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A pot trial was carried out for the agricultural use of olive oil production waste pomace, which can have negative effects on the environment due to the phenolic compounds it contains and the high chemical oxygen demand it creates in the receiving environment. For this purpose, a mixture containing 50% pomace, 45% animal manure and 5% dolomite was divided into two parts, half of which was left in its natural state (compost) and the other half was inoculated with 150 Eisenia fetida (vermicompost), and both materials were incubated under laboratory conditions for 69 days. The vermicompost and compost were mixed with soil at doses of 0, 1000, 2000 and 4000 kg da-1 and placed in pots and then lettuce plants were grown on them. The results of the experiment showed that earthworms were more effective in reducing the amount of phenolic matter in the mixture, but this effect was not statistically significant. However, the passage of phenolic compounds in the substrate to lettuce plants was 45% higher in compost, while vermicompost reduced this passage. Phosphorus concentration in the plant was higher in the compost treatment, while Zn and Mn concentrations were higher in the vermicompost treatment. When the nutrients remaining in the soil after harvest were analysed, it was determined that the nutrient levels were considerably higher than the control, especially at 4000 kg da-1 dose. It can be said that 1000 and 2000 kg da-1 doses of vermicompost can be used in lettuce cultivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sludge disintegration methods are particularly used as pretreatment techniques prior to the anaerobic digestion of waste sludge, and they can improve various sludge characteristics. In this study, hydrodynamic cavitation, acidic disintegration, and alkaline disintegration methods were applied to waste activated sludge obtained from a wastewater treatment plant of a canned food production facility. The changes in soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD), capillary suction time (CST), and centrifugal settleability index (CSI) were examined, and the effects of the applied methods on sludge solubility and dewaterability were compared. All disintegration methods applied in the study positively influenced the solubility of waste activated sludge and significantly increased the SCOD concentration in the sludge. Among the applied methods, hydrodynamic cavitation and alkaline disintegration (at pH 11) were found to be the most effective in increasing sludge solubility. On the other hand, these methods, which significantly increased sludge solubility, were also found to increase CST and CSI values, indicating a negative impact on the dewatering performance of the sludge. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a laboratory scale microfiltration system was operated at flow rate of 100, 150, 200 L/h, pressure of 1 bar, and four different microfiltration times (MFT) of 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The microfiltration system was fed with olive mill wastewater consisting of a Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) concentration of 120 g/L. The results of microfiltration experiments were analyzed using the Modified Stover-Kincannon model, the Second-Order Kinetic model, the First-Order Kinetic model, and the applied models were found to be suitable for the experimental data. The constants, Umax and KB, of the Stover-Kincannon model produced values were 39.370-46.948 g/L.min and 80.114-96.883 g/L.min, respectively. The constants, b and a, of the Second-Order Kinetic model produced values of 2.0349-2.0807 and 2.5546-3.0527 1/min, respectively. Meanwhile, the average second-order COD removal rate, ks(2), was 39.3095-46.9741 1/min. In the First Order Kinetics model, the first-order COD removal rate constant, k1 was in the range of 0.8868-0.5286 1/min. These models give high correlation coefficients (R² = 100-97%) and these indicate that these applied models can be used in microfiltration system design and therefore predict the behavior of the membrane. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, it was investigated the applicability of Sn/Sb/Ni-Ti anodes for electrochemical oxidation of ampicillin in aqueous solutions. Potassium chloride, which is one of the salt types were used as electrolyte, affected the removal efficiencies more positively than sodium chloride. Complete removals of ampicillin and chemical oxygen demand were occurred after 5 ve 60 min, respectively with potassium chloride addition; while it was necessary after 5 ve 90 min, respectively with sodium chloride addition. The current density value was found to be 50 mA cm-2, which provides the highest removal efficiencies over 90 minute reaction. In addition, it was seen that it is possible to operate the electrochemical oxidation process more economically, when it was studied at the natural pH value of the aqueous antibiotic solution. According to the results of this study, electrochemical oxidation process with Sn/Sb/Ni-Ti anodes for the degradation of ampicillin is considered quite promising for future applications in terms of less reaction time, full mineralization and no need for an extra pH adjustment step. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gumushane Universty Electronic Journal of the Faculty of Communication / Gümüshane Üniversitesi Iletisim Fakültesi Elektronik Dergisi is the property of Gumushane Universitesi Iletisim Fakultesi Elektronik Dergisi (e-GIFDER) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Biogas is a flammable gas mixture that can be produced by anaerobic digestion of organic wastes. It contains 50-65% methane gas, 35-50% carbon dioxide (CO2) gas and 100-1000 ppm hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas in biogas. One of the biggest disadvantages in biogas production technologies is the cost of purification technologies that convert biogas to biomethane. In this study, a portable, intermittent anaerobic bioreactor and a 20 liter gasometer were designed. The purpose of using gasometer is to ensure the adsorption of H2S and CO2 gases in the raw biogas coming out of the bioreactor, using only the production power of the biogas without requiring any external intervention. In this context, only the produced biogas amount and biogas content of the batch bioreactor with an effective volume of 5 liters were tested twice. Within the scope of this production, a sample was taken every five days from the start of gas production in the batch reactor and the removal of chemical oxygen demand was compared with the initial situation. Each production trial lasted 36 days. Then, the second stage of the study was started and the biogas outlet was directly connected to the gasometer tank. At this stage, biogas and organic waste samples were taken from the gasometer and batch reactor every five days and tested. While the H2S and CO2 contents of the biogas formed as a result of the experiments without gasometer were 558 ± 55 ppm and 55.4 ± 2.9%, respectively, these values were found to be 45 ppm and 24.5%, respectively, as a result of the production with gasometer. As a result, it has been determined that an industrial-scale gasometer system adsorbs approximately 88% of H2S and 55% of CO2 in biogas without requiring an extra biogas purification unit. For further studies, changing the gasometer volume and increasing the holding times of the water in the gasometer are recommended as CO2 and H2S concentrations can be further reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Olive oil production is one of the most important agricultural activities and is economically important for many Mediterranean countries. Olive oil mill wastewater (OMW) is an important liquid waste resulting from the numerous processes that occur during the olive oil production stages. OMW disposal is a serious environmental problem in the Mediterranean region, especially with its high organic matter, suspended solids, phenolic compound content and acidic pH value. In this study, chemical pretreatment of OMW by chitosan coagulation was investigated. The effect of chitosan coagulation on Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) and Total Solid (TS) removal efficiencies were determined by Box-Behnken statistical experiment design. This method has been used to investigate the effects of three independent variables (chitosan concentration, slow mixing and precipitation time) on the response functions (COD and TS removal efficiencies) and to determine optimum conditions that maximize COD and TS removal efficiencies. Within the scope of the study, the Design expert program was used, and the correlation coefficient (R²) between the observed and estimated COD and TS removal efficiencies was found to be 0.979 and 0.9585, respectively. As a result of the experimental studies, the conditions in which the highest COD removal efficiency (53%) were obtained were 600 mg/L chitosan concentration, 45 minutes slow mixing time and 60 minutes precipitation time. The highest removal efficiency (73%) for TS removal was obtained at a chitosan concentration of 600 mg/L, a slow mixing time of 45 minutes and a precipitation time of 120 minutes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of SDU Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design / Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi is the property of Journal of Engineering Sciences & Design and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, color and chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal of Acid blue 264 azo dye by Fenton and ultrasound-Fenton methods was investigated. For this purpose, the effects of parameters such as initial pH, H2O2 concentration, Fe2+ concentration and reaction time were studied comparatively. The highest color and COD removal for Fenton process found at the optimum condition of pH = 3.5, [Fe2+] = 180 mg / L, [H2O2] = 125 mg/L and reaction time 75 minutes were 88.5% and 76%, respectively. In the Ultrases-Fenton process, at 20 kHz ultrasound frequency, when pH = 3,5, [Fe2+] = 180 mg/L, [H2O2] = 100 mg/L and reaction time was 45 minutes, the highest color and COD removal was achieved as 96.6% and 88.5%, respectively. The results showed that the color and COD removal increased with reduced chemical consumption in the ultrasound-Fenton process. In addition, the reaction time is shortened compared to the Fenton process. According to the data obtained, the ultrasound Fenton process can be used as an alternative method for the removal of Acid Blue 264 azo dye more economically than Fenton method with its shorter reaction time and less chemical consumption. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, biogas production was carried out from apple pulp (EP), orange pulp (PP) and chicken manure (TG) mixtures under anaerobic working conditions. Operating temperature (outside temperature) was selected as 40°C for all experiments. The dry matter content was taken as 10 % by mass for all experiments. In the first stage of anaerobic digestion experiments, optimum mixture ratios were determined. The reactor where the highest biogas production was 215 ml / g UK for EP:PP:TG values prepared in different ratios was determined as the optimum reactor. In this reactor the mixture ratio of EP:PP:TG by mass was determined as 1:1:3. Thermal pretreatments were applied to this optimum reactor at temperatures of 100 and 120°C and 30, 60 and 90 min for each temperature. The highest biogas production as a result of 100°C thermal pretreatment was 338 ml / g VS and 368 ml / g VS at 120°C thermal pretreatment. Biogas production was controlled by measuring the removal of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD). The highest SCOD removal in the untreated reactor was 58%, while the highest SCOD removal in the 100°C and 120°C thermal pretreated reactors was 85.1% and 92.9%, respectively [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the chemical treatment of dairy industry wastewater characterized by high pollutant load is aimed. In the treatment, iron III chloride (FeCl3.6H2O) and aluminum sulphate (Al2(SO4)3.18H2O) were used as coagulants. Chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) removal were analyzed by applying the central composite design (CCD) optimization method of response surface methodology (RSM) for both coagulants. Emprical equations giving the COD and SS removal efficiency were derived by RSM. The most important parameters affecting the treatment process and the conditions maximizing the COD and SS removal were determined by the equations. As a result, the conditions that maximize the COD and SS removal efficiency of iron III chloride were obtained as pH: 7.41, dose: 158.579 mg L-1 and COD and SS removal efficiency of iron III chloride at these conditions were 80.84% and 98.10%, respectively. Also, the conditions maximizing the COD and SS removal efficiency of aluminum sulphate (alum) were obtained as pH: 7.29, dose: 197.475 mg L-1 and COD and SS removal efficiency of alum at these conditions were obtained as 73.33% and 96.21%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The agriculture and livestock sectors increased their production capacities by the increasing population. Thus, the environmental risks arising from the farms and agricultural areas that are generating more waste are also increased. Especially, animal wastes cannot be taken under control and unconsciously thrown into rivers, estuaries, open areas or irrigation canals, resulting in the destruction of the biological structure of the region soil and the endangered environmental health of insect, mosquito and odor problems. Surface and groundwater exposure to nitrogen and phosphorus pollution affects the health of all living things in the region. In addition, various gases resulting from waste accumulation rapidly pollute the regional air and cause the propagation of harmful microorganisms. From the environmental problems created by the wastewater, the treatment of the livestock wastewater sequential anaerobic upflow sludge bed reactor / aerobic continuous stirred tank reactor has been investigated. An aerobic CSTR reactor was used to break down the residual organic pollution following the anaerobic UASB reactor. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal and the amount of methane gas were measured at different organic loading rates (3.53-10.59 kg COD/m3day) in the system. In study, the highest COD removal efficiency in anaerobic UASB reactor was reached as 90.3% at an organic loading rate of 7.06 kgCOD/m3day. The highest measured methane gas rate in the biogas formed in the anaerobic treatment section was 65%. The results show that the treatability of the livestock wastewater is a good alternative anaerobic upflow sludge bed reactor/ aerobic continuous mixing tank reactor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Ürünleri Dergisi is the property of Ege Journal of Fisheries & Aquatic Sciences (EgeJFAS) / Su Urunleri Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, the utilization of natural clay obtained from the Narman district of Erzurum province was investigated in the removal of methylene blue (MB) from synthetically prepared aqueous solutions by batch adsorption process. As experimental parameters; the influences of initial pH of solution (from 3.0 to 8.0), stirring speed (from 100 to 400 rpm), initial dyestuff concentration (from 25 mg.L-1 to 500 mg.L-1), adsorbent dosage (from 0.025 g.100mL-1 to 0.100 g.100mL-1) and NaCl concentration (from 0 to 0.001 mM) were selected. It was established that adsorption amount increased with increasing pH, dye concentration and stirring speed, but decreased with increased ionic strength and adsorbent dosage. As a result of working, the highest adsorption capacity of natural clay was observed as 338.15 mg.g -1at 25 °C, at a stirring speed of 300 rpm, at a solution of natural pH and at a initial MB concentration of 500 mg.L-1. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of DSI Technical Bulletin / DSİ Teknik Bülteni is the property of DSI Technical Bulletin / DSI Teknik Bulteni and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Pollution parameters of Gökpınar and Çürüksu Creeks and Büyük Menderes River within the borders of Denizli city were monitored on a monthly basis for a year starting from September 2005. Samples taken from seven different selected stations were analyzed for temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen level, conductivity, salinity, total dissolved solid content, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5). The pollution discharge loads were calculated by using flow rates obtained from DSI Government Water Association. Based on the mean results of temperature and pH values, the water samples from all stations near Gökpınar and Çürüksu creeks and Büyük Menderes River are classified as the 1st class water according to the "Water Pollution Regulation Values". Results of the dissolved oxygen and total dissolved solid contents indicated that the water samples of the stations were of the 3rd and 2nd class, respectively. Organic material concentrations for COD and BOD5 resulted in the 4th class of water quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekoloji Dergisi is the property of Ekoloji Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Science & Technology of Dumlupinar University / Dumlupinar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Dumlupinar University, Institute of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Science & Technology of Dumlupinar University / Dumlupinar Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Dumlupinar University, Institute of Science & Technology and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this study, a statistical model which can be used to describe rate of reduction of chemical oxygen demand (COD) in anaerobic digestion of hen manure was developed. Temperature, pH, and total solid percent were chosen as a 2³ -factorial experimental design and the effects of these factors on the rate of reduction of COD were examined in batch reactors according to the Box-Wilson experimental design method. Experimental results were evaluated statistically by using "Design Expert 7.0.3 Trial" package program. All reactors were inoculated with equal volume of anaerobic digester sludge. With the use of the developed model maximum rate of reduction of COD was obtained as 368,17 mg COD/L.g solid.day when temperature, pH and total solid percent were 35 °C, 6.9, 7.01 (g/100 g) respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ekoloji Dergisi is the property of Ekoloji Dergisi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)