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Confounding is the presence of a third variable which affect the association between cause and outcome like effect modification. In order to be accepted as a confounding variable, a variable has to provide some certain conditions. The determination of a third variable as a confounder will affect the correct interpretation of association between cause and outcome. In this paper confounder concept is explained with an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Effect modification is the magnitude of the effect of the primary exposure on an outcome differs depending on the level of a third variable. It is the condition in which the magnitude of association between exposure and outcome differs among subgroups with respect to the third variable. It is an essential information to interpret correctly the association between exposure and outcome. In this manuscript effect modification concept is explained with an example. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]