which hosted Muslims between 711 and 1492, awaits its researchers like an undiscovered treasure. The Arabs who went to Andalusia for conquest activities from the East and settled there have been called Andalusians in time and then have been exposed to negative criticism for various reasons. The most obvious example of this has been seen in literary activities such as poetry and prose. Some modern Arab literati valued Andalusian poetry and prose as a pure imitation of the East, and they constantly competed with Eastern poetry and prose. Some modern Arab literature researchers have valued Andalusian poetry and prose as a pure imitation of the East, and they constantly have competed with Eastern poetry and prose. İn this article Andalusian prose has been outlined and tried to respond to negative criticism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fact that akçe (mite) had a high value when people were buying low priced goods during their daily shopping caused the introduction of copper coins to the market which were known as ufaklık (little value money) by the Ottomans. These coins which were known as mankur were also called "pul", "mangur", "mangır", "fels", and "fülus". Mankur which was minted in 1688 and demonetized in 1691 has a different characteristic from the first Ottoman copper coins. The mankur minted in this era was not minted for buying little valued goods but for normal needs for money. At first, two mankurs were equal to one akçe (mite), but when it became popular later on one mankur became equal to one akçe. That is to say, the less value copper had gained value and became equal to a more valued silver coin. This situation caused everybody to do their shopping with silver coins and this caused the copper coin to lose value. When Mankur caused big problems, it was demonetized by reason of forgery. In this study, the minting of mankur (copper coin) and its usage in Konya has been examined when the Ottomans had to fight against the "Holly Alliance" states which were made up of Austria, Poland, Venice, and Russia after the defeat of Vienna in 1683. During this time, the Ottomans had minted mankur in order to find a solution for the problem of money scarcity in 1688; and the reasons for minting mankur, its circulation and demonetization, and its usage in Konya are dwelled on together with the outcomes that it had caused. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It had its own characteristics that distinguished Beyoğlu from other administrative districts in Payitaht, especially in the second half of the 19th century. This was the center where various states’ embassies were located. The ancient Galata which was a trade center with sarrafs, bankers and traders was here. The amount, circulation speed of money was quite high here. It was a region that stands out with its multicultural structure where foreigners, Levantines and non-Muslim population were concentrated, work and reside. Beyoğlu was also the place where the security problems were experienced most in the capital in this period and crimes were recorded most in terms of various and quantity. Because of all these features that make Beyoğlu different, the officers to be assigned here were been selected with great care. In this sense, Bahri Pasha, who has served here for a long period of nine years, in various positions, was a successful manager. As a matter of fact, he was awarded with different degrees of medals in different years. However, Bahri Pasha had a lot of enemies as well as his friends because of his duty. Here he was accused of counterfeiting, which led him to have hard times while he was a manager. He was dismissed, arrested and tried. The events that took place in this process caused the reaction of Sultan Abdulhamid. What happened to Bahri Pasha is pointing out the existence of some power centers that were influential around the government and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]