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Epilepsy is one of the chronic diseases that has been based on before three thousand years of the Assyrian-Babylonian, Chinese and Indian sources, is still important and has been had a different significance for women. Though that pregnancy itself is a complicated process, one of the important periods of women’s life, the process can be more emphasized for women with epilepsy. Epilepsy, the adverse effects of the seizures and anti-epileptic drugs on the mother and fetus has been investigated by lots of researchers. This periods contains; the doctor supervision before planning pregnancy, usage of folic acid, a seizure-free period, the selection of likely to less teratogenic anti-epileptic drugs. Epilepsy and pregnancy period has been explained in this review. © 2016 Düzce Medical Journal.

İNSAN-ÇEVRE DİYALEKTİĞİNİN DUYUSAL-ZİHİNSEL-DUYGUSAL SÜREÇLERİ: ÇEVRESEL ALGI-BİLİŞİM-ANLAM ÖZET Konusu insan-çevre diyalektiğinin algısal-bilişsel-anlamsal süreçleri ve bu süreçlerin oluşumundaki bireysel farklılıklar olan bu çalışma kapsamında, izlenen ana yöntem, kuramsal kurgu ile alan çalışması arasında sürekli birbiri ile etkileşen, birbirini yönlendirici ve pekiştirici ikili bir etkileşim sağlayarak, literatür araştırması üzerine temellenen düşünceleri alan çalışması doğrultusunda şekillendirmek ve buna koşut olarak, yine kuramsal kurguda ortaya konan varsayımları ise alan çalışması ile sınamak olup, bu sayede, çalışmaya tanı koyucu ve bütüncül bir yapı kazandırmaktır. Bu ikili etkileşim sonucunda elde edilen tüm veri ve bulgular doğrultusunda ortaya konan sonuçlar, kullanılabilir özellikler taşıyan önerileri de beraberinde getirecektir. Bu amaçlar doğrultusunda, çalışmanın 1. Bölümünde çalışmanın konu alanı ve kapsamı tanımlanmıştır. 2. bölümde, insan-çevre etkileşimi bir özne-nesne diyalektiği içinde sorgulanarak, mimari ve toplum bilimleri arasında kurulan etkileşimin mimarinin bir iletişim dili olarak işlerliğinin sağlanmasında ve kimlikli, öznesi ile uyumlu, okunabilen mekanların örgütlenmesinde ne denli etken olduğu tartışılacaktır. 3. bölüm, mekan kavramı üzerine oluşturulmuş teoriler üzerine temellenmiş olup, amacı fiziksel mekanın, mekanda geçen zaman ve deneyimle öznenin kendi bakış açısına göre yeniden şekillendiği savım öne süren fenomenolojik yaklaşımda etkin olan öznenin algısal-bilişsel-anlamsal süreçlerini irdeleyen dördüncü bölüme geçiş yapmaktır. 4. bölümde, algı-bilişim-anlam birbiri ile etkileşen bir süreklilik şeması halinde kuramsal olarak irdelenmiş, literatür araştırması ile elde edilmiş çeşitli tanımlamalar, süreçler ve yaklaşımlar alan çalışmasına veri olmak üzere çeşitli boyutları ile ele alınmıştır. 5. bölümde, bu süreçleri etkileyen hareket-zaman-insan kaynaklı faktörler ve özellikle bireyi diğerlerinden farklı yapan fizyolojik, sosyo-kültürel, psikolojik özellikleri ve buna koşut olarak süreçleri metotlaştırmadaki farklılıkları irdelenmiştir. Alan çalışmasında sorgulanan öznenin algılamasında bireysel farklılaşmaların özellikle eğitimin etken olduğu varsayımı bu kuramsal çerçeve üzerine temellendirilmiştir.6. bölümde, insan-çevre araştırmalarının özellik ve yöntemleri, araştırmalarda kullanılan strateji, tasarım ve yaklaşım türleri irdelenerek, alan çalışmasına veri olmak üzere, bu araştırmalar içinden, alan çalışmasında daha etkin olan bilişsel harita ve semantik farklılaşma yöntemlerinin kullanıldığı örnek araştırmalar amaç, yöntem ve değerlendirme teknikleri ölçüt alınarak analiz edilmiştir. 7. bölümü, kuramsal kurguya yön vermenin yam sıra, bu kurgu içinde ortaya konan varsayımları sınamak üzere şekillendirilen alan çalışması oluşturmaktadır. Bu çerçevede, Kuzguncuk örneklem bölgesinde, algısal-bilişsel-anlamsal süreçleri etkileyen bireysel faktörlerin ve özellikle eğitimin etkinlik derecesini sorgulamak üzere, yöre halkı ve profesyonel eğitim almış mimarlardan oluşmak üzere iki tür örneklem grup belirlenmiş, alan çalışması, çevresel bilişim ve çevresel anlam kapsamında iki aşamalı olarak gerçekleştirilmiştir. Çeşitli yardımcı tekniklerin yanı sıra, özellikle çevresel bilişim kapsamında, Bilişsel Harita tekniğinin (CM.) ve çevresel anlam kapsamında, Semantik Ayrım ölçeğinin (S.D.) kullanıldığı bu çalışmada, öncelikle, aşamalarda elde edilen bulgular ayrı ayrı analiz edilmiş, ardından, iki aşama için genel bir değerlendirme yapılarak, kuramsal kurguda öne sürülen varsayımlar ile aşamalarda elde edilen bulguların örtüşür olduğu kanısına varılmıştır. Son bölümde ise, çalışmanın sonuçlan ve bu sonuçlar doğrultusunda geliştirilmiş olan öneriler ortaya konmuştur. XI SENSUAL - MENTAL - EMOTIONAL PROCESSES OF MAN - ENVIRONMENT DIALECTICS: ENVIRONMENTAL PERCEPTION - COGNITION - MEANING ABSTRACT The objective of this study comprises the matters of perceptual-cognitive-semantic processes of human-environment dialectics and the individual differentiation in the development of such processes and within this scope, the preliminary method implemented was to obtain dual dialectics (directing each other while integrating each other at the same time without any interruption) between theoretical part and the case study, forming the ideas which are frequently based on literature research in compliance with the case study which interacts with test of hypothesis that is also set forth in theoretical part with the case study. In line with all data and findings that are resulted from dual interaction will consequently produce significant suggestions with useful properties. In consideration to such objectives and in line with these purposes, in the first part of this study the scope of the subject matter and its range has been complemented and duly defined. In the second part, human-environment relation has been interrogated in object- subject dialectics in order to provide activation ability of interaction between architecture and social sciences as a matter of language of architecture and also render such communication to be considerably significant for the organization of legible spaces which are predicted to be concordant with its subject matter as well. The third part is established on such theories which are usually related to the space concept. The objective of this part refers to serving as a transition of the subject matter to the fourth part which is involved in analyzing the perceptual-cognitive- semantic processes of the subject in question. All of these processes have impact and become rather effective in phenomenological approach leads to a claim, according to which the physical space is reformed once again with the elapse of time and experience in space with the impact of subject' point of view. In the fourth part, the perceptual-cognitive-semantic processes are analyzed in a theoretical way which interacts within a continuous chart and while various definitions, processes and approaches are rendered from this literary research in various dimensions to serve as the data required in the case study. XUIn the fifth part, the action-time-human factors which effect such processes, particularly physical, socio-culturaL psychological characteristics of the individual and then the differentials in assessing the methodologies to the processes have been duly examined. In consideration to the assumption in respect of the perception of the subject matter has been studied in the case study, the individual differentiation and the assumption of the impact of education in particular has been based on this theoretical frame work of this study. In the sixth part, the characteristics and processes of the researches in regards of human environment, and their related strategy, design and type of approaches have been examined. In order to cause them to serve as the required data in the case study, amongst some of these researches are analyzed including some other selected samples of research through usage of cognitive mapping (CM.) and semantic differential techniques (S.D.) (which are effective in the case study) are analyzed so as to provide and produce the purpose of process and the evaluation techniques accordingly. In the seventh part refers to the case study which aims not only giving direction to the theoretical framework but also testing the assumptions that are suggested in such framework. Under this context, Kuzguncuk has been the sample area where the degree of individual differences (especially the impact of the degree of education) having the impact over the perceptual-cognitive-semantic processes have been interrogated and two types of sample configurations are formed in this neighborhood: However the first group is formed amongst the local people (lay people) the second one is formed amongst the architects (vocational people). The case study is materialized in two steps: The environmental cognition and environmental meaning. Along with some other techniques; the main techniques are cognitive mapping technique in regards of environmental cognition and the semantic differential scale within the scope of environmental meaning. First of all, findings have been obtained from the evaluation of these processes and duly analyzed separately. Thereafter, these processes have been assessed and appraised on the evaluation basis of a general process in the case study so as to compare each other and consequently some other findings are obtained to be consistent with each other. In the last part, the conclusions and due results of the thesis together with various other suggestions have been developed on the basis of such results that have been set forth already. xui 284

There are lots of reports about zinc causes cell death due to neuronal hyperactivity. In this study, effect of nicardipine (a calcium antagonist) on cell death caused by zinc was investigated. Zinc sulphate (500 ?g/kg) was injected intracortically into 2 mm lateral of bregma. The same of volume of saline (2 ?l) was given to the rats of control group. In the third group, zinc + nicardipine were injected into same place of the brain. Animal groups were observed for a week. The zinc + nicardipine group received daily nicardipine (10 mg/kg) for seven days. After a week, the rats were perfused intracardially with neutral formaline. The hippocampal sections were stained with hematoxylen-eosine. Pyramidal cells were counted under light microscope (with 400x magnification). The density of pyramidal cell was found in the control, zinc and zinc + nicardipine as 126.48 ± 1.8 neuron/mm, 38.3 ± 0.52 neuron/mm, 88.4 ± 1.4 neuron/mm respectively. The differences between the groups were found to be statistically significant (p < 0.001). The results show that nicardipine considerably decreases cell death caused by zinc in the hippocampus of rat. Nicardipine an exert this effect by preventing the influx of calcium.

Corticospinal tract projects directly from cerebral cortex to spinal cord and it is found only in the brains of mammals. This system is responsible for voluntary and fine movements in the body. Corticospinal tract originates from pyramidal neurones which cell body is located in layer V of the cerebral sensorymotor cortices. Soma diameters of the pyramidal neurones increase gradually from primitive mammals to human. In the majority of the mammalian species the pyramidal tracts decussate in the lower medulla oblongata, prior to their descend into the spinal cord. The total number of fibers (myelinated + unmyelinated) in each medullary pyramid are 192,000 in rabbit, 243,000 in rat, 450,000 in cat, 400,000 in monkey, and 1,000,000 in man. The diameters of these fibers have a range from 0.05 ?m-20 ?m. Corticospinal fibers terminate on the sensory neurones of dorsal horn, neurones of intermediate zone, and motor neurones of ventral horn, of the spinal grey matter. There is close relationship between line movements of extremities and direct monosynaptic corticomotoneuronal connections.

Hematoloji kliniğindetakip edilen nötropenik kanser hastalarından izole edilen çeşitli bakteriyelajanların imipeneme duyarlılıkları araştırıldı. İzole edilen toplam 56bakteriyel etkenin duyarlılık işlemleri agar-disk diffüzyon metoduylagerçekleştirildi. Etkenlerin 16’sı E. Coli, 10’u Pseudomonas spp, 12’siEnterobacter spp, 5’i Proteus spp, 5’i Klebsiella, 8’i Stafilokok olarak tespitedildi. Bu etkenlerin imipeneme duyarlılıkları sırasıyla 16 E. Coli suşunun13’ünde (%81,2), 10 Pseudomonas suşunun 8’inde (%80), 12 Enterobacter suşunun10’unda (%83,3), 5 Proteus suşunun 4’ünde (%80), 5 Klebsiella suşunun 3’ünde(%60), 8 Stafilokok suşunun 6’sında (%75) olarak bulundu.Sonuç olarak imipenemin,nötropenik kanser hastalarındaki bakteriyel ajanlara karşı önemli orandaduyarlılığı olan bir antibakteriyel olduğu gözlendi., Susceptibilitiesof various bacterial agents to imipenem isolated from neutropenic cancer patientsfollowed in the department of Hematology were investigated. Susceptibilityprocedures of totally 56 isolated bacterial agents were carried out byagar-disc diffusion method. Of the agents ,16 were found as E. Coli, 10 asPseudomonos spp, 12 as Enterobacter spp, 5 as Proteus spp, 5 as Klebsiella, and8 as Staphyloccocus. The susceptibility of these agents to Imıpenem wasidentified in 13 of 16 E. Coli strain (81.2%), 8 of 10 Pseudomonas strain (80%),10 of 12 Enterobacter strain (83.3%), 4 of 5 Proteus strain (80%), 3 of 5Klebsiella strain (60%) and 6 of 8 Staphyloccocus strain (75%).Consequently, itwas observed that Imipenem is an antibacterial agent that has significantefficacy against bacterial agents in neutropenic cancer patients.

The neurotoxic and convulsant effects of zinc have been shown in several reports. In this study the density of pyramidal neurons was investigated in hippocampus after intracortical injections of zinc sulfate. Rats were divided into three groups. Zinc sulfate (500 ?g/kg) was injected into the left hippocampus (near the Bregma) in first group. Zinc sulfate (500 ?g/kg) and verapamil (1 mg/kg) were injected to the same region into the left hippocampus in the second group and an identical volume of saline (2 ?l, %0.9) was given to the same region in third group as control group. After one-week observation, animals were perfused intracardially with neutral formalin (%10) under deep anaesthesia. The serial hippocampal sections were stained with the hematoxylen-eosine. The pyramidal neurons in the dorsal hippocampus were counted under light microscope (with 400 x magnification). The density of pyramidal cell was found in control, zinc and zinc + verapamil 112.48 ± 4.58/mm, 35.12 ± 1.35/mm, 93.90 ± 2.06/mm as respectively. The present results provide direct evidence that zinc might be a relatively potent neurotoxic in the central nervous system. Therefore it can be concluded that verapamil as a calcium antagonist decreased the central neural loss which is caused by zinc sulfate, by preventing calcium into the cell.

It becomes so important to understand the ionic mechanisms and intrinsic electrical properties of neurones. In this study, suboesophageal ganglia of Helix aspersa was just submerged in the organ bath with ringer solution and intracellular recordings were made from the right parietal ganglia neurones by using current clamp technique in vitro. Action potentials (APs) were recorded from four cells having same electrophysiological properties and placed in the medial part of right parietal ganglia. The duration and amplitude were 5.1 ± 1.8 ms and 80-100 mV respectively. All action potentials overshooted and had a small hyperpolarization after AP (undershoot). Resting membrane potential of these cells was -52.8 ± 7.5 mV. The current-voltage (I-V) relationship was linear and the cell fired regularly with a frequency of 1.5 Hz. The APs of second type of neurones, placed in the lateral part of right parietal ganglia had different biophysical properties with two frequencies. In the first term, the frequency was 3.5 Hz and the resting membrane potential was -38 mV. The AP amplitude was 40 mV. In the second term, the frequency was less than 0.5 Hz. The cell was hyperpolarized up to -65 mV and the amplitude of AP was increased up to 80-100 mV. The AP firing was regular in the first term and it became irregular in the second term. This may account for the evidence that the cell receive either excitatory or inhibitory signals spontaneously. The I-V relationship could not be determined due to the unsteady state in these cells.