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Copyright of ESTUDAM Public Health Journal is the property of ESTUDAM Public Health Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences / İstanbul Ticaret Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi is the property of Istanbul Commerce University Journal of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Objective: The use of medical sharp objects in hospitals can cause injury to health care workers, and this injury poses a risk to them because of pathogens transmitted by blood and body fluids. The aim of this study is to evaluate the twelve years of data in a tertiary-care eye hospital and to review the measures to be taken. Methods: Between January 2006 and April 2018, sharp object injuries in Prof. Dr. N. Reşat Belger Beyoğlu Eye Training and Research Hospital were evaluated retrospectively. Data were collected from records of the hospital infection control committee. Results: A total of 87 health care workers 70 (80.5%) of whom were female and 17 (19.5%) of whom were male were included in our study. Health care workers at the highest risk were the nurses (39.1%), followed by cleaning staff (33.3%) and doctors (17.2%). The most common causes of injury were insulin needle (26.4%) and surgical suture needle (19.5%). Injuries occurred mostly in the operating room (37.9%), followed by wards (19.5%) and outpatient clinic (19.5%). The injuries occurred mostly during the operation (24.1%), while opening a vascular line (14.9%), and exposure to inappropriately discarded biohazardous material (18.4%). 73.5% of the health care workers were using protective equipment. Most of the health care workers were followed for six months (97.7%) and were given one-on-one training (87.4%). No seroconversion was detected in any of the injured health care workers. The majority of health care workers with a risky exposure were immunized against hepatitis B. Conclusions: Since our hospital is a surgical branch hospital, most of the health care workers were injured in the operating room. Exposure to inappropriately discarded biohazardous maçalışterial was an important cause of injury. Due importance should be given to in-service education and vaccination to reduce the risk of injury and transmission. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To compare the the results of external dacryocystorhinostomy using double flaps anastomosis and single flaps anastomosis Methods: Fifty-one eyes of 48 consecutive patients with complain epiphora and chronic dacryocystitis who had undergone external dacryocystorhinostomy from October 2009 to January 2012 were included. Single flap anastomosis were performed on 26 eyes of 26 patients and double flaps anastomosis were performed on 25 eyes of 22 patients and reviewed surgical success rate. Results: Silicon tube intubations were performed on 13 eyes with single flaps anastomosis and 20 eyes with double flaps anastomosis. The mean length of follow-up was 16.2±1.3 months for single flaps anastomosis group and 18.1±2.1 months for double flaps anastomosis group. Success rates in single flap anastomosis group and double flaps anastomosis group were 92.4% and 96%, respectively. There was no statistically significant difference in success rate between the groups (p=0.088). Conclusion: Single flap and double flap anastomosis gave similar outcome in external dacryocystorhinostomy surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the demographic and clinical characteristics of adult patients with uveitis who were admitted to our clinic between 2011 and 2013. Methods: Records of the patients older than 18 years old with a diagnosis of uveitis between November 2011 and May 2013 were retrospectively reviewed. Age, gender, diagnosis, affected eye, anatomical localization of uveitis, and systemic features were recorded from the patient files. Results: In this study 352 patients were evaluated. The mean age of the patients was 35.7±12.8 years. Of the patients 177 patients (50.3%) were women and 175 (49.7%) were male. The most common etiology was detected as idiopathic uveitis. Following most common reasons were Behcet's disease, and toxoplasma chorioretinitis. Anterior uveitis was found to be the most common involvement site. Panuveititis was the second most common involvement site. 69.1% of the patients had unilateral uveitis. The most common complications of the uveitis were found to be the development of secondary cataracts and glaucoma. Conclusion: In our study general characteristics of patients, the etiological factors and demographic data of the uveitis patient in Southeastern of Turkey were presented. Because of a similar study has not been performed previously in our region, our data will be useful in earlier diagnosis and follow-up of uveitis patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the effect of anterior lens capsule polishing (ACP) during cataract surgery on the posterior capsule opacification (PCO) time in patients who underwent uneventful cataract extraction with phacoemulsification and intraocular lens (IOL) implantation. Materials and Methods: In this retrospective study, we reviewed the charts of patients who underwent cataract surgery and then Nd:YAG lazer capsulotomy due to PCO lowering visual acuity under 0.5. The patients who had implantation of a same type IOL following ACP and who had the records of postoperative 1st month, 6th month and yearly follow-up examinations were included in the study. A control group was also constituted of consecutive patients who underwent the same surgery without ACP and Nd:YAG laser capsulotomy. The clinical characteristics of patients and time interval between cataract surgery and Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy were compared statisticaly between two groups. Results: Thirty-seven eyes of 37 patients were eligible for ACP and control groups. Mean age was 63.73±11.64 years (range, 49-79 years) in ACP group, and 63.14±10.6 years (range, 45-77 years) in control group. 15 of 37 subjects (41%) were male, and 22 (59%) were female in ACP group, and 20of 37 subjects (54%) were male, and 17 (46%) were female in control group. The mean time interval between cataract surgery and Nd: YAG laser capsulotomy were 35.65±8.82. months (range, 18-59 months) in ACP group, and 27.48±8.99. months (range, 10-33 months) in control group. This time interval was statistically significantly longer in ACP group (p<0.001). Conclusion: Although cleaning up of lens remnants by ACP does not prevent PCO, it can delay its occurrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Successful treatment of eye diseases requires effective concentration of drug at the ocular tissues for sufficient period of time. Sometimes, anatomical factors, including the corneal epithelium, the blood-aqueous barrier and the blood-retinal barrier defy the conventional methods including eye drops, ophthalmic ointments and systemic administration. This article presents the constraints with conventional ocular therapies and novel approaches for ocular drug administration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the relationships between the birth parameters such as birth weight, gestational age, and birth type and the parameters of macula, optic nerve and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) in preschoolers. Material and Method: After a broad ophthalmologic examination was performed for every healthy child at age between 3 and 6, the children were scanned by optical coherence tomography (OCT) for the evaluation of macula, optic disc, and RNFL parameters. The relationships between the birth parameters and OCT parameters were analyzed by Spearman correlation test and Mann Whitney U test. Results: One hundred and seventy-two eyes of 111 healthy children were evaluated in the study. The mean age of the children was 57.48±11.87 months (range: 30-80 months). Forty-eight percent of the children were delivered vaginally and the rest of them - by cesarean section. The negative correlations between gestational age and thicknesses of superior inner and temporal inner macula, and temporal and inferior RNFL were statistically significant(r=-0.204, p=0.019; r=-0.203, p=0.020; r=-0.230, p=0.009; r=0.175, p=0.047; respectively). While the parameters that showed negative correlations with birth weight were superior outer macular thickness, temporal, inferior, and average RNFL thicknesses and disc area, the parameters that demonstrated positive correlations with birth weight were cup/disc-area and horizontal cup/disc ratios (r=-0.196,p= 0.025; r=-0.317, p< 0.001; r=-0.269, p= 0.002; r=-0.228, p=0.009; r=-0.189, p=0.032; r=0.181, p=0.04; r=0.197, p= 0.025,respectively). Optic disc area of the children who were delivered vaginally was larger than that of the children who were delivered by cesarean section and this difference between these two groups was statistically significant (p=0.034). Discussion: There were significant effects of the birth parameters such as birth weight and gestational age on some parameters of macula and optic disc obtained by OCT. It may be thought that the impairment of intrauterine growth could possibly influence optic nerve head and macula. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of silicone hydrogel contact lenses (SHCL) on central corneal thickness (CCT), corneal endothelial cell morphology, and tear functions. Material and Method: Fifty-five eyes of 28 SHCL wearers (Group 1) and 52 eyes of 26 healthy subjects (Group 2) were included in this study'. According to their contact lens wearing time, the contact lens wearing subjects were divided into 2 groups: Group 1a - wearing time less than 1 year and Group 1b - wearing time more than 1 year. CCT, epithelial thickness, corneal endothelial cell morphology, ocular surface disease index score (OSDI), and tear break-up time (TBUT) were evaluated. Re sults: In Group 1 and Group 2, the mean CCT was 561.85±39.98 μm and 537.25±27.12 μm, respectively (p: 0.001).The epithelial thickness was 50.38±5.41 μm and 55.64±5.32 μm, respectively (p: 0.001). In Group 1a and Group1 b, the mean CCT was 573.39±33.86 μm and 546.96±42.98 μm (p: 0.014) and the epithelial thickness was 49.51±4.78 μm and 51.50±6.04 μm (p>0.05), respectively. In Group 1, the percentage of endothelial cells larger than 700μ was low, while the percentage of endothelial cells between 200 and 400μ was high (p<0,05). Dis cus si on: With SHCL wear, the corneal morphology is more affected in the short-term period. During long-term contact lens wear, the cornea enters an adaptation period and shows near-normal morphology. Tear functions are not affected by short- or long-term SHCL wear [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To evaluate the behavior, attitude and point of view of contact lens wearers attending Mersin University. Material and Method: Our study included students from the Faculty of Medicine whom we assumed to have the highest awareness about health topics and also students from the Faculty of Education whom we expected to have the similar awareness. Considering the total number of students, we calculated the minimum number of students attending the Faculty of Education (n: 213) and the minimum number of students attending the Faculty of Medicine (n: 230) that must be included to the study. Then, we asked the students to answer our questionnaire. Results: The mean age of the students attending the study was 21.29±2.14 years, and 62.5% of the participants were female. Among all of the students, 81% were wearing contact lenses to correct their refractive errors and 12% of the students were wearing the contact lenses to enhance appearance for cosmetic reasons. Also, 51% of the students were getting the contact lenses with prescription and the rest of the students without it. Furthermore, 47.3% of the participants had received the basic information about contact lenses from their doctors, while the rest had accessed this information through other sources. 43.9% of the participants were visiting their doctors regularly while wearing contact lenses. Discussion: Serious complications and irreversible visual loss as a result of this serious complications can occur due to contact lens wear. So, we think that contact lenses should not be accepted as simple medical devices [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the materials used for glass (mineral) and plastic (organic) spectacle lenses and the properties of monofocal, bifocal, trifocal and multifocal spectacle lenses are investigated. On the other hand, the new generation personalized lenses, which were produced by freeform technology and customized high resolution (HD) wavefront-guided spectacle lenses and ongoing glass research studies are also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effects of toric and soft spherical contact lenses on the visual performance and wavefront aberrations in cases of low astigmatism. Material and Method: Twenty-four eyes of 14 contact lens users with cylindirical refractive error of -1.25 diopters or less were included in this prospective study. The subjects wore spherical (lotrafilcon B) and toric (galyfilcon A) lenses for eight hours with a one-week interval. The best-corrected visual acuity and contrast sensitivity were measured before and after 8 hours of contact lens wear. Corneal topography and wavefront analysis were also performed. Zernike coefficients were used to calculate the aberrations at a 6-mm pupil diameter. Total and higher-order root mean square (RMS) values as well as spherical and coma aberrations were measured. Result: The mean spherical refractive error of the cases was -2.52±1.25 (range: from -0.50 to -6.0) D. The mean best- corrected visual acuity was significantly higher with both types of contact lenses than with glasses (p=0.017), however, no statistical difference was observed between the two types of contact lenses (p=0.470). The mean high-frequency contrast sensitivity value was lower with toric lenses (p=0.038). The mean higher-order RMS value was higher with both types of contact lenses (p=0.021), but with no difference between them (p>0.05). The mean spherical aberration value did not differ among glasses, toric or soft spherical contact lenses (p>0.05). The mean coma aberrations were high with both types of contact lenses (p=0.041); no difference was observed between the two lens types (p>0.05). Discussion: In this study, it was demonstrated that in cases of low astigmatism, soft spherical and toric contact lenses increase visual acuity, total higher-order aberrations, and coma aberrations, but decrease high-frequency contrast sensitivity. There was no difference between the two types of contact lenses. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the effect on macular thickness of usage of prostaglandin group eye drops for glaucoma. Materials and Methods: Thirty eyes of 15 glaucoma patients who were taking prostaglandin group antiglaucomatous drops for at least 3 years (group 1), 30 eyes of 15 glaucoma patients who were taking another group antiglaucomatous drops for at least 3 years (group 2), and 30 eyes of 15 healthy subjects of similar age (group 3) were included in this study. The maculae were evaluated by OCT, and foveal volume, foveal thickness, and total macular volume were analyzed and compared for all patients. Results: The mean foveal thickness in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 204.67±3.08 μm, 187.57±3.24 μm, and 191.70±4.15 μm, respectively. Foveal thickness was significantly greater in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3. The foveal volume in groups 1, 2, and 3 was 0.1657±0.02, 0.14737±0.02, and 0.14993±0.03, respectively. Foveal volume was significantly greater in group 1 than in groups 2 and 3 (p<0.05). Total macular volumes in groups 1, 2, and 3 were 6.78933±0.115, 6.56417±0.64, and 6.88310±0.102, respectively, and the differences between the groups were not significant (p>0.05). Conclusions: Long-term use of prostaglandin eye drops resulted in increased foveal thickness and foveal volume in glaucoma patients. Glaucoma is a chronic optic neuropathy; for this reason, foveal thickness and foveal volume should be taken into consideration in the clinical follow up of glaucoma patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare the size and depth of glaucomatous visual field defects, global indices and testing time in Humphrey perimeter using full threshold (FT), SITA standard (SS), SITA fast (SF) and fastpac (FP) algorithms. Materials and Methods: Thirty-one eyes of 31 patients with visual field defects due to primary open angle glaucoma were included in the study prospectively. All patients were examined with the four test strategies (FT, SS, SF, FP) using Humphrey perimeter. Results: Mean age was 67.9±7.9 years. Testing time was 14.8±3.1 min., 10.3±1.7 min., 8.4±1.1 min. and 5.6±1.0 min. in FT, FP, SS and SF algorithms, respectively. Difference in testing time was statistically significant between all groups (p<0.001). MD was 14.1±6.9 dB, -13.6±7.2 dB, -13.4±7.4 dB and -11.0±9.2 dB in FT, FP, SS and SF algorithms, respectively. MD was found better in SF when compared to FT (p<0.01). PSD was found 10.3±3.1 dB, 9.4±3.1 dB, 10.8±3.7 dB and 9.5±3.8 dB in FT, FP, SS and SF algorithms, respectively. Statistically significant difference was found between FT-FP, FPSS, SS-SF (p<0.01). Visual field defect size was 17.6±6.7, 16.6±7.2, 18.4±6.8 and 18.6±5.5 in FT, FP, SS and SF algorithms, respectively. Visual field defect depth was found 340.6±185.9 dB, 312.3±203.5 dB, 349.6±218.9 dB and 306.9±194.0 dB in FT, FP, SS and SF algorithms, respectively. No difference was found between groups in respect to defect size and depth (p>0.01). Conclusion: Testing time is reduced remarkebly with SITA. Visual field defect size and depth were found similar in different algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the possible impact of latanoprost, bimatoprost and travoprost on central corneal thickness (CCT) in the short term. Materials and Methods: A total of 66 newly diagnosed primary open angle glaucoma patients were randomly distributed into 3 groups to receive latanoprost, bimatoprost or travoprost. Patients with non-glaucomatous eye disease, history of trauma, contact lens use, topical drop/oinment use, lacrimal problems, or any pathology that could affect CCT were discluded from the study. All CCT measurements were recorded with ultrasonic pachymeter (Tomey, SP3000) at baseline and at 1st, 4th, and 12th weeks of treatment. Statistical analysis were conducted using SPSS 11.0 (Chicago, IL). Results: The 3 groups were similar regarding age (p=0,504) and baseline CCT (p=0.100). The mean CCT change was not significant at 1 week of treatment, but 4th and 12th week measurements showed considerable difference in all 3 groups. The mean change in CCT was 5,86 mm at 4th week and 8.39 mm at 12th week. Bimatoprost group at 12th week showed the highest percentage (52%) of CCT change when pachymetric difference of >10 mm was considered. Travoprost group exhibited a significant CCT thinning even at 1st week of treatment in patients with a baseline CCT of >545 microns. Conclusion: Latanoprost, bimatoprost ve travoprost similarly caused significant CCT thinning at 4th and 12th weeks of treatment. It may be important to obtain pachymetry measurements at each visit in the early period of primary open angle glaucoma treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To investigate the efficacy and safety of postoperative topical cyclosporine A 0.05% (tCsA) (Restasis, Allergan Pharmaceutical) eye drops in preventing the recurrence of pterygium after excision of primary pterygium. Material and Method: Forty patients with primary nasal pterygium were involved in the study between June 2008 and May 2009. The patients were divided into two groups: a treatment group of 20 patients and a control group. At the 7th postoperative day and after epithelialization of the wound was complete, topical 0.05% cyclosporine A (Restasis®, Allergan Pharmaceutical) was applied twice a day to the treatment group. Recurrence was defined when there was a fibrovascular growth >0.5 mm on the cornea. All statistical analyses were performed using NCSS 2007& PASS 2008 Statistical Software (Utah, USA). Results: The pterygium recurred in 2 (10.0%) of 20 eyes in the treatment group and in 8 (40.0%) of 20 eyes in the control group. The difference between the two rates was statistically significant (p=0.028). The control group had 2 (95% Cl: 1.16-3.42) times higher risk of pterygium recurrence compared with the treatment group. In the treatment group, recurrence of pterygium was observed in 2 eyes with a mean recurrence time of 7.50±0.7 months, and in the control group, recurrence was observed in 8 eyes with a mean recurrence time of 4.25±1.03 months. The estimated one-year recurrence-free rates for the patients treated with topical CsA and without CsA were 87.5±8.3% and 60.0±11.0%, respectively; the recurrence-free time was 11.5±0.33 months in the treatment group and 8.9±0.86 months in the control group. A statistically significant difference in recurrence-free probabilities was found for the treatment and control groups (log-rank test: 5.74; p=0.017; p<0.05). Discussion: This study suggests that primary excision of pterygium with postoperative use of 0.05% cyclosporine A is both safe and efficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pilomatrixoma is an uncommon benign skin neoplasm of the hair follicle. It can occure almost anywhere in the body. However it has a propensity to occur in the head and neck region especially the eyelid or eyebrow. It is more frequent in children and adolescents. In this study, we report a 65 years old case with pilomatrixoma in lower eyelid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Optic disc edema is the end result of many pathological processes, some relatively benign, some with visual and neurological consequences. Charts belonging to adults referred with the finding of unilateral disc edema during the last 5 years were reviewed in the neuroophthalmology department of a tertiary eye care center in Ankara, Turkey. Of 77 patients who were retrospectively evaluated; 38 had nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy (NAION), 13 had papillitis and 10 had disc edema secondary to orbital mass lesions. Unilateral optic disc edema was associated with visual loss in 66 (85,7 %) and with other complaints (proptosis, diplopia, transient visual obscurations) in 11(14,3 %) patients. Then the patients were divided into three groups according to their etiology such as ischemic (Group 1: 41 patients), compressive (Group 2: 18 patients) and inflammatory (Group 3: 18 patients). The groups were statistically compared in terms of demographic and clinical characteristics. All groups were similar in terms of gender, optic disc appearance and duration of symptoms. There were more aged persons with systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus and hypertension in Group 1 (ischemic) with significantly more painless visual loss, and more optic disc hemorrhages. Group 2 (compressive) had less severe central vision loss and color vision loss; and Group 3 (inflammatory) consisted of younger individuals with mostly painful visual loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To report our results with Rose K contact lenses in patients with keratoconus. Material and Method: Thirty one eyes of 17 patients with keratoconus were fitted with Rose K contact lens (CL) in the Cornea Department at the Ümraniye Training and Research Hospital between March 2011 and June 2011. The demographic characteristics, values of refraction, best spectacle-corrected visual acuity, corneal topography of patients, CL parameters and visual acuity with the CL were evaluated. Results: Thirty one eyes of 17 patients with keratoconus were fitted with Rose-K contact lenses. Seven patients were male and 10 patients were female, the mean age was 24.59±7.28 years. The mean spherical refractive power was -4.96±3.17 diopters (range: from -0.25 to -11.75) and mean cylinder was -3.47±1.44 diopters (range: from -1 to -6.5). The mean base curve of the lenses was 6.94 ± 0.49 mm and the mean power was -6.02±3.79 diopters. All patients were successfully fitted with the CL. Significant increase in visual acuity was obtained with Rose K lens compared to best-corrected spectacle visual acuity. Discussion: Significant increase in visual acuity can be obtained with Rose K contact lenses in patients with keratoconus. The quality and the quantity of vision are far better with CL than with spectacle correction [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To present a rare complication, such as bilateral cataracts, in a man who sustained a high-voltage electrical injury. A 35-year-old man was admitted with a complaint of decrease in visual acuity. He had a history of a contact with a power line carrying 30.000 volts of electricity while working at a construction site. Examination at a burn center revealed second-degree facial, neck and left foot burns. One month later, the patient underwent amputation of fourth and fifth toes of his left foot. During the next 6 months, he noted decreasing vision in both eyes. Ocular examination 1 year after the accident revealed that the patient’s visual acuity had deteriorated to 1/10 in both eyes. The cornea on the left eye showed superficial punctate opacities. The lenses in both eyes had anterior subcapsular cortical lens opacities and posterior subcapsular opacities. Uncomplicated bilateral phacoemulsification surgery with intraocular lens implantation was performed and the patient’s visual acuity returned to 10/10 in both eyes. We noted that the funds remained normal in both eyes. Electrical cataracts are still a serious potential complication that may occur after electrical injury. Awareness of this by burn team members is important for providing optimal treatment to those who have suffered an electrical injury. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To report the severe uveitic reaction that occurred due to inadvertent substitution of Tobrex for Tobradex in two post-cataract surgery cases. Tobramycine 0.03%- dexamethasone 0.01% (Tobradex, Alcon, USA) fixed combination was prescribed to two different patients who had uneventful phacoemulsification and intraocular lens implantation in our clinic. The patients were asked to come for control visit on the 5th postoperative day and severe anterior chamber reaction was observed in both cases. When interrogating the patients, it was found out that Tobrex eye drops were used, because they had been inadvertently substituted for Tobradex eye drops in the pharmacy. Total recovery was achieved with administration of dexamethasone 0.01% eye drops in both cases. When prescribing drugs that might have similar names, patients should be advised to check the drugs they receive. Additionally, to avoid undesired events, drug representatives and pharmacists should also be warned about this subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We observed the migration of triamcinolone particles toward the anterior segment after injection intravitreally at the end of cataract surgery in a 76-year-old man. The particles seen on the first postoperative day as pseudohypopyon and plaques on the posterior capsule and on the corneal endothelium cleared from the anterior segment within a week spontaneously without any complication. In this case presentation, we discuss the mechanism, possible complications, and treatment of this incident rarely observed after intravitreal triamcinolone injection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]