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Introduction: The aim of this study is to examine the trends in the mortality rates of the population between the ages of 0-24 in various income groups around the world in 1990 and 2021 by age groups and gender in comparison with Türkiye. It also aims to determine whether there is a significant difference in stillbirth rates between Türkiye and income groups in the last 22 years. Materials and Methods: Data on child deaths and stillbirths between 1990 and 2021 were extracted from the United Nations child mortality database and analyzed by age groups <1 year, 1-4 years, 5-14 years, 15-24 years, gender and country income groups. Prism statistical analysis package program was used for comparative graphics and analysis. Results: Mortality rates in all age groups in the population aged 0-24 years are on a downward trend from 1990 to 2021. While the mortality rate at age <5 years decreased by 62% in the high-income countries group, it decreased even more in Türkiye, reaching 88%. Similarly, stillbirth rates in Türkiye decreased significantly, approaching the level of high-income countries. In 2020-2021, for the first time in Türkiye, the mortality rate in the 15-24 age group was lower than in the high-income countries group. In general, the male population has a higher mortality rate than the opposite sex across income and age groups. Conclusion: Although mortality rates between 0-24 years of age have shown a certain downward trend in each income group, the rate of mortality varies according to the income level of countries. In recent years, there has been a significant decrease in the 0-24 mortality rates in Türkiye. However, in order to further reduce these rates, countries need to improve their own access to health services and gender equitable preventive measures such as nutrition and immunization. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to examine the relationship between the phenomenon of commercial openness and child and youth health. The study sample consists of BRICS-T (Brazil, Russia, India, China, South Africa and Turkey) countries. The study was analyzed in the light of asymmetric components in the period between 1990-2021. ARDL (Auto Regressive Distributed Lag) bounds test approach was used for co-integration analysis between variables. The causality relationship of the variables was analyzed with the Breitung Candelon frequency domain method, and finally, OLS and FMOLS methods were used in parameter estimation. According to the parameter results, the increase in trade openness in BRICS-T countries has a reducing effect on child and youth mortality and contributes to the improvement of public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Health Academics / Sağlık Akademisyenleri Dergisi is the property of Journal of Health Academics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Despite the rapid development shown in recent years, Turkey still lags behind many countries in terms of under-five mortality rate. As a matter of fact, it is known that there are still great inequalities in child mortality among provinces across the country. It is critical to determine the factors affecting the death rate in order to prevent the related problem. The studies to be carried out in this direction will pave the way for the development of strategies and policies that can be effective in reducing the mortality rate. In this direction, the aim of the study is to analyze the spatial interaction between provinces and the determinants of the under-five mortality rate in Turkey in 2019 by using spatial probit models. After determining the spatial dependence structure in the classical probit model, probit models with spatial delay (Spatial Autoregressive Model, SAR) and spatial error dependence (Spatial Error Model, SEM) have been estimated using the Approximate Likelihood Estimation method. As a result of the estimations, it has been concluded that per capita income, central government health expenditures and primary and secondary education graduation rates have a decreasing effect on under-five mortality rate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Asia Minor Studies is the property of Asia Minor Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakültesi Dergisi DTCF Dergisi is the property of Ankara Universitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakultesi (DTCF Dergisi) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The aim of this study is to compare OECD member countries according to UNICEF child welfare health indicators. 38 member countries were included in the study. Indicators in the UNICEF Child Welfare Document of the countries examined were used as comparison variables. The variables of the countries were analyzed with the MOORA-Ratio Method using the last year data available. Although it is accepted that all variables are important in child welfare, breastfeeding rates were effective in determining the ranking in this study. Czechia, Chile, Slovakia and Hungary are in the first place in terms of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months. Among these countries, the lowest rate of exclusive breastfeeding in the first six months is 43.6%, while the rate of breastfeeding in the first six months of Lithuania is 39.8%. In this study, in which OECD countries were compared within the framework of UNICEF Child Welfare health indicators, a different ranking was obtained from the general health status surveys conducted on OECD countries, contrary to expectations. In the mentioned studies, while the countries with high-income rank in the first place, in this study, Czechia, Slovakia, and Hungary took the first place. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Community & Physician / Toplum ve Hekim is the property of Turk Tabipleri Birligi / Turkish Medical Association and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Representing the modern physicians of the 19th century, Besim Ömer, although known as an obstetrician, was a specialist pediatrician, midwife trainer who taught the public about medical and sanitary conditions, a teacher who gave lessons to nurses and vaccinators. Besim Ömer, who first went to Europe during the reign of Abdülhamid II (1876-1909), then represented the Ottoman Empire many times here, tried to bring most of the experience he had gained to his country. He immortalized the experiences he lived, the advice of the physicians he worked with and took lessons, with his works written in a plain language so that the Ottoman people could benefit. In the study, the works of Physician Besim Ömer about maternal and child health in the late 19th century and the first medical yearbook, Nevsâl-i Âfiyet in four volumes, were used. In these works, Besim Omer gave the stages of nutrition and growth of a healthy individual in the aspects he learned and experienced in Europe. In this respect, many subjects are similar to those of today. For example, the emphasis and effort placed on feeding a newborn with milk and breast milk if possible in the first 6 months leads in this regard. Efforts to encourage breastfeeding, giving rewards if necessary, and the importance given to regular and healthy nutrition until the age of 2 and beyond were undoubtedly necessary for a healthier Ottoman generation, as it is today. Drawing attention to the child deaths in Europe caused by malnutrition on this issue, Ömer stated that women should be given training on the subject so that the said cases would not increase in the Ottoman Empire. Because just like in Europe, population growth and policy are important issues in the Ottoman Empire. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi is the property of Turk Psikiyatri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Society & Social Work is the property of Journal of Society and Social Work and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In the drillings and salvage excavations carried out in Dorumburnu necropolis, Serik district of Antalya province, human skeletal remains were recovered from nine roof tile graves which dated to Late Antiquity. In this study, these skeletons were examined anthropologically and the findings were evaluated in the light of the literature. Although the population consists of a total of nine individuals, the age group of seven of them can be determined. One child (4 years old, ± 12 months) was present in the population and the infant/child mortality rate is 14% (n: 1/7). The other six individuals are adults. One of the adults in the population is male and two are females, but the sex of three adults could not be determined. As a pathological finding on the skeletons, local new bone formation was observed in the diaphysis of both tibia bones (right and left) of a male adult, most likely caused by trauma (without breaking the bone). Although this study was carried out on a group of skeletons consisting of a small number of individuals, it is important in terms of revealing the first anthropological information for the Sillyon Territorium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, population dynamics of Hellenistic-Early Byzantine Kayalıpınar people located in the Yıldızeli district of Sivas were examined. The aim of the study is to uncover the demographic characteristics of the Kayalıpınar individuals and to determine the similarities and/or differences with the ancient Anatolian societies from the same period. The skeletal remains of a total of 211 individuals uncovered from different graves constitute the materials of the study. The number of females in the population is more than males. Infant and child mortality (18.48%) is quite low compared to many other populations. Among adults, the number of individuals in the middle adult age group is higher in both sex. Deaths are concentrated between 20-25 years for females and 35-40 years for males. Life expectancy calculated for individuals within the first five years of life is 28.24 years. The obtained results provided noteworthy data in terms of shedding light to the population structure and profile of this ancient human population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Müslümantepe is a small village settlement between the 12th and 16th centuries. Skeletal remains belonging to 459 individuals were obtained during the Ilısu Dam rescue excavations carried out between 2002 and 2012 in Müslümantepe. 31.15% of these individuals were women, 21.57% were men and 7.41% were adults whose gender cannot be determined. Women were more intensely in the community (female/ male ratio is 1.4). Infant and child deaths account for about 40% of the entire community. Infants are represented in the community with 19.61% and children (2.5-17.9 years) with 22.66%. Young adults are represented with 14.16%, adults with 36.6% and the elderly with 6.97%. The average age of adult skeletons is 33.46 years. While infant and child mortality rates are similar to those of other contemporary communities, the average life expectancy is quite low among the Medieval societies of Anatolia. In terms of height averages, women are above average, while men are in line with the Anatolian Middle Age average. In the community, where mother and infant deaths are considered to be high, 19.67% of the babies were lost during birth or shortly after birth. At the same time, 39.87% of the individuals in the community died before reaching the age of 18. It is thought, in respect to height, that the general health and nutritional status of the community is not worse than many medieval communities. However, short-term famines, probably caused by occasional wars, are likely to have affected children and pregnant women, especially one of the community’s most vulnerable elements. The fact that women are represented more than men in the community, may indicate that men were leaving the village to take part in wars. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To analyze the trends and determinants of changes in respiratory rate and multivariate decomposition over time among under-five pneumonia patients. Material and Methods: Poisson (Log-based) decomposition analysis technique was used for analysis of factors contributing to the recent changes. STATA 14 was employed for data management and analyses. All calculations presented in this paper were weighted for the sampling technique and non-response. Results: The medical cards of 453 pediatric pneumonia patients out of 1572 pediatric pneumonia patients have been reviewed and all of these 453 patients were hospitalized at least for six days. Among respiratory rate of pneumonia patients decreased from 59 on average from Day 1 to 51 on average in Day 3 and 41 on average in Day 6. The decomposition analysis indicated that 13% of the overall change in respiratory rate was due to difference in patients' characteristics. Changes in the composition of young pneumonia patients' characteristics according to body temperature, treatment type, weather, vomiting history and cough were the major sources of this decrease. The remaining 87% of the decrease in respiratory rate was due to difference in coefficients. Most importantly, the decrease was due to change in respiratory rate change among the fully immunized (55%) and exclusively breast-fed (39%). Conclusion: Respiratory rate change among pediatric pneumonia patients has showed a remarkable decrease over the three consecutive measures. Programmatic interventions targeting body temperature, body weight, vomiting history, immunization status, breastfeeding type and family disease history would help to maintain the decreasing trend in respiratory rate change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colloid cysts are rare benign tumors of the third ventricle and have a wide range of clinical representations from incidentomas to acute death. The growth of these cysts is an uncommon event and may cause obstructive hydrocephalus that lead to sudden deterioration in the patient's condition and may cause lifethreatening complications. The large colloid cyst of third ventricle caused sudden death of children due to clogging, diagnosed in vivo is a very rare case in literature. We are representing here a case which patient admitted to emergency room for sudden loss of consciousness. Even he had urgent ventriculostomy due to acute hydrocephalus development, brain death has occured bec ause of 3rd ventricle colloid cyst. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Gastroenteritis which is caused by viruses are common all over the world. It is a very important health problem and a leading cause of mortality for children in developed and developing countries. Among the viral pathogens, rotavirus (25-65%) and enteric adenovirus (5-15%) are the most common. In this study, stool specimens of patients sent to Ege University Medical Faculty Medical Microbiology Department Virology Laboratory between January 2010 and March 2014 for prediagnosis of gastroenteritis were examined. It is aimed to determine the frequency of adenovirus in stool specimens by shell-vial cell culture technique and to investigate its distribution according to age and season. Methods: A retrospective study of 264 patients with acute gastroenteritis were included in the study. The shell-vial cell culture method and HEp-2 cell line (German Collection of Microorganisms and Cell Cultures, DSMZ, Germany) were used for adenovirus isolation. All of the operations were done in second level biosecurity cabinets. A cell culture tube was prepared for each patient. In the detection of adenovirus, monoclonal antibody (Light Diagnostic, Millipore, USA) labeled with effect specific fluorescein isothiocyanate was used at the end of the two-day incubation period. The fluorescence microscope (Olympus BX50, Japan) was evaluated at 20X magnification and 40X magnification. Specimens that gave at least two or more of the cells a typical apple green fluorescence were considered positive. Results: Of the 264 patients included in the study with acute gastroenteritis pre-diagnosis, 190 (70%) were children (72%) and 74 (%28) were adults. 13 (4,9%) of the 264 stool samples sent to the virology laboratory had adenovirüs positivity with the shell-vial cell culture technique. All positive samples were under 18 years of age. Of the cases, 111 were female (42%) and 153 were male (58%). There was no significant difference between genders in terms of adenovirus positive rate (p> 0.05). In terms of seasonal frequency, adenovirüs was found to be the lowest in summer (0.4%) and the highest in winter (by shell vial cell culture in stool. Conclusion: Although we think that enteric adenoviral agent should be investigated routinely in the gastroenteritis cases in our region, the data obtained from our work done with cell culture, which is the gold standart method, contribute to the epidemiological data. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The material of this study composes juvenile skeletons dating to Middle Age from Köşk Höyük in the Bahçeli town of Niğde/Bor district. The study was carried out in order to determine the mortality and morbidity of Köşk Höyük children. Ages were determined by dental calcification, long bone growth, and epiphysis fusion. Diseases have been tried to be diagnosed by macroscopic analysis taking into account the definitions made in the literature. In this work, 118 individuals under the age of 15, including fetuses, were studied. When the 0-15 year olds were considered, the highest death occurred in the first year with 23.8%. When fetuses were included, it was estimated that 21% of those who died in the first year died the first week after birth. This is followed 36-39 weeks of prenatal by 18%. It has been observed that the most important risk factor of children is infectious diseases. It has been thought that its reasons may have been mother and the child nutritional problems. As a result, it can be said that Köşk Höyük children are affected by nutrition problems of mother and child, infectious diseases and cultural practices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish Journal of Public Health is the property of Turkish Journal of Public Health and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Measles infection is an important cause of childhood mortality. Measles infection and complications have increased in our country because of the war and immigration in neighboring countries. This case has been reported to emphasize transverse myelitis, which is a rare neurological complication of measles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child mortality rates in the world and in Turkey have improved rapidly in recent years but are still high. For every child who dies, approximately ten people are deeply affected. This requires that; doctors experiencing frequently the death of a child need to know that the childrens' ability in their perception of death concept according to developmental levels and maturational stages is different from adults and have to exhibit the appropriate approach for the child and family who have to copy with the loss of a close one. The grief is not an emotion that a person can get over it but a process that will reshape and accommodate. The grief reactions and understanding of death concept are different in every child. There are significant differences in the appearance, duration and intensity in grief reactions of children. How the child lives the death depends on how he perceives it. In the first two years infants cannot comprehend the persistency of death in all aspects but equate death with seperation. In preschool years death is perceived as a temporary condition. In school ages death is explained as a concrete concept and abstract thinking begins in adolescents. Grief reactions are observed in physical and behavioral areas rather than verbal expressions. For physicians, the patient's death is like a defeated, reflecting the inadequacy of medicine and may impair the sense of competence that has developed up to that time. The physicians must always accompany with the child and the family to facilitate the acceptance of the reality of death, strenghten their social and emotional ties and support them for adaptation to daily life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Acute gastroenteritis which is a significant mortality and morbidity cause for children remains a global public health problem. In this study, the infectious agents of the childhood gastroenteritis are investigated in Elazığ region, Turkey. Material and Method: Acute gastroenteritis agents were investigated in the stool samples which were obtained from a total of 407 children aged 0-14years, who were admitted to Pediatrics Clinics of Firat University Hospital between 01 January and 31 December 2008. Campylobacter, Shigella and Salmonella strains were investigated with culture methods, antigens of Rotavirus and Adenovirus were with immunochromatographic tests while parasitic agents were investigated with wet-mount-lugol method. Results: Of the stool samples, viral, parasitic and bacterial agents were found to be 36.4%, 11.3% and 7.6%, respectively. However, no ethiologic agent was identified in 44.7% of the total samples. The most frequently observed pathogenic agent was rotavirus (31.9%). The rank oder of the other etiologic agents of gastroenteritis was as follows: Giardia intestinalis (G. intestinalis) (10.1%), Campylobacter spp. (4.7%), enteric adenoviruses (4.4%), Shigella spp. (2%), Entamoeba histolytica (E. histolytica) (1.2%) and Salmonella spp. (1%). Conclusion: Rotaviruses should be kept in mind for the childhood gastroenteritis in our region, and diagnostic and therapeutic approaches may be planned according to other pathogens and their frequency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Shock is the leading cause of morbidity and. mortality in the pediatric population. It is defines as the state where the metaboic demands of tissue are not met due to circulatory dysfunction. Shock is a clinically diagnosed condition that results from varied etiologies. Delay in recognizing and quickly treating a shock results in progression from compensated reversible shock to widespread multiple system organ failure to death. Unlike adults, hypotension develops in older children. A strong index of suspicion by the treating clinician and early fluid resuscitation followed by ongoing assessment and timely transfer to a higher level of care can make the difference between life and death for the child who presents in shock. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Beşeri sermaye seviyesini etkileyen temel deḡişkenlerden biri saḡlıktaki iyileşmelerdir. Bebek ve çocuk ölüm oranlarındaki azalma ve doḡumda yaşam beklentisindeki artış saḡlıktaki iyileşmenin temel göstergeleridir. Bu deḡişkenlerdeki iyileşmenin temel kaynaḡı eḡitimdeki iyileşmelerdir. Literatüre katkı yapan çalışmalar çeşitli göstergelerden yararlanmak suretiyle eḡitim ile saḡlık arasında uzun dönemde bir ilişki olduḡunu ortaya koymuşlardır. Bu makalede eḡitim göstergesi olarak cinsiyet eşitsizliḡi kullanılmıştır. Çünkü eḡitimde cinsiyet eşitsizliḡi bebek ve beş yaş altı çocuk ölüm oranlarını güçlü oranda etkilemektedir. Bu çalışmada eḡitimde cinsiyet eşitsizliḡi ve saḡlık göstergeleri arasındaki ilişki Türkiye için incelenmiştir. 1968-2006 dönemine ait yıllık veriler Johansen eş-bütünleşme yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Ampirik analiz sonuçlarına göre eḡitimde cinsiyet eşitsizliḡinin saḡlıḡa etkisi uzun dönemde pozitiftir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Infant and child mortality rates are among the most signifîcant indicators of the development and prosperity of a society. During the 1990s, the infant mortality rate in our country was 53 per thousand, while today this rate İs 9.2 per thousand. A variety of special programs are being carried out to reduce infant and children mortality rates and foster healthier babies and children. in this article, these programs are described together with the progress that has been achieved in reducing infant and child mortality as a result of the programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aplasia cutis congenita (ACC) is a rarely seen disease in which the dermis, subdermal tissue, and extremely rarely, the bone and dura are absent. ACC predominantly occurs sporadically, but recessive and autosomal dominant patterns of inheritance are described as well. Morbidity and mortality vary according to local and systemic complications. The mortality rate has been reported as 21%. A significant number of cases are lost due to infections, electrolyte imbalance and massive hemorrhage. The type of management has been a subject of controversy in the literature. While some authors prefer conservative treatment, others recommend surgical treatment. Here, we present a female newborn with a large full thickness skin and skull defect on the scalp who was born to consanguineous parents by spontaneous vaginal delivery at 36 weeks' gestation, with a birth weight of 2160 g. This rare entity and the diverse options for its management are discussed in light of the current literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Electronic Turkish Studies is the property of Electronic Turkish Studies and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study analyzes the change in the timing and extent of under-five deaths considering the early neonatal, late neonatal, post neonatal, infancy, and childhood periods. The data source of the study is composed of birth history modules of demographic surveys that were conducted in 1978, 1983, 1988, 1993, 2003, and 2008. The results of the study revealed that during the period 1978-2008, in addition to a decline in the mortality rates, the timing of deaths has changed significantly as well. During this period, under-five mortality rate declined from 168 per thousand to 23 per thousand, and the infant mortality rate declined from 134 per thousand to 17 per thousand. The most fundamental change in this period was a shift of deaths from the post-neonatal period to the neonatal period, especially to the early neonatal period. As a result of the decline in the mortality rates, the number of deaths decreased significantly. During this period, 256,000 under-five deaths decreased to 31,000 deaths annually. At present, it is seen that 22,000 of 31,000 underfive deaths take place during the infancy period, of which 17,000 occur during the neonatal period and 15,000 during the early neonatal period. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In patients with tetralogy of Fallot, infants less than 12 months old and children between one and four years old were compared after total repair surgery for determination of outcome of surgery, risk factors influencing mortality and morbidity. Methods: Fifty- two patients with tetralogy of Fallot between five months and four years of ages were included into the study. The patients were divided into two groups depending on their ages; Group 1; one year old and younger (n=21) whereas, group 2; one and four years old (n=31). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney U, Chi-square or where appropriate Fisher's exact tests and logistic regression analysis was applied for determination of predictors of mortality. Results: The parameters that were different between two groups include; age (Group 1; 10.00±1.67 months and Group 2; 2.39±0.77 years, p<0.001), weight (Group 1; 9.74±2.23 kg, Group 2; 11.97±1.78 kg, p<0.001), McGoon ratio (Group 1; 1.94±0.29, Group 2; 2.19±0.27, p=0.001). Mortality is found in 3 patients in group 1 (14.2%) whereas, in five patients in group 2 (16%) and the difference was not statistically significant. In group 2 in only one patient (0.03%) had complete atrioventricular block and required permanent pacemaker implantation. When patients were compared according to groups with and without mortality, the significant differences were found in following variables: peritoneal dialysis (p=0.001), pleural effusion (p=0.02), right ventricular pressure (p=0.001) and right ventricle/aorta pressures ratio (p=0.001). However, none of these risk factors had significant value in prediction of mortality. Conclusion: Depending on these results, in patients under one year of age with symptomatic tetralogy of Fallot, if there are no other pathologies that have potential to increase risk of mortality, the complete repair surgery can be performed with same amount of risks and similar morbidity and mortality ratios. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AIM: The purpose of this study is to form a valid and -easy to apply-household-based index of socioeconomic status (SES), to be used in the inequalities in health studies and in causality researches. METHOD: 0-59 month aged children, reproductive aged (15-49) women and household data bases of Manisa Population and Health Surveys (MPHS) 1999 and 2005 were used in this methodological type study. By utilizing SES variables such as woman education and the social class of the household we developed three different index models which has equal weights of woman education and social class. During the last phase of the study known groups method (criterion validity) was used in order to test the expected relationships between the developed indexes and dependent variables by using trend chi-square and Mann Whitney U test). RESULTS: In equal, education weighted and social class weighted indexs In both 1999 MNSA and 2005 MNSA, higher socioeconomic level have reduced birth at home and child mortality and these results are statistically significant (all p values = 0.000) .In equal, education weighted and social class weighted indexs In both 1999 MNSA higher socioeconomic level perceived health "good or very good" increased the percentage of those who are qualified and these results are statistically significant (p=0.002; p=0.000; p=0.008). CONCLUSION: By using epidemiological terminology we can say that the new developed indexes gave dose-respose relationships with test variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children are still and exposed to trauma at high rates. Traumatic injuries are the second leading cause of emergency department visits after infections. Almost half of child mortality are caused by the traumatic injuries. The aim of this study was to present childhood traumas, focusing on the aspects important with respect to pediatric practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Child mortality is one of the most important indicators of development. Therefore, reducing the mortality rate among children under five by two-thirds between 1990 and 2015 is among the United Nations Millennium Development Goals. For a long time, high infant mortality rates, which were out of line with the socioeconomic development level, were labeled as a "Turkish puzzle". Although the results of the Turkey Demographic and Health Survey 2003 revealed that infant mortality reduced to 29 per thousand and under-five mortality reduced to 37 per thousand, these numbers conceal the vulnerable situation of some sub-social groups. Children of poorest households experienced 4.7 times higher risk of dying before completing their first birthday and 3.5 times higher risk of dying before completing their fifth birthday than children from the richest households. Descriptive analyses have shown that parents of children living in poor households are less educated as opposed to those in richer households. Unhygienic living conditions, low health insurance coverage and limited access to antenatal and delivery care services appeared to be the most important factors creating an elevated risk of mortality among children of poor households. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To assess the profile, outcome and factors affecting prognosis of children admitted to Pediatric Intensive Care Unit (PICU). Material and Methods: A retrospective study was undertaken of 282 children admitted to PICU. Demographics, clinical and laboratory findings, pediatric risk of mortality score, complications, nosocomial infections and causes of mortality of all patients were documented. Results: The mean age and average length of PICU were 2 years (range 1 month.19 years) and 2 days (2,5 hours-145 days), respectively. Infections, especially pneumonia, were major cause of admission of PICU. There was chronic disease in 47 % of patients. Mean PRISM III score on admission was 11,9 ± 8,2. At the follow-up period, nosocomial infections were seen in 74 patients and ventilator associated pneumonia was detected 25 % of mechanical ventilated patients. Mortality was seen 18 % of patients. The major causes of mortality were lung diseases. The length of PICU days, duration of ventilation, acute renal failure, PRISM III score, hematological and cardiac abnormalities, and infections in nonsurvivor patients were statistical significantly higher than survivor patients. Conclusion: This study showed that PRISM III score and systemic problems on follow-up could affect PICU mortality and that nosocomial infections were quite high and that pulmonary diseases were major cause of mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim: The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical problems and short-term outcomes of preterm infants. Material and Method: The data of preterm infants with gestational ages =36 weeks and birth weight between 500-1500 g who were admitted to the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit (NICU) between January 2002 and December 2006 were analysed retrospectively. Results: During this time period 224 preterm infants were admitted to the NICU. The gender, mean gestational age and mean birth weight of the infants were 43.8% males, 56.2% females; 29.8±3.0 weeks (range 23-36 weeks) and 1122±294 g (530-1500 g) retrospectively. The rate of multiple pregnancies was 17% and the administration of antenatal steroid was 12.1%. Perinatal asphyxia stages I, II and III were found 12.1%, 5.8% and 5.8% respectively. The respiratory distress syndrome was diagnosed in 72% of the infants and mild, moderate and severe forms of respiratory distress syndrome were found in 27.7%, 16.5% and 28.1% respectively. The patients were treated with supplemental oxygen support (26.8%), continuous positive airway pressure (17.4%) and conventinal mechanical ventilation (44.6%). Surfactant was given to 21% of the infants. Intraventricular hemorrhage grade I, II, III were recorded in: 6.7%, 10.3% and 7.1% respectively, and intraparenchymal hemorrhage developed in 3.1% of the infants. The rates of retinopathy of prematurity for stages I, II, III, IV were 11.8%, 12.5%, 3.4%, 0.7%; and the rates of necrotizing enterocolitis were stages I, II, III were 6.7%, 3.1%, 1.3% respectively. Culture positive sepsis was diagnosed in 12.5% of the study group and in 44.2% of the infants clinical sepsis was noted according to the clinical and laboratory data. The total mortality rate was found to be 35.7% and 73.1% of these babies were under 1000 g at birth. Conclusions: Very low birth weight babies, especially those with a birth weight under 1000 g have mortality rate which is still very high, To be aware of early and late outcomes of preterm infants is necessary to achieve further improvements in the outcome of these babies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Limping is defined as an abnormal pattern of ambulation in which the swing and the stance phases of gait are markedly asymmetric according to the age and gender of the child. Limping should be considered as a serious complaint, which accounts for an important portion of the applications to the pediatric emergency services. In such a condition, the important thing is to differentiate the life-threatening causes. Acute trauma and many musculoskeletal diseases caused by neurologic rheumatologic and infectious conditions can give rise to limping. Limping can also be the first symptom of hematologic and oncologic malignancies such as leukemia, Ewing sarcoma and osteosarcoma, which may result in serious mortality and morbidity if there is a delay in diagnosis. In this article, a child with limping who was diagnosed as acute lymphoblastic leukemia is reported. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Acute gastroenteritis is one of the leading causes of death in childhood. Effective treatment of the disease has not yet been developed. Surveillance of causative enteric viruses has special importance in terms of the epidemiology of the disease and its impact on individual patient management. In this study, we aimed to determine the incidence of rotavirus group A and enteric adenovirus serotype 40 and 41 in pediatric patients with acute gastroenteritis symptoms. Methods: 1358 stool specimens of acute gastroenteritis cases, collected in the pediatric outpatient clinics from September 2008 to July 2009, were included in the study. The SD rota/adeno (Standard Diagnostics, Inc. Korea) immunochromatographic test was used for the detection of rotavirus group A and enteric adenovirus serotype 40 and 41 antigens. Results: The viral antigens were detected in 348 of the total 1358 (25%) stool specimens. The established incidence rates were 23.7% for rotavirus, 1.5% for adenovirus and 0.4% for both rotavirus and adenovirus respectively. Although the highest rotavirus antigen detection rate was determined in the <2 age group with 51%, it was detected with high rates in every age group. In addition, rotavirus infections were mostly observed during winter (46%) and spring (39%) months. Conclusions: The detection of both viruses may be useful for epidemiological purposes. Moreover, since viral infections may have serious complications, detection of enteric viruses is also important for individual patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]