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With the financial liberalization process of the world economy, banks have tended to engage in different activities instead of just traditional lending activities. While the traditional source of income for banks is interest income, noninterest income has also emerged. Therefore, it has become very important for bank managers, regulators, investors and banks to investigate the relationship between income diversification and banking performance and risk. In this study, the effect of income diversification on bank performance and risk was analyzed using the two-stage System GMM method, using annual data and 352 observations for 22 developing countries between 2005 and 2020. In the findings obtained as a result of the analysis, it was determined that income diversification did not affect the bank performance. However, it is concluded that income diversification reduces financial strength and increases banking risk. While the increase in the economic growth rate increases the bank's performance; increases financial strength and reduces risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of trade liberalization and financial development on the level of poverty. For this purpose, empirical applications have been made for the New Industrializing Countries with the data covering the years 1985-2020. In the study, CADF unit root test, ECM cointegration test, CCE coefficient estimator and Dumitrescu-Hurlin (2012) panel causality tests were used. In the model, the ratios of household final consumption expenditures, loans given to the private sector by banks, exports and imports to GDP, and economic growth indicators are used. According to the results obtained, it was concluded that imports reduce poverty, but financial development, exports and economic growth affect poverty negatively. According to the panel causality results, bidirectional causality was obtained between exports and imports with poverty. Unidirectional causality was obtained from poverty to economic growth and financial development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the thought that financial liberalization will provide economic growth for countries, countries have participated in the financial liberalization process and reduced or removed financial liabilities on capital. However, the financial liberalization process has not always benefited all countries, and the economies of some countries have become fragile. In the event that countries with increasing economic fragility experience a crisis, it has become easier for other countries to be affected by the crisis due to globalization. For this reason, in order to minimize the negative effects of financial liberalization and globalization on economies, it has been started to be thought that placing financial obligations on financial transactions will produce solutions to existing problems. Many economists have written about the financial obligations to be imposed on financial transactions, and many countries have applied taxes or different obligations in different ways to avoid crises. In this study, the purpose of the liabilities on financial transactions, the suggestions made by economists and the financial liabilities on financial transactions in Turkey and some selected countries are examined. In the conclusion part, some suggestions were made for Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

McKinnon (1973) and Shaw (1973) argue that financial liberalization practices in developing countries will stimulate domestic savings accumulation by raising interest rates, and the funds created will be a driving force for economic growth by financing the necessary investments. According to this hypothesis, known as the McKinnon's complementarity hypothesis in the literature, money is basically seen as a necessary tool for capital formation and the existence of a complementarity relationship between money demand and physical capital formation is emphasized. Our study, the relationship between real interest rates, demand for real money and the real physical investment by testing for Turkey investigates the validity of the hypothesis of complementarity. The study ARDL (Autoregressive Distributed Lag Bounds Test) test approach is used and Turkey Economy 2005: Q4-2019:Q4 period with quarterly data analysis is performed. In our study, unlike the relevant literature, Fourier ADF unit root test with non-linear structural break was used as well as standard unit root tests. ARDL bounds test analysis results; It indicates that there are negative and statistically significant relationships between real money demand and the ratio of investments to income and real deposit interest rate in the long run. When the short-term results are evaluated, it is seen that although there is a negative relationship between money demand variable and real deposit interest rates, there is no statistically significant relationship between real money demand and investment rate variables. In addition, while there is a positive and statistically significant relationship between the investment-to-income variable and real deposit interest rates in the long run, it is observed that this relationship is not valid in the short run. Considered together with findings obtained from the study of complementarity hypothesis in the case of Turkey the economy has reached the conclusion that partially valid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The banking sector, in the financial system, assumed importance along with financial liberalization; whereas it has been mostly influenced sector by the economic crises following 1990. One of the crucial issues of the Turkish banking sector during the financial crises involves the problem of adaptation of internal and external auditing mechanisms to the cyclical instantaneous improvements that remove the auditing mechanism from effectiveness and, in turn, leads to the deepening of the crisis. This study introduces various action proposals in order to render the Turkish banking sector’s risk management more sound and effective throughout the financial crisis periods. By courtesy of the action proposals regarding management and supervision, banks would be able to preserve the sector against the usual and unusual impacts of the crisis by maintaining integration from the bottom to the top level in risk management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial sector and macro economic conditions are formed in a mutual interaction. For a sound real sector durable and functioning financial system is a must. Similarly problems in the real sector due to financial difficulty can cause problems for the financial system. Therefore real sector and financial sector do form each other simultaneously. While it's the government's economical policies that set the microeconomic framework, legal and institutional regulations set the climate that the macroeconomic relations are formed. Therefore in this study the structural change after 1980s for flow of funds in the deposit banks, that are the key element of the financial system in Turkey, will be analysed in the structural and macroeconomic climate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the economics literature, there is a consensus on existence of a positive correlation between increasing openness in trade and economic growth. The reduction of barriers to foreign trade will have a positive effect on the specialization, efficiency, distribution of resources, costs, level of competition, technology transfer, and welfare of consumers. On the other hand, free foreign trade may not make the same impact in the economy of each country. Initiatives and approaches on trade liberalization can be divided into two groups as global and regional. While the World Trade Organization has the leading role in the liberalization of trade in global respect, regional trade agreements stand in the forefront in regional respect. With the collapse of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Central Asian countries have moved toward regional and global new alternatives. Only two (Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan) of the six regional countries considered in this study, are members of the World Trade Organization. While the majority of countries in the region are hesitant on global trade liberalization due to idiosyncratic economic, political and social structures of them, almost all countries in the region willing to regional trade agreements, integration and cooperation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The boundaries that separate financial markets disappear along with financial liberalization and the national economy opens to international capital flows. Although the importance of foreign capital was highlighted in Turkey on several occasions before 1980, it is seen that the policies implemented were the major obstacles for foreign investment. In 1980, Turkey has experienced a significant change in economic policy. Priority is given to policies aimed at private sector and prioritizing increasing exports during 1980-1989 in Turkey which implemented trade liberalization policies since 1980. In this context, it is seen that financial repression policies has been relaxed with the arrangements made at various times since 1980. The applications directed to financial repression and a financial obstacle was abandoned by Decree No. 32 issued on August 11th 1989 and financial liberalization has been obtained. In this study, the financial liberalization policies in Turkish economy have been discussed in the historical process and the effect of financial liberalization policies on macroeconomic variables has been investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, McKinnon-Shaw's thesis suggesting that capital movement liberalisation would increase economic growth was analysed with the bounds testing approach developed by Peseran et al. (2001) and with two models established by using annual data of the period 1992-2011 in Turkey sample. According to the results of long term analysis, effect of financial openness on growth in both models was statistically insignificant. However, the effect of trade openness on growth is positive and significant in line with our expectations. In short-term analysis, on the other hand, coefficient of the error correction term in both models was negative and significant. Therefore, deviations in the models happening in short-term converge to equilibrium in the long-term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to examine the economic policies of certain developing country groups followed about the economic growth which is the ultimate goal of economies and to analysis the results by comparing them. The reason why the Southeast Asian and Latin American countries were taken as the model in the study is the diverse ways that they followed to provide the economic growth. Especially, in the development process of the Southeast Asian countries which is widely called "miracle", it is stated that the actual difference than the Latin American countries comes from the liberal foreign trade policies. To measure the effects of liberalization on the economic growth in both country groups, econometric analysis was conducted and the results, by means of certain variables, were compared with similar studies indicated and finally evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Words of a language defines the plot, not just a set of symbols was established bringing together voices that speak that language reflects the tradition of oral and written elements of society, the world of concepts, should be considered as a mirror of the material and spiritual culture. In this respect, words, in terms of both culture and language is essential. Words in the language or languages have survived outside factors, lost, forgotten words have a value. These are sound in the course of the language, structure, shifts in meaning, but liberalization of society and no place in the life of the individual assets of the language did not mention the fact that although the existence of such deleted. In this study, the National Library, A 3755/20 89a-95a leaves the registry number of magazines Hikâyet-i Ashâbi'l-Kehif's promise to investigate the existence of the work. The aim is not included in the Old Anatolian Turkish texts and dictionaries, very rare Manuscripts or audio and / or format properties to identify words that we encounter for the first time, they get to the bottom of; spent to reach the historical developments of the old forms and meanings to achieve and historical Turkey Turkish to contribute to the presence of these. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, It is discussed whether the exchange of property from public to private sector in the natural monopolies, where the universal services are supplied, increases the economic efficiency or not. Thus, the reasons of property exchange for not increasing economic efficiency and the benefits of remaining the enterprises in the public ownership have been put forward. And it has been concluded that it would be more convenient to be done at least some part of the service delivery in terms of efficiency in the natural monopolies opened to competition, by means of state enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines the effects of financial liberalization practices began in 1980s on savings and investment for the period of 1980- 2010. Results of the analysis showed that, changes in private capital flows and net reserves cause changes in gross savings and also changes in gross savings cause changes in net financial flows. On the other hand, it is found that, changes in foreign direct investment cause changes in net national income; also changes in private capital flows and foreign direct investment interact each other and finally changes in net reserves cause foreign direct investment. These findings show that savings and therefore investments could not be utilized effectively unless financial liberalization practices are managed in a planned way. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of financial crisis, which is perceived as a long-established problem in the world of economists keeps its property of threatening the liberal capitalist system. This phenomenon has been evaluated in various types due to historical experiments and has been defined basing on different stresses. As each crisis of the system is different from the former one due to its emergence and results, the theoretical framework lost its explanatory power and changed at every turn. In 1960's and 1970's it is supposed that the crises came in sight as the result of insistency between macroeconomic policies and fixed exchange rate regime. However in 1990's, when the inclinations of financial liberalization intensified, this approach was proved to be wrong, because there had been a perfect consistency between macroeconomic policies and fixed exchange rate regime in due course of the crises of 90's. In the last 90's it is seen that a crisis of a country spreads to another country easily. A financial crisis, no matter which causes it, has vital effects which dissolve the foreign exchange reserve beginning from the banking sector, distort the balance of payments, and weaken the power of debt discharging and the basis of production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Economic effects of democracy have been the major topic the scientists have been discussing for a long time. We consider that this discussion aroused again after 1980s in which globalization and liberalization efforts came to the agenda. The discussion specifically focused on the effects of democracy on the trade between the countries and globalization. However, there is no consensus on the direction and the degree of the effects of democracy on foreign trade and globalization. This study analyses democracy and foreign trade relationship for OECD and MENA countries. In this study, using augmented gravity model, the relationship between foreign trade and democracy analyzed for OECD and MENA countries for the period of 1997-2006. According to the results from augmented gravity analysis, democracy affects the bilateral trades between countries to a large extend. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Financial crises have some common features even if they come into being in different areas and countries with different income level. Especially due to the financial liberalization and entegration of world economies, they affect many countries with a domino effect. Internationalization of capital stregthens particularly financial markets in developed countries and leads to speculative opportunities and possibilities of very high profit rates. Ambition for higher profit, from time to time, gives rise to fictitious structures, eliminating rational market behaviors. Problems of higher indebtedness and current account deficit in large economies such as the US lead to speculative bubles supported by financial derivatives, making nonproductive short term portfolio investments profitable. Before crisis, it is observed that this type of financial structures become common and real estate prices rise. And following crisis it is observed that public finance discipline deteriorate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The developments during and aftermath of the World War II caused quite important changes in Turkish political life. The involvement process of Turkey into the bloc of Western Democracies, which has been led by USA, is handled in the study. While studying the transition process, a bilateral differentiation composed of interior and external dynamics has been used. In the part of interior factors, the authoritative policies practiced with a rising dose during the World War II in Turkey, disorder in Turkish society due to this policies, demands of social classes from government and the liberalization of political regime by government in a restrained manner are studied. Under the title of external factors, the changes in characteristics of the relations between Turkey and USSR and the accession period of Turkey into UN as a founder member are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

All countries in the world have started to integrate to each other. So, international capital movements have gained speed across countries. Because of these improvements or processes, scholars have started to search economic impacts of financial liberalization on national economies. One of these is the impact of financial openness on macroeconomic volatility. Many scholars have started to wonder and analyze this impact with empirical and theoretical studies since 1990s. In this study, a comprehensive literature review about this topic is made. According to the results of our review, it can be said that impact of financial openness on macroeconomic volatility is not clear since it depends on countries' economic conditions such as financial development level, macroeconomic stability and institutional structure. If a country has a strong infrastructure in terms of these conditions, financial openness has generally a decreasing impact on macroeconomic volatility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article tries to examine to what extent Turkey's experiences in democratization can be seen as a rolemodel for the newly emerging democracies in the Middle Esatern region to emulate. As the recent people uprisings in Tunisa, Egypt and other Arabic countries have demonstrated, the Middle East region has now become exposed to growing calls for liberalization and democratization. Turkey, as a country which combines a predominantly Muslim society with a democratic and secular state, could offer a reliable example in this regard. However, it should also be noted with great concern that the factors that have facilitated the strengthening of liberal democracy in Turkey might not be found in these Middle Esatern countries. The attractiveness of the Turkish model idea should be weighed in against all the practical difficulties on the ground. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Development and changes in the industrial sector such as deregulation, liberalization, privatization and commercialization, and competitive structure, have caused increases in uncertainties and risks. The success of an enterprise depends upon its capacity to anticipate, avoid, accept, mitigate and exploit risks. Their survival strongly depends on their ability of managing corporate risks altogether. Implementation of enterprise risk management may support an efficient business framework for the underlying requirements. The initial section of the study covers the theoretical background of enterprise risk management and summarizes various risk management standards applied in the world. The later section presents the analysis of a questionnaire conducted in the Turkish Energy sector offering a framework for the applications of enterprise risk management in Turkey. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Woman in Turkish Cinema could'nt pass over the pure mother-immoral prostitute dilemma until 1980's and struggle with her existing problem. In the period which started with 1980 military coup, the collapse of oppositional left wiev, liberalization of left and right wiev, support to the feminist hostility which defend "personal is also politic". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is witnessed that in authoritarian regimes in order to keep legitimacy had been brought into force some political liberalization reforms. With these reforms are aimed both rationalization of the political system and expanding political participation limits. During these times, old institutions' statuses are rearranged on the one hand, alternative political institutions are strengthened on the other hand. But it is known that political liberalization reforms usually have caused more problems in the authoritarian regimes. Besides of this it is known the chosen instruments for ceasing emerged problems have not reversed situation. In this context we deal with the process which began with Perestroika in the Soviet Union. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

WTO was insufficient in solving many problems experienced in the world agricultural sector. Especially, because of enourmous subsidies towards agriculture sector of European Union, which affects the global policies, liberalization of world agricultural product trade was not successful, and distortion in agricultaral trade and unfair gains has arised. Therefore, in this study, the policies of WTO and their success have been investigated, and the comparative analysis of the agricultural policies of EU and Turkey has been made in the framework of WTO. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]