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Tissue engineering (TE) is a field of science that combines biological, engineering, and medical sciences and allows the development of disease models, drug development and gene therapy studies, and even cellular or tissue-based treatments developed by engineering methods. The eye is an organ that is easily accessible and amenable to engineering applications, paving the way for TE in ophthalmology. TE studies are being conducted on a wide range of topics, including the tear film, eyelids, cornea, optic nerve, glaucoma, and retinal diseases. With the rapid scientific advances in the field, it seems that TE is radically modifying the management of ocular disorders.

Copyright of Journal of Literature Pharmacy Sciences is the property of Turkiye Klinikleri and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Obesity is a complex, multifactorial and important health problem worldwide. Current strategies for the treatment of obesity are quite limited. Therefore, the development of new drugs is very important. The aim of the study was to investigate the cytotoxicity of the GLP-1 agonist exenatide on 3 dimensional (3D) 3T3-L1 adipocytes through the whole genome profile. In this study, the apoptotic and lipolytic effect levels of exenatide on 3D adipocytes were also investigated. The cytotoxic activity of exenatide on 3T3-L1 adipocytes was determined by MTT method. Mouse gene microarray was used to screen for mRNAs. Apoptosis studies were performed by ELISA method. Lipolysis analysis was performed with the Lipolysis Colorimetric Assay Kit. In 3D adipose tissue modeling, exenatide application increased apoptosis level (p<0.01). Experiments with 3D 3T3-L1 adipocytes showed a high lipolytic effect in exenatide administration (p=0.000). In transcriptome analyzes performed to show the expression profiles of mRNAs in 3D adipocyte cells, a total of 3472 mRNAs were differentially expressed in the exenatide treated group compared to control adipocyte cells (p<0.05). The results obtained from this study may show that exenatide is effective in the treatment of obesity by regulating expression of various genes, adipocyte apoptosis and lipolysis activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A pathological hallmark of Parkinson's disease (PD) is the fibrillar structures formed by alpha-synuclein aggregates accumulated in the brain. In this study, we focused on an alphasynuclein PreNAC fibril segment and it's A53C, A53E, A53G, A53T and A53V mutations. The structural stability and the interactions between sheets of all fibril systems studied in this paper were examined using the Molecular Dynamic (MD) simulation method and thus the possibilities of these fibril segments to be target structures for future drug development efforts was evaluated. According to the findings obtained from our MD simulations, it was determined that the wild type (WT) fibril segment and its A53E, A53T and A53V fibril structures with hereditary mutations preserved significantly their stable conformational structure along the simulations, whereas the A53G mutation had a disruptive effect on the fibril segment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As a result of the rapid spread of COVID-19 and turning into a pandemic the deterioration of the condition of many people and the increase of deaths, caused the need for urgent treatment. There is no drug and/or vaccine approved by the health authorities for treatment because it is the first time the disease is encountered. The existing drugs are medicines used for other known indications in the treatment to relieve the symptoms and slow the progression of the disease. This situation causes data insufficiency in the drugs and treatment approaches used and/or intended to be used, as well as insufficient data on the disease. In this review article, it is aimed to evaluate the biopharmaceutics and pharmacokinetics properties, treatment applications and clinical researches, generic drug development and patent status of the drugs used in COVID-19 treatment protocols in Turkey and worldwide, with current data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World is the property of bilig: Journal of Social Sciences of the Turkish World and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study was designed to determine antioxidant and antimicrobial properties and phenolic constitutes of Hypericum scabrum, Laser trilobum, Turanecio hypochionaeus and Lactuca racemosa which are collected in Gümüşhane (Turkey) and are used as a traditional complementary therapy for various disorders. RP-HPLC-DAD (reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography with a diode array detector) was applied for quantitative and qualitative analysis of phenolic compounds. Chlorogenic acid and caffeic acid were found in all samples as the dominant compound ranged from 14.08 to 0.90 and 12.76 to 0.35 mg phenolic/g extract, respectively. The antioxidant activity profile was, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) ranged from 378.04 to 54.10 μM FeSO4.7H2O/g extract, the concentration desired for scavenging of DPPH radicals by 50% ranged from 483.33 to 45.64 μg/mL, while total phenolic content (TPC) ranged from 82.76 to 36.30 mg GAE/g extract. According to antimicrobial results, plant extracts showed a weak effect against tested microorganisms. In conclusion, their potential use in treating various diseases in a dose-dependent manner might also be explored in clinical trials and obtained results might contribute to the development of new pharmaceutical drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Faculty of Pharmacy of Ankara University / Ankara Üniversitesi Eczacilik Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ankara University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Kastamonu University Journal of Economics & Administrative Sciences Faculty / Kastamonu Üniversitesi Iktisadi ve Idari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Kastamonu University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

While many diseases have threatened humanity nowadays, the newer diseases are added to the list. The ultimate objectives of medicine science are researching treatment against to disease or stopping progress of disease. New drug development is cost and has long process, and requires a long time as a medical need for effective drug development against to the disease. Developing serious protocols need establishing a research group and having a significant budget. Phase II studies are the first controlled clinical studies of the drug, and they involve no more than several hundred patients. The primary objectives of phase II studies are not only to initially evaluate the effectiveness of a drug based on clinical endpoints for a particular indication or indications in patients with the disease or condition under study but also to determine the dosing ranges and doses for phase III studies and the common short-term side effects and risks associated with the drug. The most popular one of the multi-stage phase II clinical trials, designed considering ethical and economic reasons, has two stages. Simon's optimal design, minimax design, Kepner/Chang's design and SWOG design are investigated as two-stage phase II clinical trials. H0:p⩽ p0 null hypothesis is tested against H1:p⩾ p1: alternative hypothesis in phase II clinical trials. Phase II clinical trials of Simon's optimal design, minimax design and Kepner/Chang designs are not too dissimilar according to a and β error rate. However, SWOG design is more different than others for both errror rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, pharmacies which is in Turkey in 2012, the Ministry of Health licensed herbal medicines is examined and the active compound in the formulation of a standardized extract of herbal drug or drug preparation are discussed in the preparations. The plant-derived pure compounds (atropine, morphine, ephedrine, etc.) obtained by chemical processes are not herbal medicines. Therefore excluded from this study. In this context, the content of herbal medicines plants used parts, the active compounds, uses of effects are investigated. Examined these plants are Aesculus hippocastanum L., Amygdalus communis L., Allium sativum L., Camellia sinensis (L.) Kuntze (Thea sinensis L.), Capsicum annuum L., Cassia acutifolia Del. (C. angustifolia Vahl.), Centella asiatica L., Cimicifuga racemosa L., Cola nitida (Vent.) Schott & Endl., Eucalyptus globulus Labill., Foeniculum vulgare Miller, Ginkgo biloba L., Hamamelis virginiana L., Harpagophytum procumbens DC, Hedera helix L., Lavandula angustifolia Miller, Mentha piperita L., Passiflora incarnata L., Pelargonium sidoides DC., Pinus brutia Tenn., Populus sp., Rheum officinale Baill., Ricinus communis L., Serenoa repens (W. Bart.) Small, Silybum marianum L., Thymus vulgaris L., Triticum aestivum L., Valeriana officinalis L, Vitex agnus-castus L., Vitis vinifera L., Zingiber officinale (Roscoe). As a result, 44 herbal medicines licensed from The Ministry of Health were determined in the pharmacies of Turkey in 2012 [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During drug development drug safety is assessed in detail, but these preclinical researches do not provide the whole data of safety. Therefore, drugs should be monitored in the market and care must be given to their adverse effects. Many countries founded their own national pharmacovigilance systems. In developing countries, because of the delays in the foundation of pharmacovigilance systems and inability to access existing data for conducting pharmacoepidemologic studies, the data belonging to developed countries are used. When cultural, genetic factors and many other local factors were taken in consideration, this may not be relevant. In Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (TRNC) all drug retractions till now were done according to outsourcing data because of the lack of national data. TRNC Ministry of Health and Near East University Faculty of Pharmacy have signed the founding protocol of National Pharmacovigilance Center in 2008. As pharmacovigilance system works successfully and achieves its goals, this will contribute patient safety, moreover reduce health expenditures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To investigate attitudes concerning clinical trials amongst potential Turkish research participants. Patients and Methods: This is a survey of 504 Turkish patients who applied to 4 research and education hospitals in Istanbul, Turkey in March and April 2008. Attitudes and knowledge of the patients concerning clinical trials were measured. Results: Of the 504 patients, 62.3% were male and the mean ± SD age was 36.8±14.0 years. Most of the respondents (88.3%) believed that the new drugs should not be used directly on human beings without being tested on human subjects and 52.2% thought that clinical trials were being performed in Turkey. 97.8% of the patients believed that new drugs should be developed, 71.4% specified that the new drugs should be tested on human subjects durring the research period, 84.5% mentioned that apart from clinical trials they could not use a drug that had never been tested on human beings. Only 28.6% of the respondents believed that clinical trials could be performed on healthy human subjects. The educational status was an affecting factor for the patients' attitudes toward clinical trials. Only 7 (1.4%) patients in the survey participated in a clinical trial previously, but 33.7% of the survey group indicates that they may agree with participating in a clinical trial. Conclusion: This survey presents first and valuable information about Turkish patients' attitudes for clinical trials. The results of this survey provide an understanding of Turkish patients' motivations, and supply information concerning recruitment and retention strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Post-traumatic syringomyelia (PTS) is a serious complication of spinal cord injuries, and its frequency is increased by the increasing survival rates with the developing medicine and the extended use of screening techniques. Neurogenic bladder is a case seen in % 9-25 of patients with PTS, which constitutes a little percentage, and it usually occurs with motor and sensorial symptoms, and rarely as the first clinical finding. In this paper, we represent a rarely found case in the literature, with a PTS, with the neurogenic bladder as the first clinical finding. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease which is characterized by decreases in cognitive functions and abilities of daily life activities, behavioral changes and psychiatric symptoms. The prevalence of AD, causing significant decrease in patient's life quality and eventually to their death, is increasing gradually. In this review risk factors, diagnosis, clinical symptoms, physiopathology and treatment of AD, which becomes an important health problem for both Turkey and whole world, are summarized and recent investigations for nevv drug development related with this disease are reviewed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bevacizumab was used to inhibit neovascularisation as an systemic agent succesfully especialy in cancer treatment. Its use as an off-label drug in treatment of some ophthalmological diseases was increased in recent years. Off-label drug treatment can be described as use of a therapeutic agent for indications other than approved indications. Bevacizumab is approved for only chemotherapy of colon cancer and its ophthalmological use is an off-label treatment. Bevacizumab is not the single anti vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agent against neovascularisation, but its use is more prevalent. Most important reason for its common usage is its less expensive than the other agents. However decisive scientific data regarding to safety and effectivity of Bevacizumab's off-label usage are lacking, and only short-term results of Bevacizumab trials are available. These points causes some ethical problems. In these treatments two basic principles of medical ethics, beneficence and justice, are in conflict. In conclusion, off-label treatments is very complex procesess and they have multilateral participants. Only initiatives of doctors are not sufficient to reach a solution, in stead a satisfactory solution can only be reached via an extensive discussion by all participitating sides including: doctors, patients, drug manufacturers, social security agencies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Adverse effects of drugs are frequently encountered in clinical practice. Drug allergies occur due to the development of drug specific antibody's or sensitized T cells. Symptoms are nonspesific and may involve one or more organ systems. Diagnosis is based on the clinical findings.. Shin tests are only available for limited number of drugs. These are performed as prick, intradermal or patch tests. Laboratory evaluation is expensive, time consuming and only meaningful after serial measurements. Application of provocation tests under appropriate conditions give valuable information for diagnosis of drug allergies. Prevention of drug reactions is very important. Drugs must be used for absolute indication. Alternative therapy medications should be chosen for patients with known drugs allergy history. Premedication may be useful for sonic drugs. If there is not an available alternative for the drug that the allergic patient needs, desensitization may be practised. If a reaction developes in spite of all the precautions, local and systemic reactions must be treated properly. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]