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Gender dysphoria (GD) is defined as an apparent incongruence between assigned sex and experienced gender. Scholars across the world are attempting to achieve guidelines for a universal approach for children and adolescents experiencing GD. Recent studies have highlighted the importance of the biopsychosocial model as a holistic template for gender dysphoria. Youth with gender dysphoria often evince emotional and behavioral problems resulting from the stress of being marginalized and being forced to inhabit a body that does not match the experienced gender. The assessment processes for young people with GD are complex: numerous crucial factors regarding gender identity and possible psychopathologies must be contemplated by a child and adolescent psychiatrist. Treatment guidelines establish different protocols of beginning treatment for different age groups; however, consensus has not yet been achieved in approaches applied to GD in discrete clinics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Although the majority of non-suicidal self-injurious behaviors begin at adolescence, there are limited researches that studied adolescents with this behavior in our country. The aim of this study was to evaluate the psychiatric symptoms, identity formation and self-esteem characteristics of adolescents with non-suicidal self-injurious behavior. Methods: Forty-eight adolescents aged between 12 and 17 with non-suicidal self-injurious behavior who admitted to the adolescent psychiatry outpatient clinic and 49 adolescents with the same age who admitted to the same clinic with psychiatric symptoms other than non-suicidal self-injurious behaviour were included. Brief Symptom Inventory, Sense of Identity Assessment Form and Rosenberg Self-esteem Inventory were used to evaluate the psychiatric symptoms, the identity formation and the self-esteem of adolescents, respectively. Results: The adolescents with non-suicidal self-injurious behaviour experienced more psychiatric symptoms and identity confusion compared to the control group. The lower self-esteem observed in adolescents with nonsui-cidal self-injurious behavior was found to be related to associate psychiatric disorders rather than the nonsuicidal self-injurious behavior itself. Conclusion: Adolescents with non-suicidal self-injurious behavior constitute a high-risk group with regard to psychiatric symptoms and complications. Researches investigating the developmenttal risk factors of non-suicidal self-injurious behavior in adolescents will contribute to the promotion of preventive mental health policies and effective intervention programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective: The aim of this study is to determine the sociodemographic features of the children and adolescents diagnosed as Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and comorbid diag-noses. Method: A total of 153 cases who applied to Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic of an Antalya State Hospital between May 2006 and January 2007 and diagnosed as ADHD according to DSM-IV diagnostic criteria by a child and adolescent psychiatrist after interviewing with child-ren, adolescents and families were involved in the study. Findings: Male/female ratio was 3.1/1 and mean age was 9.00±1.98 years. At least one comorbid disorder was determined in 89.5% of the cases. For comorbidity, there was no significantly diffe-rence between combined type and inattentive type of ADHD. Distribution of comorbidities were; oppositional defiant disorder 60.7%, enuresis nocturna 23.5%, anxiety disorders 22.8%, stuttering 22.8%, tic disorders 9.8%, conduct disorder 7.1%, encopresis 3.2%. Anxiety disorder was more common among girls (37.8%), opposional defiant disorder was more common among boys (66.1%). Anxiety disorders and oppositional defiant disorder were significantly higher in adoles-cent group. The most common subtype was inattentive ADHD among girls while the most common subtype was combined type ADHD among boys. While inattentive ADHD subtype was common between ages 12-15, combined type was common between ages 6-11. For inattentive type of ADHD, anxiety disorders were significantly higher. Discussion and Conclusion: In our study, comorbidity rates had high level and comorbidity dist-rubution had differences between each sex. Comorbidity must be assessed carefully because it helps to determine the etiological factors, affects prognosis negatively and directs choosing the treatment. Comparing comorbidities seen with subtypes of ADHD can enlight us whether subtypes of ADHD and comorbid disorders are different diagnoses or the disorders which share the same etiology. ADHD was determined to differentiate according to age, sex and subtypes. It is sugges-ted that differences between gender related ADHD subtypes are important to show gender spe-cific risks, Differences according to age and sex, different features of subtypes must be considered in order to be able to diagnose appropriately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the sociodemographic features of children and adolescents with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) whose age are between 11-18 and to determine whether significant differences are between perceived parenting style and adolescent with ADHD and marital adjustment of their parents. Method: One hundred and three children and adolescents and their mothers were included in this study. Children and adolescents with DEHB were also applied "Parenting Style Scale" to evaluateçoperceived parenting style of them and their mothers were also applied "Marital Adjustment Test (MAT) to evaluate marital adjustment of parents .Besides, mothers were given an individual information form which was prepared by researcher to get information about the sociodemographic features of children and their parents. Findings: Marital adjustments of their parents of score means in point of perceived parenting style of children with ADHD were found significant differences (F (3,102) = 2,709, p<.05). According to this finding, marital adjustment score of parents who were perceived as indifferent or authoritarian parents by their children were found out lower than parents who were perceived permissive parents by their children. Discussion and Conclusion: As a result, parenting style and marital adjustment become risk factors for ADHD in children and adolescents. Other findings explained and discussed by literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article reviews literature on attachment theory, process of attachment, adolescent attachment, attachment related psychopathological disorder, adult attachment. Articles, published in 1985-2004 and searched via "PubMed" and "ScienceDirect" medical search engines, are primarily included in the review. The attachment systems are at the heart of this crucial first relationship between child and parent. Attachment theory is central in infant psychology but is also more and more used to understand adolescent's vulnerability. Adolescence is a period of dramatic change in attachment relationships because of adolescence as a developmental period of change and reorganization might lead to changes in attachment representations by reevaluating one's life experiences in the course of general identity development. These changes enable attached children to become attachment figures for their spouses and to live safely in a world characterized by both safety and danger. Attachment bond affected negative or positive parental functioning in family. Disordered parental attachment can commit children, adolescence to lives characterized by relationship difficulties, behavior problems, educational failure, and poor self-esteem. Early childhood patterns are unknowingly recreated in our adult relationships and adult attachment style is developmentally antecedent to cognitions, emotions and behaviors. So attachment in childhood was likely to be transferred to romantic and peer-relations. Hence attachment theory is drawing up a new concept to psychiatric approach and clinical practice. Indeed, this concept permits to take into account in a combined manner individual development, processes of attachment, and behavior adjustments, from birth throughout adulthood. So this approach gives permission to treatment of disorders related to attachment disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Generally the studies on deliquent adolescents are conducted in one institution. So, these findings are insufficient to represent the whole deliquent adolescent population over the country. The objective of this study is to determine the prevalence and characteristics of substance use in deliquent adolescents. Method: The sample of the study consist of 270 adolescents, under the age of 18, staying in istanbul, Ankara, Elazığ, izmir reformatory and detention centers. The sample is randomly selected. The applied research questionnare developed by Yeniden Health and Education Society. Results: The mean age of the participants were 17.43±0.97. %29.7 of the adolecents stated that while they were commiting a crime, they were under the influence of substances. 29.7% of the deliquent adolescents reported that they were under the influence of substance in theft previous crimes. In addition, 32.8% reported that they were under the influence of substances during their last crime which was ended with being arrested and sentenced. In deliquent adolescents, the mean age of committing a crime was 14.2±2.4. Among deliquent adolescents try substances at least once, the mean age of first crime was 13.8±2.0. It was found that generally, substances like tobacco, alcohol and canabis are being used before the crime. Discussion: In conclusion, the prevalence of substance use found to be high in deliquent adolescents. While people are working with deliquent adolescent, they should keep substance use in mind and we believe that they should intervene end treat substance users In the institution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]