22 results on '"Ertek M"'
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2. Marka Kavramı ve İç Mekân Tasarım İlişkisi, Baskın, Yarı Baskın ve Geleneksel Yöntemlerin Kahve Dükkanları Üzerinden Değerlendirilmesi
- Author
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Karanisoğlu, Aslı, Ertek, M. Hakan, and İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı
- Subjects
Marka ,Mekân analizi ,İç mimarlık ,İç mekân ,Marka yaklaşımları - Abstract
By the late 20th century, the importance of brand and branding concepts has been increasing for both developed and developing companies. Many companies have made many attempts to brand their trade names and are ready to pay high advertising costs for this cause. One of the mentioned branding initiatives is the work on interior design. In this research, how brand and branding concepts affect the interior design of the firms will be examined and supported with examples from the world and Turkey. In the first part of the study, the scope, aim and methodology of the thesis will be explained..In the second part, identity and brand concepts will be examined and their progress and history over time in both Turkey and the world will be underlined. The importance of branding today will be explained and then its relationship with corporate identity will be examined. In the third part of the study, the factors that affect brand choices of consumers’ purchase of products or services and consumer buying behaviors will be analyzed. In the fourth chapter, the concept of space will be briefly mentioned and its relationship with the brand concept, which was stated in the second part, will be evaluated. Moreover, the different types of firm attitudes towards interiors and the way they use design elements will be examined by sampling over the world and Turkey. In the final chapter, the interiors of three different brands which are serving in the same sector and designing spaces with different methods (dominant, semi-dominant and traditional) will be analyzed. 20. yüzyılın sonları itibariyle gündeme gelen marka ve markalaşma kavramlarının önemi, gelişmiş ve gelişmekte olan firmalar için gittikçe artmaktadır. Bulundukları ülke ve dünya pazarlarında yer edinmek ve ticaret hacmini arttırmak isteyen firmalar, marka kavramını oldukça önemli bir unsur haline getirmiştir. Pek çok firma, ticari isimlerini markalaştırmak için birçok girişimlerde bulunmakta ve piyasada markalaşmak adına yüksek reklam giderlerini göze almaktadır. Söz konusu olan markalaşma girişimlerden bir tanesi de iç mekân tasarımlarına yönelik yapılan çalışmalardır. Bu araştırmada, marka ve markalaşma kavramlarının firmaların iç mekân tasarımlarına etkisi, dünyadan ve Türkiye’den örneklerle desteklenerek incelenecektir. Araştırmanın birinci bölümünde tezin kapsamı, amacı ve yöntemi açıklanacaktır. İkinci bölümde kimlik ve marka kavramları incelenecek olup, Türkiye ve Dünya’da zaman içindeki gelişimi ile tarihi aktarılacaktır. Markalaşmanın günümüzde ki önemi açıklanacak, sonrasında kurumsal kimlik ile olan ilişkisi irdelenecektir. Üçüncü bölümde tüketicilerin ürün ya da hizmet satın alırken marka seçimlerini etkileyen faktörler ve davranışlar biçimleri incelenecektir. Dördüncü bölümde mekân kavramından kısaca bahsedilip ikinci bölümde açıklanan marka kavramı ile olan ilişkisine bakılacaktır. Yine bu bölümde firmaların mekânlarına yaklaşım biçimleri, iç mekân bileşenlerini nasıl kullandıkları Dünya ve Türkiye üzerinden örneklemelerle incelenecektir. Son bölüm olan beşinci bölümde ise aynı sektör üzerinden üç farklı yaklaşımda (baskın, yarı baskın ve geleneksel)mekân tasarımı yapan markaların iç mekânları analiz edilecektir. Çalışmanın son bölümünde bahse geçen üç marka ve mekânları dördüncü bölümün bir devamı niteliğinde mağaza iç ve dış bileşenleri üzerinden incelenecektir.
- Published
- 2019
3. Kurumsal kimlik bağlamında iç mekân tasarımı: Hard Rock Cafe analizi
- Author
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Şahin, Gökçe, Ertek, Mehmet Hakan, Diğer, Ertek, M. Hakan, and İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı
- Subjects
space analysis ,corporate identity ,Interior Design and Decoration ,Design ,Hard Rock Cafe ,mekân analizi ,Corporate identity ,Interior architecture ,iç mimarlık ,Space design ,interior design ,iç mekân ,hard rock cafe ,kurumsal tasarım ,kurumsal kimlik ,corporate design ,İç Mimari ve Dekorasyon ,Cafe ,Interior design ,interior space - Abstract
With today’s modernization, identification has become more significant than ever. For this reason, each organization has started taking steps towards finding and creating their own identity. Identity emerges with the history, culture, and philosophy of the organization and is consolidated or visualized with design. Although managers, employees and consumers determine the identity of the organization, conveying this identity mainly rests on corporate design. While they shape each other or are shaped by each other, the emerging consistent state forms the identification process. When design is used as a reminder, visual perception is widened, and what is aimed to be communicated is conveyed to the consumer in a more perceptible manner. In other words, awareness level is increased. Interior design and interior space analysis in corporate identities mentioned in the study has a great significance because it has not been studied comprehensively before and it provides prestige and recognition for organizations. This thesis aims to close this gap in the literature and scrutinize the importance of space design in terms of organizations. While the thesis is structured, interior space designs in corporate identities will be investigated by primarily taking corporate identity information and then references significant in interior space design as a basis. In the first part of the study, the scope, aim and methodology of the thesis will be explained and the significance of the subject will be underlined. In the second part, corporate identity concept will be analyzed and its development in time will be shared. In the third part, the components of the corporate identity will be divided as corporate philosophy, communication, culture and design and analyzed individually. In the fourth part, position of the interior space design in corporate identity will be investigated and interior space design will be analyzed through the examples defined by the corporate identity within the scape. In this part, transformation of the identity components that corporate companies aim their consumers to perceive into the space by means of visualvii communication and thematic interior space will be analyzed. The fifth part in which Hard Rock Cafes chosen as the sample will be analyzed will include the implications regarding the identity formation, development and future of Hard Rock along with the transformation of the corporate identity into the space, its impact and its perception by the consumers. Lastly, in the conclusion part, in light of the findings presented with the analysis conducted, recommendations that will provide guidance regarding the transformation of the identity into a space will be presented. KABUL VE ONAY…………………………………………………………………..i BİLDİRİM……………………………………………………………………………ii TEŞEKKÜR………………………..………………………………………………...iii ÖZET…………………………………………………………………………..……..iv ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………………..…vi İÇİNDEKİLER………………………………………………………………..…....viii TABLO DİZİNİ…………………………………………………………..………......xi RESİM DİZİNİ………………………….………………………………………...….xii 1. BÖLÜM - GİRİŞ.........................................................................................................1 1.1. Tezin Amacı ......................................................................................................1 1.2. Tezin Kapsamı ..................................................................................................2 1.3. Tezin Yöntemi...................................................................................................3 2. BÖLÜM - KURUMSAL KİMLİK ............................................................................4 2.1. Kurumsal Kimliğin Gelişimi ...............................................................................6 2.1.1. Geleneksel Dönem...........................................................................................8 2.1.2. Marka Tekniği Dönemi..................................................................................11 2.1.3. İkinci Dünya Savaşı Sonrası Dönem .............................................................11 2.1.4. Tasarım Dönemi ............................................................................................13 2.1.5. Strateji Dönemi..............................................................................................15 2.2. Kurumsal Kimliğin Günümüzdeki Yeri ..........................................................16 2.3. Kurumsal Kimliğin Türkiye’deki Gelişimi.....................................................18ix 2.4. Bölüm Sonucu....................................................................................................23 3. BÖLÜM - KURUM KİMLİĞİ ÖGELERİ.............................................................24 3.1. Kurumsal Felsefe................................................................................................26 3.2. Kurumsal İletişim...............................................................................................30 3.2.1. Kontrol Edilen Kurumsal İletişim..................................................................32 3.2.2. Kontrol Edilmeyen Kurumsal İletişim...........................................................32 3.2.3. Dolaylı İletişim ..............................................................................................32 3.3. Kurumsal Kültür................................................................................................33 3.3.1. Hareket Ögeleri..............................................................................................35 3.3.2. Tarz – Stil Ögeleri..........................................................................................36 3.3.3. İlgi Ögeleri.....................................................................................................37 3.3.4. Tarihi Ögeler..................................................................................................38 3.4. Kurumsal Tasarım.............................................................................................38 3.5. Bölüm Sonucu.....................................................................................................44 4. BÖLÜM – İÇ MEKÂN TASARIMI VE KURUMSAL KİMLİK........................45 4.1. Kurumsal Kimliklerde Tasarım Yaklaşımları ................................................50 4.1.1. Mekân Analizinde Referans Alınacak Tasarım Biçimlendirmeleri...............51 4.1.1.1. Tasarım Elemanları.....................................................................................51 4.1.1.1.1. Kavramsal Elemanlar...............................................................................51 4.1.1.1.2. Görsel Elemanlar .....................................................................................56 4.1.1.2. Tasarım Prensipleri.....................................................................................68 4.2. Kurumsal Kimlik - İç Mekân Tasarımı ...........................................................74 4.2.1 Kurumun Mekân Karşılığı ..............................................................................75x 4.2.2. Kurum Analizi ...............................................................................................80 4.2.3. Beklentiler......................................................................................................82 4.2.4. Algı Yönetimi ................................................................................................82 4.3. Tasarım Süreci ...................................................................................................83 4.3.1. Konumu ve Çevresi .......................................................................................86 4.3.2. Cephe Tasarımı..............................................................................................87 4.3.3. İç Mekân Tasarımı.........................................................................................88 4.4. Bölüm Sonucu.....................................................................................................91 5. BÖLÜM – HARD ROCK CAFE ANALİZİ...........................................................92 5.1. Hard Rock Cafe Mekânsal Verileri..................................................................92 5.2. Hard Rock Cafe Kurum Kimliği ......................................................................96 5.3. Hard Rock Cafe Mekân Analizi......................................................................100 5.4. Hard Rock Cafe’lerin Bulundukları Şehir Dokusuna Uyumluluğu ...........118 5.5. Bölüm Sonucu...................................................................................................123 6. BÖLÜM- SONUÇ, TARTIŞMA VE ÖNERİLER...............................................126 KAYNAKÇA ...............................................................................................................134 GÖRSEL KAYNAKLARI .........................................................................................139 Günümüz modernitesinde kimlikleşme her zamankinden daha önemli bir noktaya gelmiştir. Bu sebepledir ki her kurum kendi kimliğini bulma, oluşturma yolunda adımlar atmaya başlamıştır. Kimlik, kurumun tarihiyle, kültürüyle, felsefesiyle ortaya çıkar; tasarımla da pekiştirilir ya da görsel hale getirilebilir. Kurumun kimliğinin belirlenmesi yöneticiler, çalışanlar, tüketiciler tarafından sağlansa da, bu kimliğin yansıtılması büyük oranda kurumsal tasarıma bağlıdır. Onlar birbirini şekillendirirken ve birbirleri tarafından şekillendirilirken, ortaya çıkan tutarlı durum kimlikleşme sürecini oluşturur. Anımsatma olarak tasarım kullanıldığında, görüş algısı daha da açılır; anlatılmak istenenler, alıcıya daha algılanabilir şekilde aktarılır. Diğer bir deyişle farkındalık seviyesi artar. Çalışmada bahsedilen kurumsal kimliklerde iç mimarlık ve mekân analizi, konunun daha önce ayrıntılı işlenmemiş olması ve kurumlar için prestij ve tanınırlık sağlaması açısından büyük öneme sahiptir. Literatürde bulunan boşluk; bu tezde kapatılmaya çalışılacak, mekân tasarımının kurumlar açısından önemi irdelenecektir. Tezin kurgulanış şeklinde öncelikle kurumsal kimlikle ilgili bilgilendirme, daha sonra ise iç mekân tasarımında göz önüne alınan referansları baz alarak kurumsal kimliklerde iç mekân tasarımları incelenecektir. Araştırmanın 1. bölümünde tezin kapsamı, amacı ve yöntemi açıklanacak; konunun önemi vurgulanacaktır. 2. bölümde kurumsal kimlik kavramı incelenecek olup, zaman içindeki gelişimi aktarılacaktır. 3. bölümde kurum kimliği ögeleri; kurumsal felsefe, iletişim, kültür ve tasarım olarak ayrıştırılacak ve incelenecektir. 4. bölümde ise iç mekân tasarımının; kurumsal kimlikteki yeri araştırılıp, tasarımın, mekânın içinde kurumsal kimlik ile tanımlanmış örnekler üzerinden incelemesi yapılacaktır. Kurumsal şirketlerin tüketiciye algılatmayı amaçladığı kimlik ögelerinin, görsel iletişimv aracılığıyla mekâna dönüşümü ve tematik iç mekânların analizinin yapılacağı bölümdür. Örnek olarak seçilen Hard Rock Cafe’lerin incelendiği 5. bölümde ise; kurumsal kimliğin mekâna dönüşümü, etkisi ve tüketiciye algılatılmasının yanı sıra Hard Rock kimliğinin oluşumu, gelişimi, geleceği konuları üzerinden yapılan çıkarımları içerecektir. Son olarak sonuç bölümünde; yapılan analizlerle ortaya konan bulguların ışığında kurumlara, kimliğin mekâna dönüşümü ile ilgili yol gösterici bir kılavuz niteliği taşıyan önermeler ortaya konacaktır.
- Published
- 2017
4. Kurumsal kimliğin fuar stand tasarımında kavramsal tema (konsept) olarak kullanılması
- Author
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Meriç, Zeynep, Ertek, M. Hakan, and İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı Anasanat Dalı
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Fairs ,Stand systems ,Interior Design and Decoration ,Design ,Corporate identity ,İç Mimari ve Dekorasyon ,Semiotics - Abstract
Çalışmanın birinci bölümünde tasarım kavramı ve tasarımı oluşturan unsurlar, tasarımda kullanılan yöntemler, göstergebilim kavramı açıklanmış; algı, algı kuramları ve tasarımda kavramsal tema oluşturma konularına yer verilmiştir.İkinci bölümde kurumsal kimlik kavramı tanımlanmış, kurum kimliğini oluşturan unsurlardan, kurumsal kimliğin etkileşim içerisinde olduğu alanlardan, kurumsal kimliğin yapısından ve işlevinden, kurumsal kimlik stratejisinden, kurumsal kimlik sürecinden ve kurum kimliği kavramının tarihçesinden bahsedilmiştir.Üçüncü bölümde fuar standı ve fuar stand tasarımı kavramları açıklanmış; fuar standı çeşitleri, sınıflandırılması konularına yer verilmiştir. Ayrıca fuar standının biçimlenişini etkileyen faktörler detaylı bir şekilde örneklerle açıklanmıştır.Dördüncü bölümde seçilen bir fuar stand tasarımı, önceki bölümlerde verilen bilgiler ışığında, biçimsel analiz yöntemi kullanılarak analiz edilmiş ve göstergebilimsel yöntemle sınıflandırılarak (semantik, sentaktik, pragmatik) incelenmiştir.Beşinci bölümde konuyla ilgili sonuçlara ulaşılmıştır. On the first part of the study, it explains the design concept, design components and demonstration science. It also includes; perception, perception theories, and composing consept themes.On the second part of the study, it explains the corporate identity concept, it's components, functions, strategies, process and history of the corporate identity concept.On the third part, it explains expo stands, design concepts, variety and classification of the expo stands. The study also includes detailed examples of the facts that can affect the design concepts for the stands.On the fourth part, it analyses a chosen expo stand using all the informations above and formal analyzing system. It's also classified with demonstration semiotic method ( semantic, syntactic, pragmatic) as well.On the fifth part, it draw a conclusion for the study. 215
- Published
- 2012
5. Okulöncesi eğitim mekânlarında fiziksel çevrenin çocuk gelişimine etkisi ve mekân oluşumunu etkileyen psiko-sosyal belirleyiciler
- Author
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Yalçin, Meryem, Ertek, M. Hakan, and İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı Anabilim Dalı
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Interior Design and Decoration ,İç Mimari ve Dekorasyon ,Psychosocial features ,Preschool education ,Space ,Spatial evaluation ,Child development ,Physical environment - Abstract
Tez çalışması kapsamında, okulöncesi eğitim mekânlarında çocuk gelişimini etkileyen fiziksel çevre niteliklerin oluşumunda psiko-sosyal öğelerin ilişkileri incelenmiştir. Kurgulanan bu ilişkiler sonucunda edinilen bulgular sayesinde, okul öncesi eğitim mekân oluşturma modeli elde edilmiştir. Ankara ilinde alan çalışması yapılarak edinilen tespitler ile bahsi geçen mekân niteliklerinin ideal koşullara ulaşabilmesi için önerilerde bulunulmuştur.Birinci bölümde tarihsel süreç içersinde Dünya'da ve Türkiye'de okulöncesi eğitim mekânlarının oluşumu ve gelişimi incelenerek Ankara'daki okulöncesi eğitim mekânlarının durumu incelenmiştir.İkinci bölümde, çocuk-çevre ilişkisi kapsamında okul öncesi çocukluk dönemine ilişkin yapılan araştırmalar, yaşa göre değişen çocuk eğitimi üzerinde çevrenin etkisi, okul öncesi eğitim mekânlarında çocuk gelişimi etkileyen psiko-sosyal faktörler, çocukların yaşlarına göre çevreyi algılama biçimi, psikolojik durumu, kültürel ilişkileri, biliş düzeyi gibi birçok konuyu anlamak için ilgili kuramlar incelenmiştir. Bu kuramlardan elde edilen bilgiler sayesinde, çocuğun gelişim özelliklerine göre ihtiyaç duyduğu fiziksel çevre nitelikleri ve faydalanabileceği olanaklar öğrenilmiştir.Üçüncü bölümde, okul öncesi eğitim mekanlarında kavramsal ilişkileri oluşturan etmenler; kültür: örf, adet, aile yapısı, eğitim düzeyi vs.., konum: ekonomik düzey, iklim ve coğrafi özellikler, çocuk-çevre ilişkisi: psiko-sosyal belirleyicilere göre çocuğun çevreyi algılama biçimi, beklenti ve ihtiyaçları, çocuk-ebeveyn-eğitimci ilişkisi: çocuk eğitimi ve kültürel gereksinimler, yasal düzenlemeler: bağlı bulunduğu kurumların tüm işleyişi, eğitim modeli: amaç, hedef ve felsefe gibi birçok içinde barındıran öğeleri irdelenmiştir.Dördüncü bölümde, okul öncesi eğitim mekânlarında kavramsal ilişkiler göz önünde tutularak, fiziksel ilişkiler ve nitelikler; çocukların kullanımında esneklik, çok amaçlılık, yaratıcılık, özgür çalışma ortamı, keşif ve hayal gücü geliştirme, ergonomi, doğallık, konfor gibi birçok özelliği içinde barındıran öğrenme ve oyun mekânları, aktivite köşelerinin düzeni, mekânsal uyarım (ışık, renk, doku), iklimlendirme, mobilya ve donatı özellikleri bir bütün olarak düşünülüp, tüm detayları ve işlevsel nitelikleri tespit edilmiştir. Çocuğun gelişim özellikleri ve fiziksel çevre-çocuk ilişkisi değerlendirilmiştir.Beşinci bölümde edinilen bilgiler ışığında oluşturulan ?okul öncesi eğitim mekân modeli? önerilmiştir. Okul öncesi eğitim mekânlarında kavramsal-fiziksel ilişkiler ve bu ilişkileri oluşturan tüm bileşenler ve etkileşim biçimleri açıklanmıştır.Altıncı bölümde Ankara ili alan çalışması olarak belirlenip, oluşturulan okulöncesi eğitim mekân modeli kapsamında incelenerek, konumsal özellik ve koşullara göre bulgular elde edilmiştir. Bu bulgular ve tespitler sonucunda ideal okul öncesi eğitim mekân nitelikleri oluşturmaya yönelik önerilerde bulunulmuştur.Anahtar Kelimeler: Çocuk-Kültür-Mekân İlişkisi, Okulöncesi Eğitim Mekânlarında Kavramsal-Fiziksel İlişkiler. The subject of this study is to examine the relationship of psycho social items in the formation of physical environmental characteristics that influence the child development in the preschool education. Findings received as a result of constructing this relationship, a design model of preschool education areas have been composed. Ankara is chosen as a field area to provide samples of defined space properties previously to investigate ideal conditions in the preschool education spaces.The first chapter analyses the historical process of the formation and development of the preschool education spaces around the World and Turkey to view the state of preschool education spaces in Ankara.The second chapter summarizes the studies and theories in child-environment relationship to understand topics such as; affects of alternating environment in relationship to the children?s ages, psycho-social factors affecting child development, children?s perception of the environment, children?s psychological state, cultural relationships and children?s cognition level. Studying these theories will provide understanding to the possibilities and benefits of physical environment properties to children?s development.The third chapter discusses the factors affecting the formation of conceptual relationships in the preschool education areas such as; culture/custom, folkway, family structure, education level, location(in relation to economical level), climate and geographical features, child-parent-educator relationship: educational and cultural requirements, child-environment relationship: child perception, expectation and requirements of physical environment according to the psycho-social determinants, legal regulations: All operational processes of depended establishments, training model: purpose, objective and philosophy have been indicated.The forth chapter will offer a conceptual insight to the preschool education spaces in terms of physical relationships and properties such as; flexibility, multi functionality, creativity, independency, discovery, imagination, ergonomy, naturality, comfort in the education and play areas, activity centers, spatial stimulation (light, color, texture), climatization, furniture and accessories properties, details and functional features of the furnishings. Child developmental characteristics and physical environment-child relationship will be evaluated.Fifth chapter will establish ?a design model? for the preschool in light of the information received from the previous chapters. Conceptual-Physical relationship in the preschool education areas, all components and interaction of all the components with the Conceptual-Physical relationship will be elucidated.The sixth chapter will recapitulate the framework of composed design models for the preschools in Ankara. The findings are derived from considering all the location and conditions of the structures in Ankara. As a result of these findings suggestions have been made in order to construct ideal preschool education spaces.Key Words: Child-Culture-Area Relationship, Conceptual-Physical Relationship in the Preschool Spaces. 353
- Published
- 2011
6. Konut iç mekân mobilya ve donatısında teknolojik gelişmelerin ve değişen tasarım kriterlerinin mekana yansıması
- Author
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Ayanoğlu, Hande, Ertek, M. Hakan, and İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı Anasanat Dalı
- Subjects
Interior Design and Decoration ,Design ,Furniture selection ,Furniture ,Interior space ,İç Mimari ve Dekorasyon ,Dwelling house ,Interior design ,Technological developments ,Design variables ,Equipments - Abstract
Bu çalışmada, insanoğlunun kişisel barınma eylemini gerçekleştirdiği konutun iç mekanında bulunan mobilya ve donatı elemanlarının, teknolojik gelişmelerle biçimlenişi ve bu biçimlenişine etki eden faktörler incelenmiştir. Tezin amacı, Endüstri Devrimi'ni bir dönüm noktası kabul edilerek, teknolojik gelişmelerin donatım elemanlarıyla etkileşimini ve bu doğrultudaki tasarımların konut iç mekanına yansımalarını ortaya koymaktır. Tez çalışmasında, donatım elemanlarından önce barınmanın gerçekleştiği konutun tarihsel gelişimiyle konutta mekân örgütlenmesi anlatılarak, örnekler verilmiştir. Teknolojik gelişmelerin takibinin güçleştiği bir dönemi yaşadığımız göz önünde alınarak, tezin son bölümünde teknolojinin günümüz konut iç mekanına yansıması incelenmiştir.Birinci bölümde, barınma kavramı irdelenerek konut olgusunun, tarih öncesi zamandan günümüze kadar olan dönemde gelişimi anlatılmıştır. Bu gelişim, Endüstri Devrimi öncesi ve sonrası olmak üzere ayrılmıştır.İkinci bölüm, mekân kavramının, mekân üretiminin ve mekân örgütlenmesinin irdelenmesiyle başlamıştır. Sonrasında, mobilya ve donatı kavramıyla ilgili bilgilendirme yapılmıştır. Konut iç mekân donatım elemanlarının biçimlenişi üzerine yoğunlaşan bu bölümde, iç mekânda gereksinimlere, kullanıcıya ve malzemeye yönelik olmak üzere biçimlenme süreci üç başlık altında incelenmiştir.Üçüncü bölümde, tezin önemini vurgulayan teknoloji kavramının ve teknolojik gelişmelerin dönemsel süreçteki ilerlemeleri ele alınmıştır. Teknolojik gelişmelerin konut iç mekân üzerinde yarattığı değişimlere de değinilen bu bölümde, iç mekan donatılarının tasarımına etki eden teknolojik faktörler sıralanmıştır. Teknolojik gelişim doğrultusunda, konut iç mekân mobilya ve donatısı, birinci bölümde olduğu gibi Endüstri Devrimi öncesi ve sonrası olmak üzere ayrılarak bu dönemlere ait örnekler verilmiştir.Dördüncü bölümde, bir önceki bölümün sonunda kısaca değinilen günümüz teknolojik gelişmelerin iç mekanı ve donatım elemanlarını şekillendirmesini daha detaylı ele alarak, örneklerle zenginleştirilmiştir.Tezin sonucunda tüm bölümlerde yapılan incelemeler ışığında konunun değerlendirilmesi yapılmıştır. Konut iç mekân donatım elemanları ele alınarak bu ürünlerin, teknolojinin sağladığı imkanlar eşliğinde şekillenmesi ortaya konulmuştur.Anahtar Sözcükler: Konut, Konut İç Mekân, Mobilya ve Donatı Biçimlenmesi, Teknolojik Gelişmeler. This research aims to determine the impact of the technological developments as well as the criteria to design indoor fittings on the interior space of the houses before and after Industrial Revolution. In this context, first the historical development of dwelling and the organization of space are explained with some examples. Later, interior fittings of houses are addressed in terms of different factors. The final part of this research deals with the interiors of houses today affected by technology.The thesis has been divided to the following sections detailed:In the first section, a brief account is provided as to dwelling and its development from the pre-historic era until today. This development is examined as before and after the Industrial Revolution.The second section begins with the concept, production and organization of space and information regarding the furniture and fittings. Here three main headings will be discussed: the formation process of necessity, users and material.In the third section, the concept of technology and the process of technological developments are explained in terms of periods, thus emphasizing on the subject of this thesis. In this part, the technological factors affecting the design process of the fittings are listed along with changes in technology contributing to innovations in the interior space. Similar to the first section, the historical development of the indoor fittings are divided into two parts - before and after the Industrial Revolution ? with a number of related examples.In the fourth and final section, the thesis focuses in detail on today?s rapidly-advancing technological innovations which form the indoor furniture and fittings of houses.At the conclusion of this thesis, and taking into account what has been discussed throughout the paper, the subject is evaluated with regard to the emergence of interior fittings as well as the development of new products for houses by means of technology.Key Words: House, Interior Space of the House, Formation of Furniture and Fittings, Technological Developments. 221
- Published
- 2010
7. Çağdaş kent yaşamında teknolojik gelişmelerin kısıtlı konut iç mekan biçimlenişine etkileri
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Özturan, Özgü, Ertek, M. Hakan, and İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı Anabilim Dalı
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Interior Design and Decoration ,İç Mimari ve Dekorasyon - Abstract
Tez çalışması, çağdaş kentlerde yer alan teknolojik gelişmelerle biçimlenişsorunlarını tekrarlayan kısıtlı konut birimlerinin, tasarlama ve uygulamasürecine önerilerde bulunmayı amaçlamaktadır. Beş ana bölümden oluşançalışma, Endüstri Devrimi sonrasında gelişen konut biçimlenişini ve bubiçimlenişi etkileyen faktörleri kapsamı içine almaktadır.Giriş bölümünde, Endüstri Devrimi'nden sonra modern olarak tanımlanansüreç içerisinde konut oluşumunun genel gelişimi vurgulanmakta, konununkapsamı, çalışmanın amacı ve yöntemi belirtilmektedir.İkinci bölüm, Endüstri Dönemi'nin konut biçimleniş ilkelerinin vekavramlarının açıklandığı, süreç içerisinde yer alan hareketlerin çözümönerilerinin karşılaştırmalı olarak incelendiği kısımdır. Dönem içerisindegeliştirilen üretim teknikleri ve yöntemleri, bunların konut kullanıcısıüzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Konut problemlerine karşılık sunulan çözümönerileri irdelenmiştir.Üçüncü bölüm ?teknoloji? kavramının tanımlandığı, çağdaş kent yaşamınaetkilerinin vurgulandığı ve konut biçimlenişine nasıl yansıdığının analizlerininyapıldığı bölümdür. Bu kısımda teknolojinin iç mekan biçimlenişine etkileriincelenmiş ve sonuçları ele alınmıştır.Dördüncü bölüm, ?kısıtlı konut? ve ?mekan? kavramlarını, çağdaş kentyaşamını ve bilgi çağıyla bağlantılı teknolojik gelişmeleri, kapsamı içinealmaktadır. Değişen yaşam biçimlerinin konut iç mekan biçimlenişine etkileriörneklerle incelenmekte ve analizleri yapılmaktadır.Genel değerlendirme ve sonuç kısmı, analizler sonucu kısıtlı konut iç mekanbiçimleniş ilkelerinin ortaya konduğu tartışıldığı ve özgün önerinin yer aldığıbölümdür.Anahtar sözcükler: Konut, Konut İç Mekan Biçimlenişi, Kısıtlı Hacimler,Çağdaş Konut İç Mekan Biçimlenişi, Teknoloji This study aims to put forward recommendations on design, and applicationprocess of limited house units that repeats the formation problems with thetechnological developments that take place in the contemporary cities. Thestudy consists of five parts and it covers the house formations that developedafter Industrial Revolution and the factors that affected this formation.In the introduction, the general development of the house formation isemphasised in the process that is defined as modern after the IndustrialRevolution, the scope of the topic, the aim and the method of the study arestated.The second part, is the section in which the principles and the concepts ofhouse formation of Industrial period are explained and solutionrecommendations of the movement that take place in the process areexamined by comparison. The techniques and methods that are developed inthe period and the influences of these on the house users are studied. Thesolutions that are put forward against house problems are examined.The third chapter is the section, where the definition of ?technology?examined. Also in this part, the effects of technology to the comtemporarycity life and its reflections to the house formation is analysed. Furthermore,influence of tecnology to the interior spaces has been handled and its resultsrevied.The fourth chapter deals with the concepts of ?limited house?, ?interiorspaces?, ?contemporary city life? and ?technological developments connectedwith the age of knowledge?. In this part, the effects of the changing lifeformations to the house interior space examined and analysed withexamples.The general assessment and conclusion part, is the section where limitedhouse interior formation principles are exposed, discussed by results ofanalysis and unique recommendatios take place.Keywords:House, Formation of House Interior Space, Limited Spaces, ContemporaryHouse, Technology and House. 215
- Published
- 2008
8. Ülkemiz özelliklerine uygun cezaevi ziyaretçi görüşme iç mekan biçimlenmesi tasarım önerileri
- Author
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Ata, Ayça, Ertek, M. Hakan, and İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı Anasanat Dalı
- Subjects
Interior Design and Decoration ,Visitors ,Design ,Prisons ,Interior space ,İç Mimari ve Dekorasyon ,Interior design - Abstract
Cezaevleri, güvenli, emniyetli, temiz ve insancıl bir çevrede, çeşitli program vedanışmanlık hizmetleri sağlayarak; mahkumların, işledikleri suçun karşılığındaalıkoyulmasını, iyileştirilmesini ve sağlıklı birer birey olarak topluma yenidenkazandırılmasını amaçlayan küçük bir evrendir. Mahkumu suç davranışına yöneltenetkenlerle başetmekte en etkili araçlardan biri; sosyal dayanışma, aile ve arkadaşlarlailetişim aktivitelerinin gerçekleştirildiği ziyaret programlarıdır.Geçmişte, mahkumların değersiz varlıklar olarak kabul edilmesi, insan hakları vekanunların yetersizliği, teknik ve ekonomik olanaksızlıklar gibi nedenlerle, ziyaretçigörüşme mekanları cezaevi tasarımlarında hakettiği öneme sahip olmamıştır. Ancakmahkumun da bir insan olduğunun farkına varılması ile ziyaret programlarının önemiaçığa çıkmıştır. Bu çalışmada, ülkemiz özelliklerine uygun cezaevi ziyaretçi görüşmemekanları tasarım önerisinde bulunulması amaçlanmıştır.Çalışmaya, mahkumların sosyal haklarını elde etmesi süreciyle giriş yapılmıştır.Tasarım önerisinin ilk girdisi olarak, cezaevlerindeki mahkum görüşme programlarınaait ulusal ve uluslararası minimum standartlar araştırılmıştır. Çalışmaya; dünyadaki veülkemizdeki mevcut fiziksel durumun belirlenmesi amacıyla, çeşitli ülkelerin cezaeviziyaretçi görüşme mekan planları ve iç mekan örneklerinin incelenmesiyle devamedilmiştir. Bu kapsamda, konum, kullanıcı dolaşım dokuları, programa ulaşılabilirlik,işleyiş, amaca uygun ve esnek kullanım, güvenlik gibi özellikler tartışılmıştır. Aynıanlayışla, ülkemizde farklı fiziksel yapılara sahip cezaevleri değerlendirilmiş,karşılaşılan mekan sorunları ve getirilen çözüm önerileri ortaya konulmuştur.Mekan, kullanıcı özellikleriyle birlikte bir bütün olarak tanımlanır. Cezaevleri;mahkumlar, ziyaretçiler, toplum, görevliler, idareciler gibi kullanım amaçları arasındabüyük farklılıklar olan grupları barındırır. Tasarım önerisinin, ülkemiz cezaevlerindekabul edilebilirlik şansını arttırmak için, bu grupların ihtiyaç, istek ve beklentilerinin tamolarak karakterize edilmesi önem taşır. Bu düşünceyle, tasarım önerisine son girdiolarak, her bir grup, psikolojik, sosyal, davranışsal ve kültürel özellikleri bakımdandeğerlendirilmiş ve iç mekan oluşumuna olan etkileri belirlenmiştir.Bu çalışma, öncelikle ülkemiz ve dünya cezaevlerindeki ziyaretçi görüşmemekanlarının belgelendirilmesi açısından önemlidir. Böylece tasarım önerisiningerçekçilik derecesi arttırılmıştır. Dünyadaki çağdaş cezaevi örnekleri ve farklı sosyokültürelniteliklere sahip kullanıcıların iç mekan oluşumuna etkileri gibi konulardakarşılaştırmalar yapılarak, ülkemizdeki mevcut sisteme yeni öneriler getirilmiştir.Mevcut sorunlar, çağdaş yöntemlerle çözülerek, ülkemiz özelliklerine ve amaca uygun,rahatsızlık veren uyarıcıların minimize edildiği, güvenli ve esnek cezaevi görüşmemekanları tasarım kriterleri geliştirilmiştir.Çalışma; öncelikli hedef olan insancıl ve normalleştirilmiş bir çevrede, mahkumun,günümüz ve gelecekteki sosyal ilişkilerini güçlendirmesine katkıda bulunan bir tasarımönerisiyle sonlandırılmıştır.Anahtar SözcüklerCezaevi Mimarisi, Cezaevi İç Mekanı, Cezaevi Ziyaretçi Görüşme Mekanı, CezaeviZiyaretçi Görüşme Biçimleri, Cezaevi Kullanıcı Grupları, Cezaevi Güvenliği Prison is a micro universe, which aims to detain prisoners as a punishment for thecrimes they have committed, to rehabilitate them through delivery of various programsand supervision services in a secure, safe, clean and humane environment, and toensure their reentry into the society as rehabilitated individuals. One of the mosteffective tools to prevent prisoners reoffending is the visitor programs where theyexperience social solidarity and communication with family and friends.In the past, prison designs have not paid much attention to the visitors? centers asprisoners were not considered worthy beings, the insufficiency of human rights andlaws, and technical and economic inadequacies. Nevertheless, the awareness that aprisoner is also a human being has revealed the importance of the visitor programs.This study aims to provide an interior design proposal for the visitors? centers within thecontext of Turkey.The study starts with process of prisoners? obtaining their social rights. The first input ofthe design proposal includes an overview of the minimum national and internationalstandards for prison visitor programs in prisons. The study continues with a review ofthe interior design plans and samples the various prison visitor programs in differentcountries. In this regard, several aspects are discussed including location, usercirculation paths, accessibility, implementation, proper and flexible utilization, andsecurity. Using the same concept, the study reviews several prisons in Turkey havingdifferent physical structures, and reveals the problems and solutions as to the interiordesign of the visitor centers.Location is defined as a whole with its user characteristics. Prisons harbor variousgroups with significant differences in terms of usage such as prisoners, visitors,community officials, and administrators. In order to increase the acceptance rate of adesign proposal in Turkish prisons, it is crucial to fully characterize the needs, demandsand expectations of all these groups. In this regard, the last input of this study has beenthe assessment of each group in terms of their psychological, social, behavioral andcultural characteristics, and the impact of these characteristics on the formation ofinterior locations.This study is primarily important in terms of documenting the visitor centers both in ourcountry and throughout the world. This documentation improves the reality level of thedesign proposal. New innovative proposals are made for the current system in Turkey,based on comparisons on several subjects as examples of contemporary prisons in theworld and impact of users with different socio-cultural characteristics on the formationof interior locations. The study enables the solution of existing problems throughmodern methods, and provides criteria for designing proper, safe and flexible prisonvisitor centers, minimizing the negative stimulants, in the context of Turkey.The study ends with a design proposal, which contributes to strengthening theprisoners? current and future social affairs in a humane and normalized environment.KeywordsPrison Architecture, Prison Interior Space, Prison Visitor Center, Prisoner VisitingStyles, Prison User Groups, Prison Safety. 278
- Published
- 2008
9. Kısıtlı hacimlerin, iç mekan düzenlemesi ve gezi tekneleri örneği
- Author
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Özturan, Özgü, Ertek, M. Hakan, and İç Mimarlık ve Çevre Tasarımı Anasanat Dalı
- Subjects
Interior Design and Decoration ,Hulls ,İç Mimari ve Dekorasyon ,Interior design ,Yachts ,Limited area - Abstract
ÖZET `Kısıtlı Hacimlerin, İç Mekan Düzenlemesi ve Gezi Tekneleri Örneği` isimli çalışmanın konusu, kısıtlı ve dar hacimlere sahip, 30 metre boyutlarının altındaki gezi teknelerinin iç mekan biçimlenmesiyle ilgili etkenlerin saptanıp, mekansal organizasyonların irdelenmesidir. Bunlarla birlikte günümüz teknolojisi ve dış kabuğu belirleyen malzemelerle, çağdaş bir iç mekan biçimlenmesinin ortaya çıkmasıdır. Bu kurgu paralelinde birinci bölümde, gezi tekneleri ve yatların çeşitli özelliklerine göre sınıflandırılması ve bu özelliklerin iç mekanlara yansımasına değinilmektedir. Gezi tekneleri ve yatların, çeşit ve sınıflarına göre iç mekanı sınırlayan dış kabuğun oluşumu ve şekillenmesinin yanı sıra, gezi teknelerinin üretim süreci ve üretim malzemeleri de irdelenmektedir. İkinci bölümde, Türkiye'nin kıyı bölgelerinde geleneksel yöntemlerle üretimi devam eden gezi tekneleri ve yatların, ahşap konstrüksiyonlara, ahşap kaplamalara sahip dış kabukları ve iç mekan özellikleri ele alınmaktadır. Ahşap gezi tekneleri ve yatlarının kullanım amaçları doğrultusunda üretim teknikleri ve taşıyıcı sistem biçimiyle birlikte, teknik gereksinimleri ve onların ekipman özellikleri değerlendirilmektedir. Üçüncü bölümde, 30 metre boyundan küçük, kısıtlı ve dar iç mekanlara sahip ahşap konstrüksiyonlu gezi tekneleri ve yatların, iç mekan özellikleri işlevsellik, ergonomik, antropometrik, teknik, estetik ve yapı malzemelerinin kullanımı yönünden ele alınmaktadır. İç mekansal problemler ve bunların çözümlerine, örneklerle değinilmektedir. Mekan organizasyonları, mobilya ve donatıların gereksinimleri ve özellikleri, içinde bulunulan durumlara göre irdelenmektedir. Başka bir deyişle hareketli iç mekanları, gereksinimleri ve tasarımlarına ilişkin göz önüne alınması gereken durumlar ele alınmaktadır.in Dördüncü bölümde, ahşap gezi tekneleri ve elyaf takviyeli plastik gezi teknelerinin benzerlik ve farklılıkları, üçüncü bölümdeki kurgu ile incelenmektedir. Ahşap teknelerle elyaf takviyeli plastik tekneler işlevsel açıdan, ergonomik ve antropometrik gereksinimleri yönünden, teknik ve estetik yaklaşımları, ve ekonomik problemleri bakımından benzerlik ve farklılıkları ele alınmaktadır. Beşinci ve son bölümde, çalışmada sözü edilen bilgilerin ışığında kısıtlı ve dar hacimlere sahip gezi teknelerinin iç mekan oluşumunda göz önüne alınması gereken veriler genel bir sonuç olarak yer almaktadır. IV SUMMARY The subject of this dissertation, titled as `Formation of Interior Spaces in Limited Areas, and Samples From Yacths` aims to examine, the determination of factors related with the arrangements of interior design in boats which their size are under 30 metres. Besides it pursues a target to find out a contemporary formulation of interior spaces with todays technology and with structural elements that define the external covering. Within this context, in the first chapter, the classification of boats and yacths, according to their various charecteristics and the reflection of these special features among the interior spaces are explained. Not only it examines the formation and shape of external covering that restricts the interior space in boats and yatchs according to their variety and category, it also contains the production process and production materials as well. The second chapter deals with the external covering, which consist of wooden construction and wood finishing and characteristics of internal spaces of boats and yatchs that their production goes on under traditinonal style in coastal fronts of Turkey. Also, under the manner of production functions of wooden constructed boats and yatchs, the production technics and structural system with necessities and equipmental feature is analysed. In the third chapter, the characteristics of interior spaces of the wooden constructed boats and yatchs sized under 30 metres with a tight and restricted areas, is studied in the light of ergonomy, anthropometry, technical, aesthetical manner and with functions of structural elements. The problems of interior spaces and their sollutions explained with samples. Formulation of spaces, needs of furniture and accessories, under their original circumstances is analysed. In other words the recuirements andformation of mobile interior spaces are considered in the light of their necessities. In the fourth chapter, the similarities and differences of wooden constructed boats and fibre consolidated plastic boats is examined under the same concept in chapter III. The differences and similarities of wooden constructed boats and fibre consolidated plastic boats is observed from functional point of view and according to their ergonomical and anthropometrical needs, technical and aesthetical approaches and economical problems. In the fifth and last chapter, in the light of the information discussed in this work, data that should be considered for interior space formation for boats that have restricted and tigh areas takes place as a conculation. 184
- Published
- 2003
10. [Tuberculosis Laboratory Surveillance Network (TuLSA) study group. The first step for national tuberculosis laboratory surveillance: Ankara, 2011].
- Author
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Sezen F, Albayrak N, Özkara Ş, Karagöz A, Alp A, Duyar Ağca F, İnan Süer A, Müderris T, Ceyhan İ, Durmaz R, and Ertek M
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Age Distribution, Aged, Antitubercular Agents therapeutic use, Child, Child, Preschool, Cluster Analysis, Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial, Female, Humans, Infant, Male, Middle Aged, Mycobacterium tuberculosis drug effects, Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolation & purification, Sex Distribution, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant drug therapy, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant microbiology, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary drug therapy, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary microbiology, Turkey epidemiology, Young Adult, Antitubercular Agents pharmacology, Mycobacterium tuberculosis classification, Tuberculosis, Multidrug-Resistant epidemiology, Tuberculosis, Pulmonary epidemiology
- Abstract
The most effective method for monitoring country-level drug resistance frequency and to implement the necessary control measures is the establishment of a laboratory-based surveillance system. The aim of this study was to summarize the follow up trend of the drug-resistant tuberculosis (TB) cases, determine the load of resistance and evaluate the capacities of laboratories depending on laboratory quality assurance system for the installation work of National Tuberculosis Laboratory Surveillance Network (TuLSA) which has started in Ankara in 2011. TuLSA studies was carried out under the coordination of National Tuberculosis Reference Laboratory (NRL) with the participation of TB laboratories and dispensaries. Specimens of TB patients, reported from health institutions, were followed in TB laboratories, and the epidemiological information was collected from the dispensaries. One isolate per patient with the drug susceptibility test (DST) results were sent to NRL from TB laboratories and in NRL the isolates were rechecked with the genotypical (MTBDRplus, Hain Lifescience, Germany) and phenotypical (MGIT 960, BD, USA) DST methods. Molecular epidemiological analysis were also performed by spoligotyping and MIRU/VNTR. Second-line DST was applied to the isolates resistant to rifampin. A total of 1276 patients were reported between January 1st to December 31th 2011, and 335 cases were defined as "pulmonary TB from Ankara province". The mean age of those patients was 43.4 ± 20 years, and 67.5% were male. Three hundred seventeen (94.6%) patients were identified as new cases. The average sample number obtained from pulmonary TB cases was 3.26 ± 2.88, and 229 (68.3%) of them was culture positive. DST was applied to all culture positive isolates; 90.4% (207/229) of cases were susceptible to the five drugs tested (ethambutol, isoniazid, pyrazinamide, rifampicin, streptomycin). Eight (3.5%) of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR-TB), while no extensively drug-resistant strains were detected. MDR-TB is likely to occur in 63.3 times more among previously treated cases, and 73.3 times more in legal aliens. The achievement of therapy among pulmonary TB cases was 91.9%. Spoligotyping performed for 221 M.tuberculosis complex isolates, showed that all strains were clustered in nine groups. SIT 41 (105/221; 47.5%) was the most frequent spoligotype detected, and clustering rate based on MIRU-VNTR results were found as 16.3%. All of the clustered strains were sensitive while all of MDR-TB isolates showed specific MIRU-VNTR profiles. In conclusion, TuLSA studies started in Ankara in 2011 and the system is still expanding in the country. Our data obtained with TuLSA have been published as a regional surveillance data in the WHO Global Tuberculosis Report 2011, and as a national surveillance data in Global Tuberculosis Report 2012.
- Published
- 2015
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. [Seroprevalence of Borrelia burgdorferi and tick-borne encephalitis virus in a rural area of Samsun, Turkey].
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Aslan Başbulut E, Gözalan A, Sönmez C, Cöplü N, Körhasan B, Esen B, Akın L, and Ertek M
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- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Aged, 80 and over, Animals, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Antibodies, Viral blood, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Encephalitis, Tick-Borne transmission, Female, Humans, Lyme Disease transmission, Male, Middle Aged, Rural Health, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Surveys and Questionnaires, Turkey epidemiology, Young Adult, Borrelia burgdorferi immunology, Encephalitis Viruses, Tick-Borne immunology, Encephalitis, Tick-Borne epidemiology, Lyme Disease epidemiology
- Abstract
Lyme disease or lyme borreliosis is a zoonosis caused by Borrelia burgdorferi transmitted by ticks, especially Ixodes species. Lyme borreliosis is a multi-systemic disease that invades the skin, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular and central nervous systems. Tick-borne encephalitis (TBE) is an important arboviral infection caused by tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV). The central nervous system is affected and the disease most often manifests as meningitis, encephalitis or meningoencephalitis. Previous studies have shown that B.burgdorferi and TBEV can be transmitted by the same tick species (Ixodes ricinus). Although the geographic location and climate is similar to some south-eastern European countries where lyme borreliosis and TBE have been reported, the incidence and prevalence of these diseases in Turkey still remain unclear. The aim of this study was to determine the seroprevelance of B.burgdorferi and TBEV in healthy population in Tekkeköy (41° 8-13' North; 36° 24-31' East), a district of Samsun province, Turkey with evidence of tick-borne disease and to explore the possible correlations of life styles of healthy individuals and prevelance. The cross-sectional study population included 419 people selected using a random proportional sampling method. All participants were asked at interview to complete a questionnaire and peripheral blood samples were collected. From the blood samples, B.burgdorferi IgG and IgM antibodies were evaluated using commercial ELISA (Euroimmun, Germany) and confirmed with Western blot (WB, Euroimmun, Germany). ELISA method was also used to asses IgM and IgG antibodies against TBEV, and neutralization test was used for confirmation. Of the 419 samples, 17 (4%) were positive for B.burgdorferi IgG by ELISA, however 14 (14/419; 3.3%) of them were confirmed by WB. B.burgdorferi seropositivity was higher among people living in rural areas, at an altitude of ≥ 400 meters and in locations ecologically suitable for wild boar and rabbits; seropositivity was also seen to be higher among dog owners (p= 0.001, p= 0.001, p= 0.001, p= 0.001, p= 0.018, respectively). For TBEV, two samples yielded IgG positive, and one IgM positive results by ELISA, however none of them were confirmed by neutralization assay. Nevertheless, one of those three TBEV ELISA positive samples, was found positive for West Nile virus specific antibodies with neutralization test. The results of this study emphasized the presence of tick-borne diseases in that specific region, and in this regard the need for public health interventions has been demonstrated.
- Published
- 2012
12. [An imported Chikungunya fever case from New Delhi, India to Ankara, Turkey: the first imported case of Turkey and review of the literature].
- Author
-
Yağcı Çağlayık D, Uyar Y, Korukluoğlu G, Ertek M, and Unal S
- Subjects
- Antibodies, Viral blood, Arthralgia, Chikungunya Fever, Chikungunya virus immunology, Diagnosis, Differential, Exanthema, Female, Fever, Humans, India, Middle Aged, Travel, Turkey, Alphavirus Infections diagnosis
- Abstract
Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne alphavirus that causes an acute febrile illness, chikungunya fever. CHIKV virus is geographically distributed in Africa, India, and South-East Asia. Chikungunya fever outbreaks have been reported from India since 2006. The incubation period is 3-7 days, and the disease is characterized by sudden onset of high fever and severe arthralgia. Other symptoms can be rash, headache, fatigue, nausea-vomiting, and myalgias. Here, we report the first Chikungunya case imported from India, New-Delhi to Ankara, Turkey. In December 2010, a 55-year-old female Turkish government employee living in urban area of New Delhi for the last 3 years had sudden onset fever up to 38.4°C for 2 days. Itching rash and arthralgia also developed. Symptomatic treatment was given to patient in New Delhi. She returned to Turkey and was admitted to Hacettepe University Medical Faculty, Department of Internal Medicine, Infectious Diseases Unit, since arthralgia has continued on the 26th day of her complaints. Hepatomegaly and tenosynovitis were detected in her physical examination. Serum sample sent to Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency, Virology Reference and Research Laboratory, yielded negative results for specific IgM and IgG antibodies against Hantavirus and Dengue virus types 1-4; however, the results were positive for CHIKV specific IgM and IgG antibodies by commercial immunofluorescence method (Euroimmun, Germany). CHIKV RNA which was searched by in-house real-time RT-PCR was negative. The second serum sample obtained three weeks later also found positive for CHIKV specific IgM and IgG antibodies. This was the first laboratory confirmed imported Chikungunya case in Turkey. There are predictions regarding the presence of Aedes species mosquitos that can transmit this virus in Turkey. This case report will be an alarming signal for the clinicians in our country to consider Chikungunya fever in the differential diagnosis of patients presenting with fever, arthralgia and rash.
- Published
- 2012
13. [Pandemic influenza A (H1N1)v vaccination status and factors affecting vaccination: Ankara and Diyarbakır 2009 data from Turkey].
- Author
-
Ertek M, Sevencan F, Kalaycıoğlu H, Gözalan A, Simşek C, Culha G, Dorman V, Ozlü A, Arıkan F, Aktaş D, Akın L, Korukluoğlu G, and Sevindi DF
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Child, Child, Preschool, Cross-Sectional Studies, Educational Status, Employment, Female, Humans, Infant, Influenza, Human prevention & control, Male, Middle Aged, Pandemics prevention & control, Pregnancy, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious prevention & control, Turkey epidemiology, Young Adult, Influenza A Virus, H1N1 Subtype immunology, Influenza Vaccines administration & dosage, Influenza, Human epidemiology, Pregnancy Complications, Infectious epidemiology, Vaccination statistics & numerical data
- Abstract
In this study, it was aimed to determine the frequency of the symptoms of influenza-like illness during influenza A (H1N1)v pandemic in two provinces where sentinel influenza surveillance was conducted and also to obtain opinions about H1N1 influenza and vaccination, H1N1 vaccination status and factors affecting vaccination. This cross-sectional study was conducted in the provinces of Ankara (capital city, located at Central Anatolia) and Diyarbakır (located at southeastern Anatolia). It was planned to include 455 houses in Ankara and 276 houses in Diyarbakır. The household participation rate in the study was 78.9% and 53.6% for Ankara and Diyarbakır, respectively. Our study was carried out between January-February 2010, with 1164 participants from Ankara and 804 from Diyarbakır, including every household subjects except for infants younger than 11 months and patients with primary/secondary immunodeficiency diseases. Data was collected by site teams consisting of a physician and a healthcare staff with informed consent. Of the participants 45.5% from Ankara and 35.3% from Diyarbakır stated that they had gone through an influenza-like illness. The most frequently indicated clinical symptoms were fatigue/weakness, rhinitis, sore throat and cough. The rates of admission to a physician with influenza like illness complaints were 50.6% and 58.7%; rates of hospitalization due to influenza-like illness were 1% and 1.5%, and rates of antiviral drug use were 3.8% and 1.9%, in Ankara ve Diyarbakır participants, respectively. The rate of personal precautions taken by the subjects for prevention from pandemic influenza were 59% and 53.3%, in Ankara and Diyarbakır, respectively. These precautions most frequently were "hand washing" and "avoiding crowded public areas". H1N1 influenza vaccine was applied in 9.3% of the participants in Ankara and in 3.7% of the participants in Diyarbakır. Vaccination rate was higher in both of the provinces in adults over 25 years old than children and adolescents and in patients with chronic underlying disease. None of the 25 pregnant participants were vaccinated against pandemic influenza. The educational background, employment status and quality of the job have been detected as factors affecting the status of being vaccinated with H1N1 influenza vaccine in both provinces. In addition, the percentage of having H1N1 influenza vaccination was found to be higher in subjects who had seasonal influenza vaccination previously and in 2009, than those who had not, and this difference was statistically significant in both provinces (Ankara p< 0.001, Diyarbakır p< 0.001). The mostly indicated post-vaccination adverse reactions reported by vaccinated participants were local sensitivity, muscle and joint pains, headache and malaise. The most frequent rationale for not being vaccinated against H1N1 were "I do not consider it necessary/I do not want" (Ankara 33.4%, Diyarbakır 27.4%) and "I do not believe/trust its efficacy" (Ankara 25.6%, Diyarbakır 22.6%). Those data emphasized the insufficient awareness of our population about the importance of pandemic influenza and vaccine. It is also believed that possible case definition in H1N1 case management scheme should be revised. In conclusion an important part of pandemic preparation plans is risk communication with the public to increase awareness and to prevent the missed opportunities.
- Published
- 2011
14. [Tularemia seroprevalence in the risky population living in both rural and urban areas of Erzurum].
- Author
-
Yazgı H, Uyanık MH, Ertek M, Kılıç S, Kireçci E, Ozden K, and Ayyıldız A
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Aged, Agglutination Tests, Agricultural Workers' Diseases microbiology, Animal Husbandry, Animals, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Rural Population, Seroepidemiologic Studies, Turkey epidemiology, Urban Population, Young Adult, Agricultural Workers' Diseases epidemiology, Antibodies, Bacterial blood, Francisella tularensis immunology, Tularemia epidemiology, Zoonoses epidemiology, Zoonoses microbiology
- Abstract
Tularemia which is a zoonotic infection, caused by Francisella tularensis, has become a re-emerging disease in Turkey. Infection is often transmitted to human by handling animal tissues and products, but it is also possible to acquire the disease from contaminated water or food. Recently several cases and epidemics of tularemia have been reported in the northwest areas of Turkey, particularly in Marmara and West Black Sea regions. Erzurum is a city in Eastern Anatolia Region, Turkey and animal husbandry is the main agricultural activity in that area. However, neither tularemia cases were reported from this province nor seroprevalence studies were performed. In this study we aimed to determine F.tularensis antibody seropositivity in the risky population living at both rural and urban area of Erzurum. Blood samples from 240 volunteer subjects (134 male with mean age: 36.2, age range: 17-75 years and 106 female with mean age: 39.1, age range: 16-77 years) whose occupations were farming and animal husbandry, were included in the study. Serum samples were screened for the presence of F.tularensis antibodies by slide agglutination method (BD, USA) and Serazym ELISA kit (anti-F.tularensis IgG/IgA/IgM, Seramun, Germany). The positive samples with those tests were also retested by microagglutination test (MAT) in National Tularemia Reference Laboratory of Refik Saydam Hygiene Center, using antigen prepared in the same laboratory from the local strain. The serum samples were also searched for the presence of Brucella and Salmonella antibodies in terms of cross-reactivity. Seropositivity was detected in 71 (29.6%) out of 240 subjects by slide agglutination test (SAT), whereas only 5 (2.1%) gave positive result for total antibody by ELISA. Twenty-five of the 71 SAT positive samples yielded F.tularensis antibodies by MAT, of which 21 were between 1/20-1/40 and four were between 1/80-1/160 titers. However, all of the MAT positive samples (n= 25) were found reactive in Brucella and/or Salmonella antibody tests. One of the four MAT positive samples with 1/40 titer and all of the four MAT positive samples with ≥ 1/80 titer yielded positive results in ELISA. Since MAT gave very high cross reactive results, the five subjects (2.1%) found positive with ELISA were evaluated as seropositive for tularemia. Of those subjects (four were female, one was male; age range: 27-38 years), four were the inhabitants of the same village, and one from another neighboring village. All of the seropositive subjects were dealing with raising livestock and two were also farming. No history of contact with rat and wild animals or tick bite were detected, however it was noted that non-chlorinated fountain water has been used in both of these villages. In conclusion, our data emphasized that, populations inhabiting especially in rural area and dealing with farming and stock raising in our region are at risk for tularemia.
- Published
- 2011
15. [Sandfly fever outbreak in a province at Central Anatolia, Turkey].
- Author
-
Torun Edis C, Yağçı Çağlayık D, Uyar Y, Korukluoğlu G, and Ertek M
- Subjects
- Adolescent, Adult, Animals, Arthralgia, Female, Fever, Humans, Insect Bites and Stings complications, Insect Bites and Stings epidemiology, Insect Vectors virology, Male, Middle Aged, Musculoskeletal Pain, Phlebotomus Fever transmission, Psychodidae virology, Turkey epidemiology, Young Adult, Disease Outbreaks, Phlebotomus Fever epidemiology
- Abstract
Sandfly fever virus (SFV), which is classified in Phlebovirus genus, Bunyaviridae family, is widely seen in the Middle East and Mediterranean basin. SFV has four serotypes known as Sicilian (SFSV), Cyprus (SFCV), Naples (SFNV) and Toscana virus (TOSV). Sandfly fever, which is transmitted to human by different species of sandflies, especially Phlebotomus spp., starts with acute onset of high fever and lasts for three days. Headache, anorexia and myalgia are the most common symptoms. The aim of this study was to present the clinical and laboratory findings of the patients who were diagnosed during sandfly fever outbreak in Kirikkale province (located in central Anatolia in Turkey) during July 2009. A total of 20 patients from different districts of Kirikkale province with the history of fly bite and with the clinical findings of fever, myalgia-arthralgia, headache, conjunctival hyperemia and gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea and nausea-vomiting were admitted to the Infectious Disease Unit of State Hospital. All the patients were followed up after hospitalization. A sandfly fever outbreak has been considered in the area since the cases shared a common history of insect bite, similar clinical and laboratory features in a particular time interval. The first patients from each different districts were accepted as the "index case" and 11 patients' serum samples have been sent to Refik Saydam National Public Health Agency, Virology Reference and Research Laboratory, Ankara. Serum samples were analyzed by using a commercial mosaic immunofluorescence test (IFT) (Euroimmun, Germany) to detect IgM and IgG antibodies against SFSV, SFCV, SFNV and TOSV. SFV-IgM positivity was demonstrated in 8 out of 11 patients (Naples virus in 5, Sicilian virus in 3 cases), while all of the cases were IgG negative. Of seropositive patients, two were female and six were male with a mean age of 30.7 (age range: 16-53) years. Sandfly fever was diagnosed in five cases by the positive IgM results and in three cases by the detection of IgM seroconversion in the second samples collected 6 days later. Clinically, fever and myalgia-arthralgia were detected in all of the cases, diarrhea and nausea-vomiting in 7, headache in 5 and conjunctival hyperemia in 1 of 8 seropositive patients. The evaluation of laboratory findings revealed leukopenia (1800-3800 cell/µl) in all cases, thrombocytopenia (69000-140.000 cell/µl) in 7, elevated AST (42-271 IU/L) in 7, elevated ALT (46-173 IU/L) in 5, elevated CK (185-1560 U/L) in 6 and elevated CRP (5.18-83.6 mg/L in 5 of 8 patients. All the patients were treated symptomatically without any sequella and discharged with complete cure. Turkey is a country in the Mediterranean basin and it is known that there is a favorable sandfly fauna in Anatolia. Therefore sandfly fever should be considered in patients presenting with fever and arthralgia-myalgia and with a history of insect bite especially during summer months.
- Published
- 2010
16. [Evaluation of laboratory diagnosis of the first norovirus outbreak in Turkey in 2008].
- Author
-
Uyar Y, Carhan A, Ozkaya E, and Ertek M
- Subjects
- Antigens, Viral analysis, Caliciviridae Infections epidemiology, Caliciviridae Infections virology, DNA, Complementary analysis, Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay, Feces virology, Gastroenteritis epidemiology, Gastroenteritis virology, Humans, Norovirus genetics, Norovirus immunology, Polymerase Chain Reaction, RNA, Viral genetics, Sensitivity and Specificity, Turkey epidemiology, Caliciviridae Infections diagnosis, Disease Outbreaks, Gastroenteritis diagnosis, Norovirus isolation & purification, RNA, Viral analysis
- Abstract
Norovirus (NoV) is one of the most prominent agents of gastroenteritis and water/food-borne outbreaks affecting all of the age groups in the world. As the identification of the etiologic agent is important during gastroenteritis outbreaks, it is recommended to combine two different methods for rapid and reliable laboratory diagnosis of NoV. Although NoV outbreaks have been observed in many different countries of the world, there was no report on "NoV outbreak" in Turkey till 2008 due to the absence of a regular surveillance system for non-bacterial gastroenteritis. This study aimed to present the laboratory results for "the first NoV outbreak" in Turkey in 2008. A number of cases with diarrhea and nausea/vomiting initially emerged in Aksaray (located at the southern part of central Anatolia) in May 2008, followed by cases from Sereflikochisar, Kirsehir, and Adana provinces (located at central and southern Anatolia; geographically closer regions). However, regional laboratories declared that no known bacterial (Salmonella spp., Shigella spp., enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli), viral (Rotavirus, Adenovirus) and parasitic agents were detected. A total of 50 stool samples were sent to the Virology Reference Laboratory (Refik Saydam Hygiene Center, Ankara) for further investigations including NoV. For the investigation of NoV, the samples were analysed by using antigen-ELISA (Ridascreen, R-Biopharm, Germany) and real-time polymerase chain reaction(PCR) (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Germany) methods. Of the samples, 26% (13/50) were found antigen positive, whereas 33% (13/40) were positive for viral nucleic acids. The positivity rates determined by ELISA and PCR were as follows, respectively; 57% (4/7) and 71% (5/7) in Aksaray, 25% (1/4) and 25% (1/4) in Sereflikochisar, 28% (7/25) and 40% (6/15) in Kirsehir, 7% (1/14) and 7% (1/14) in Adana. Nine (69.2%), and 4 (30.8%) out of 13 positive samples were genotyped as NoV GI and GII, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity of antigen-ELISA method were found as 61.5% and 100%, respectively, when compared with real-time PCR. In conclusion, further epidemiological studies and genomic analysis are needed for the detection and control of circulating strains in Turkey, since NoV outbreaks spread rapidly and cause serious economical and workforce loss.
- Published
- 2008
17. [Cystic echinococcosis in Turkey from 2001-2005].
- Author
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Yazar S, Ozkan AT, Hökelek M, Polat E, Yilmaz H, Ozbilge H, Ustün S, Koltaş IS, Ertek M, Sakru N, Alver O, Cetinkaya Z, Koç Z, Demirci M, Aktaş H, Parsak CK, Ozerdem D, Sakman G, Cengiz ZT, Ozer A, Keklik K, Yemenici N, Turan M, Daştan A, Kaya E, Tamer GS, Girginkardeşler N, Türk M, Sinirtaş M, Evci C, Kiliçturgay S, Mutlu F, and Artiş T
- Subjects
- Animals, Female, Humans, Male, Prevalence, Retrospective Studies, Turkey epidemiology, Echinococcosis epidemiology
- Abstract
Cystic echinococcosis (CE) caused by the metacestode form of Echinococcus granulosus is a major public health problem especially in animal-raising regions of the world. In the present study, CE cases were determined during 2001-2005 by investigating different hospital and health directorship documents and Health Ministry documents, retrospectively. Our results show that there were 2534 (13.13%) cases in the Marmara region; 2114 (16.94%), in the Aegean region; 2578 (16.09%), Mediterranean region; 5404 (38.57%), in the Middle Anatolian region; 428 (5.70%), in the Black Sea region; 844 (6.80%), in the eastern Anatolian region; and 887 (2.75%), in the southeastern Anatolian region making a total of 14,789 CE cases. Finally, it has been determined that the patients were hospitalized for a total of 149,464 days.
- Published
- 2008
18. [Sensitivity of methicillin resistant staphylococci to linezolid and some other antimicrobial agents].
- Author
-
Ertek M, Yazgi H, Aktaş E, Ayyildiz A, and Parlak M
- Subjects
- Ciprofloxacin pharmacology, Clindamycin pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Erythromycin pharmacology, Gentamicins pharmacology, Humans, Linezolid, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Rifampin pharmacology, Staphylococcal Infections drug therapy, Teicoplanin pharmacology, Trimethoprim, Sulfamethoxazole Drug Combination pharmacology, Vancomycin pharmacology, Acetamides pharmacology, Anti-Infective Agents pharmacology, Methicillin Resistance, Oxazolidinones pharmacology, Staphylococcus aureus drug effects
- Abstract
Linezolid is a synthetic antimicrobial agent which was introduced into clinical therapy in the early 2001. It has an inhibitory effect against most of the Gram positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin resistant enterococci. In this study, in-vitro activities of linezolid, teicoplanin, vancomycin, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, erythromycin, clindamycin, trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and rifampicin, were tested against 164 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp. (96 S. aureus and 68 coagulase negative staphylococci) isolated from clinical specimens, by using disk diffusion method. None of the strains were found to be resistant to linezolid, vancomycin and teicoplanin. The resistance rates to other drugs were as follows; 80.5% to ciprofloxacin, 78.0% to gentamicin, 76.8% to erythromycin, 65.5% to clindamycin, 57.3% to trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole and 41.5% to rifampicin. It was concluded that linezolid can be used as an alternative drug in severe infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus spp., especially if the isolate was found to be resistant to teicoplanin or a side effect of vancomycin was observed.
- Published
- 2003
19. [Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a case report].
- Author
-
Ozkurt Z, Erol S, Ertek M, Altoparlak U, and Taşyaran MA
- Subjects
- Adult, Bacteremia microbiology, Fatal Outcome, Humans, Male, Shock, Septic complications, Shock, Septic microbiology, Streptococcal Infections complications, Streptococcal Infections microbiology, Respiratory Distress Syndrome etiology, Shock, Septic diagnosis, Streptococcal Infections diagnosis, Streptococcus pyogenes isolation & purification
- Abstract
Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome (STSS) is the most severe form of invasive infections caused by group A streptococci. In this report, a 36-years-old man who was admitted to our clinic with the complaints of fever, rash, skin lesions, abdominal pain, weakness and anuria for 2 days, has been presented. His body temperature was 39.5 degrees C and blood pressure was 50/20 mmHg. In physical examination, diffuse erythematous rash on the body, cellulitis on left leg and foot, fungal lesions on the toes, and abdominal tenderness were noted. Laboratory results revealed a dramatic increase in leukocyte count, increased sedimentation rate, elevated blood urea nitrogen, cretinine, liver enzymes and bilirubin levels. Group A streptococci were isolated from the blood culture of the patient. Despite supportive (intravenous saline, dopamine) and antibiotic (clindamycin-ceftriaxone combination) therapies, adult respiratory distress syndrome has developed in two days, and he died on the third day. This case was presented to draw attention to STSS, which was a rare clinical entity with rapid progression to mortality despite aggressive medical therapy.
- Published
- 2003
20. [Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus in hospital personnel and the normal population and antibiotic resistance of the isolates].
- Author
-
Yazgi H, Ertek M, Ozbek A, and Kadanali A
- Subjects
- Clindamycin pharmacology, Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Erythromycin pharmacology, Fusidic Acid pharmacology, Humans, Methicillin Resistance, Microbial Sensitivity Tests, Staphylococcus aureus drug effects, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Carrier State epidemiology, Nasal Mucosa microbiology, Personnel, Hospital, Staphylococcal Infections epidemiology, Staphylococcus aureus isolation & purification
- Abstract
Nasal carriage of Staphylococcus aureus plays a key role in the epidemiology and pathogenesis of infection, and is a major risk factor for the development of both community-acquired and nosocomial infections. The objective of this study was to investigate the carriage rate of S. aureus in hospital personnel and normal population groups, and to compare the resistance rates of the isolated strains to certain antibiotics. The nasal carriage rates of S.aureus were found to be 27.5% in 262 hospital personnel, and 24.0% in 75 normal healthy subjects (p > 0.05). While methicillin resistant S. aureus rate was 9.7% in hospital personnel, no methicillin resistant strain was detected in the control group (p < 0.05). According to the in-vitro sensitivity test results, resistance rates of meticillin sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) strains isolated from hospital personnel to fusidic acid, erythromycin and clindamycin were as 11%, 18% and 12%, respectively. There were no resistant strains to these antibiotics among MSSA, isolated from normal subjects. In conclusion, the colonization of the resistant strains rather than the frequency of S. aureus colonization is more important in the hospital personnel.
- Published
- 2003
21. [Hepatitis A virus and coronary artery disease: serologic relationship absent].
- Author
-
Yazgi H, Erol S, Erol MK, and Ertek M
- Subjects
- Case-Control Studies, Humans, Middle Aged, Coronary Artery Disease virology, Hepatitis A complications, Hepatitis A Antibodies blood, Hepatitis A virus immunology
- Published
- 2003
22. [Erythromycin resistance of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci isolated from patients with upper respiratory tract infections].
- Author
-
Yazgi H, Ertek M, and Aktaş AE
- Subjects
- Drug Resistance, Bacterial, Humans, Pharynx microbiology, Respiratory Tract Infections drug therapy, Streptococcal Infections drug therapy, Streptococcus pyogenes isolation & purification, Anti-Bacterial Agents pharmacology, Erythromycin pharmacology, Respiratory Tract Infections microbiology, Streptococcal Infections microbiology, Streptococcus pyogenes drug effects
- Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the erythromycin resistance of group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) isolated from throat cultures. GABHS were isolated from 74 (10.4%) throat cultures of 710 patients with upper respiratory tract infections. Penicillin resistance was observed in none of the strains. Of these strains, 4 (5.4%) were found to be resistant to erythromycin. It was concluded that erythromycin resistance in GABHS, although high in some countries, was not a problem in our country at the moment. So, penicillin G and its alternative erythromycin and other macrolides are still reliable antibiotics for the treatment of GABHS infections.
- Published
- 2002
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