Search

Üniversite yerleşkeleri yalnızca çeşitli sosyal ve eğitsel binalardan oluşmakla kalmaz, dış mekânları ve donatıları, rekreasyon ve peyzaj alanları ile bütünleşik bir kurgu oluştururlar. Dış mekânlar, yerleşke kullanıcılarının toplumsal etkileşim, dinlenme ve rahatlama, rekreasyon, fikir alışverişinde bulunma ve güçlü bir mülkiyet ve aidiyet hissi oluşturma potansiyeli taşırlar. İnsanların birbirleriyle iletişim kurmalarını ve sosyalleşmelerini sağlayarak sosyal yaşam için ortak bir kimlik oluşturmak dış mekânların en önemli işlevidir. Ne var ki dış mekânlar ne kadar akılcı tasarlansa da, uygulamada beklenenin dışında bir kullanımla karşılaşılabilmektedir. Beklentiler ile uygulanan arasındaki farkın belirlenebilmesi için dış mekânlar ile bina grupları arasındaki ilişki, yeterlilik, kullanım süresi, erişilebilirlik ve fiziksel çevrenin etkileşimi bütünsel bir yaklaşımla incelenmelidir. Dış mekânlarda insan kullanımının ve tasarım niyetinin başarılı olup olmadığını değerlendirmenin en iyi yöntemlerinden biri olarak kullanım sonrası değerlendirme (KSD) önerilmektedir. Ne yazık ki, iç mekânların değerlendirilmesine ilişkin KSD yöntemleri hakkında çalışmalar her geçen gün artsa da, dış mekânların değerlendirilmesine yönelik özellikle üniversite yerleşkelerinde uygulanabilecek kapsamlı bir KSD çalışmasına rastlanmamaktadır. Bu çalışmada dış mekân kullanımını etkileyen değişkenleri ve bu değişkenler arasındaki etkileşimi bütüncül olarak ele alan bir KSD yöntemini tanıtılmıştır. Önerilen yöntem kent dışı bir üniversite yerleşkesinde uygulanmış ve uygulama sonuçları dış mekân kullanım değeri bakımından değerlendirilmiştir. Not only do university campuses consist of a variety of social and educational buildings, they also create an integrated system with their outdoor spaces and furniture, recreation and landscape areas. Outdoors have the potential to create social interaction, rest and relaxation, recreation, exchange of ideas and a strong sense of ownership and belonging. Creating a common identity for social life by enabling people to communicate and socialize with each other is the most important function of outdoor spaces. However, although the rationality of external spaces is designed, it is possible to use other than what is expected in practice. The relationship between the external spaces and the building groups, the adequacy, the duration of use, the accessibility and the interaction of the physical environment should be examined with a holistic approach to understand the difference between expectations and reality. In order to identify user needs in outdoor spaces as a way to assess if human use and design intentions are in fact successful, post occupancy evaluation (POE) is recommended as the most significant advanced method. Unfortunately, although studies on the evaluation of indoor spaces have been increasing day by day, there is no comprehensive study of POE that can be applied to the outdoor spaces, especially in university campuses. In this study, a POE method which discusses the variables that affect the use of outdoor space and the interaction between these variables is introduced. The proposed method was applied in a suburban university campus and the results were evaluated in terms of outdoor use.

Yapılan çalışmalar, 1950'den günümüze dünyada aşırı hava ve iklim olaylarında artış olduğunu ve bu değişiklikler sonucunda yaşanan kayıplarda artan bir eğilim olduğunu göstermektedir. IPCC'nin hazırlamış olduğu raporlar 21. yüzyıl için ayrıntılı projeksiyonlar ortaya koymakta ve bu sonuçlar küresel ısınmanın hızlanarak devam edeceğini göstermektedir. Bu değişim sürecinin çoktan başladığı gerçeğine karşı ulusların yalnızca azaltıma yönelik politikaları zararı önlemek noktasında yetersiz kalacaktır. İklim değişikliğinin etkilerine uyum için fiziksel ve sosyal anlamda önemli adımların atılması kabul edilmesi gereken bir gerçektir. Özellikle son dönemde Paris Anlaşması'nda yerel ölçekte çözüme yönelik adımların atılmasının önemine yapılan vurgular, kent ve kenti oluşturan birimlere yönelik; tasarım boyutunda somut adımlara referans olabilecek çalışmaların önemini de ortaya koymuştur. Bu çalışmada iklim değişikliğinin etkilerine karşı uyum çerçevesinde kentsel esnekliğin ölçülmesi mahalle ölçeğinde irdelenmiştir. Öncelikle esneklik ölçütleri, kategorileri ve göstergeleri literatürde yapılmış çalışmalar çerçevesinde incelenerek ulusal ve yerel veri tabanına uyarlanmıştır. Sonrasında elde edilen verilerin ışığında ağırlıklı (AHS) ve ağırlıksız (CHRIL) iki yöntem ile Konya kent merkezinde bulunan mahallelerin esneklik değerleri hesaplanmıştır. Bu yöntemler sonucunda ortaya çıkan değerler; göstergeler, kategoriler ve ölçütlerden oluşan sistematiğe uygun şekilde ArcGIS 10.2 programı kullanılarak tematik haritalara dönüştürülmüştür. Konya kenti için AHS ile hesaplanan esneklik değerleri ağırlıksız yönteme göre daha düşük çıkmıştır. Sosyo – kültürel anlamda mahallelerin kent bütününde esneklik değerleri yüksek iken uyum kapasitesi ve kurumsal başa çıkma anlamında oldukça düşük olduğu görülmüştür. Studies show that there has been an increase in extreme weather and climatic events in the world since 1950. There is an increasing trend in the losses experienced as a result of these changes. The reports prepared by the IPCC revealed detail projections, for the 21st century and the results show that global warming will continue to increase fast. It is a fact that the nation policy for mitigation about global warming will be insufficient to prevent the harm caused by it. Important steps are required at physical and social level by the nations. After Paris Treaty, the emphasis was especially on doing local studies by using district and neighbourhood scale which can be taken as a reference to take concrete steps in designing dimensions. In this study, urban resilience was evaluated in the neighborhood scale in the context of adaptation to the effects of climate change. First, resilience measures, categories, and indicators were adapted to the national and local database, which were examined within the framework of the studies. In the light of the data obtained, the elastic values of the neighborhoods located in the city center of Konya were calculated by two methods, weighted (AHS) and weightless (CHRIL). The result from these methods was transformed into thematic maps using ArcGIS 10.2 program. The resilience values calculated by AHS were lower than the weightless method. In socio-cultural terms, it was observed that neighborhoods resilience were high in the whole city. In terms of adaptation capacity and institutional coping, resilience values were very low in the whole city. 185

Two drought-tolerant transgenic rice lines, L-8 (single copy) and L-23 (two copy), expressing the Capsicum annuum methionine sulfoxide reductase B2 (CaMsrB2) gene were selected for stress tolerance phenotyping under drought stress conditions. The two transgenic lines were selected on the basis of laboratory experiments and for performing well against drought. Field assessment of CaMsrB2 transgenic lines L-23 and L-8 in a drought stress environment was conducted. For the assessments, small plots were prepared at the Department of Botany of the University of Karachi to test the physiological response of transgenic lines. Relative water content, quantum yield (Fv/Fm ratio), photochemical quenching (qP) photosynthetic pigments, and performance index were high in transgenic lines compared to the wild type (WT). Antioxidant enzymes as represented by catalase and superoxide dismutase activities were increased while H2O2 production was decreased in transgenic lines compared to the WT. The results are discussed with special reference to physiological response of the transgenic lines against drought in field conditions.

The aim of the present study was to investigate biosurfactant-producing culturable bacteria inhabiting the coast of the Arabian Sea at Karachi. Overall, 15 seawater samples were collected from the Arabian Sea coast of Karachi. Isolation, characterization, and screening for 89 biosurfactant-producing bacterial strains were conducted through 8 conventional screening tests. Through GSP agar plate method 22 strains were found to be Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Gram reaction revealed 70% of the isolates to be gram-negative. Furthermore, 24% of the isolates showed hemolytic activity, 44% exhibited positive results for oil-spreading test, 54% showed emulsification to at least 1 of the 3 hydrocarbons tested, BATH assay results indicated maximum adhesion for hexane, 52.8% produced positive results for CTAB agar plate assay, drop-collapse activity was found in 84% of the isolates, and emulsification assay revealed highest emulsification for xylene. Findings revealed none of the isolates to be negative for every screening test conducted, while only one gram-negative isolate, DGHE65, identified as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, was positive for all the tests for biosurfactant production. Results indicate that these isolates have potential for future environmental friendly applications such as bioremediation and industrial biotechnology.

A feeding trial of substituting soybean meal (SBM) for fish meal (FM) for the giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) was conducted in low saline water ponds. Four different iso-nitrogenous diets (Control, Diet-1, Diet-2, Diet-3) were fed to the juveniles stocked at a rate of 2/m2 in each pond. The control diet had 36% FM as a sole source of protein, and Diet-1, Diet-2, Diet-3 were prepared by replacing 30%, 50% and 80% of fish meal protein by SBM protein, respectively. Throughout the experiment, water and soil variables were found to be within the acceptable range for prawns. The maximum average weight (26.51±0.20 g) was observed in prawn fed on Diet-3, while the minimum weight (21.72±0.61 g) was measured for Diet-1. The prawns fed Diet-3 displayed higher specific growth rate (1.31±0.27%/day, SGR) and survival (71.97%) than the Control group. Protein efficiency ratio (1.51, PER) and feed conversion ratio (2.52, FCR) in prawns fed Diet-3 were higher and lower, respectively, but the difference was insignificant compared to the other treatments.

Dairy and meat production are very complex in dry regions due to shortages and the low quality of fodder, especially in dry months. Livestock scientists are enthusiastic to explore and investigate good quality fodder that can boost milk and meat production in an economical way. Moringa oleifera is known as one of the best fodder crops for dry regions with scanty amounts of water. Hence, the present study was designed to evaluate the potential of Moringa oleifera as a field crop by harvesting at different cutting heights (30, 90, and 150 cm). The nutritional quality (minerals like P, K, Ca, and Mg, and crude protein) was determined along with antioxidant (SOD, CAT, POD, total phenolic contents) activities. The findings show that a Moringa crop gave maximum biomass (472 g plant-1) with higher mineral content in its leaves when harvested at 30-cm cutting height in August, while the minimum biomass (113.54 g plant-1) was recorded when plants were harvested at 150-cm cutting height. Higher antioxidants, total phenolics content, and photosynthetic pigments were recorded in the hot rainy season (July and August). The seasonal variability affects mineral content in moringa leaves. The highest mineral content was found in August, followed by July. It is concluded that the moringa tree, due to its higher mineral content and antioxidant activities, can be cultivated as a field crop as a good alternate for livestock fodder.

Dairy and meat production in dry regions is very complex due to low quality and shortage of fodder, especially in dry periods. Livestock scientists are eager to explore and investigate good-quality fodders that can boost milk and meat production in an organic and economical way. Some organic meals like soybean, cotton seed cake, and range grasses are being utilized to overcome the fodder shortage. These have some limitations, however, like unavailability in December through May as currently green fodder is least available after wheat, alfalfa, brassica, and maize harvesting. This leads towards reduced livestock production and low-quality milk and meat products. At the same time, the rapid increase in human population is increasing the food requirements, which is in turn threatening environmental conservation and enlarging the gap between the availability of resources and the meeting of human necessities. People are fulfilling their requirements for food and shelter by depleting natural resources. Plant scientists are exploring the types of plants that can fulfill the life necessities of both human beings and livestock but can also be used as growth enhancers for main crops without natural resources degradation. Over the last few years, underutilized crops and trees have captured the attention of plant scientists, nutritionists, and growers. Moringa oleifera is one of those plants that has been neglected for several years but now is being investigated for its fast growth, higher nutritional attributes, and utilization as a livestock fodder crop. It can be grown as a crop on marginal lands with high temperatures and low water availability, where it is difficult to cultivate other agricultural crops. The present review article gives a detailed discussion on the nutritional quality of moringa parts and their palatability for livestock, fish, and poultry, as well as suitable growing conditions and cultural practices.

Moringa oleifera is a miracle tree that can be used in multiple ways, including as foodstuff, livestock fodder, a plant growth enhancer, or a water purifier. While the stem cutting method is easy and successful for tree propagation, the recent introduction of moringa as a field crop for biomass production requires propagation through seeds. The germination of stored moringa seeds is a problem of great concern that may be overcome by employing seed priming techniques. A pot study was conducted to explore the potential of seed priming in moringa. Seeds were subjected to hydropriming, matripriming, and priming with moringa leaf extract (MLE) for 8, 16, and 24 h. Most of the priming strategies enhanced the emergence rate, synchronized the emergence, and improved seedling vigor. However, hydropriming (8 h) was more effective in improving emergence, shoot vigor, and chlorophyll b contents, while MLE priming (8 h) produced vigorous roots and increased the chlorophyll a and mineral contents of moringa leaves. Both of these priming sources are natural, cheap, environmentally friendly, and easily adaptable for farmers to grow Moringa oleifera from seed.

The present information is based on the study of the first zoeal stages of Uca urvillei and Uca annulipes. The ovigerous females of Uca urvillei and Uca annulipes were collected from Sandspit on 13 July 2002. Larvae were hatched on 20 July 2002 and 24 July 2002 respectively, at room temperature 30-32 °C, in filtered seawater of a salinity of 35%o-37%o and pH 7.8. The first zoeae of 2 species from the Pakistan coast are described and illustrated, and a comparison is made between these 2 species of Uca obtained from the Pakistan coast and Uca tangeri studied by Paula from the Portuguese coast.

Electrical characteristics of three P+ - n diodes fabricated on high resistivity silicon by ion implantation technique are studied by making capacitance-voltage (C-V), reverse current-voltage (I-V) and dielectric spectroscopy of semiconductor (DSS) measurements. The C-V characteristics show abrupt fall in capacitance, while I-V characteristics show abrupt rise in current at the same voltages as in the C-V characteristics. These abrupt discontinuities are ascribed to the formation of defect clusters in the lightly doped base regions where charge transfer might be taking place by thermally assisted tunneling. Low activation energies obtained in the DSS measurements also point toward the same mechanism.

The present study examined the effects of Bacillus pumilus, Pseudomonas alcaligenes, and Rhizobium sp. on wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis and on the growth of lentil. Inoculation with F. oxysporum caused significant wilting, and reduced plant growth, the number of pods, and nodulation. Inoculation with B. pumilus together with P. alcaligenes caused a greater increase in plant growth, number of pods, nodulation, and root colonization by rhizobacteria, and also reduced Fusarium wilting to a greater degree than did individual inoculation. Use of Rhizobium sp. resulted in a greater increase in plant growth, number of pods, and nodulation, and reduced wilting more than B. pumilus did. Combined application of B. pumilus and P. alcaligenes with Rhizobium sp. resulted in the greatest increase in plant growth, number of pods, nodulation, and root colonization by rhizobacteria, and also reduced wilting in Fusarium-inoculated plants.

The effect of 2 growth regulators, betaine and thiourea, was examined to learn the extent to which they can alleviate salinity-induced dormancy of wheat seeds. Germination velocity (as measured by Timson index) progressively decreased with increasing salinity, while thiourea and betaine, alone or in combination, elevated the germination velocity of wheat seeds. Timson index showed significant improvement in germination velocity when thiourea was used at 225 mM NaCl. Likewise, the adverse effect of salinity on growth parameters, like root and shoot lengths and fresh and dry weights, was also alleviated considerably when growth regulators were added. The application of growth regulators in combination with NaCl resulted in increased level of reducing sugars in the embryo and a decrease in the endosperm coupled with enhanced amylase activity, suggesting significant recovery in the mobilization rate of soluble sugars from endosperm to embryo. Thiourea was more effective in the mobilization process compared to betaine. Significance of growth regulators in alleviating the salt stress in crop plants is discussed.

The response of mustard (Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss cv. Varuna) to presowing seed treatment with sodium chloride (NaCl) was investigated. The plants raised from treated seeds were sprayed with water or 10-6 M GA3 at the 30- day stage. The seeds imbibed in 1 or 10 mM of NaCl resulted in a decrease in dry mass, leaf chlorophyll content, carbonic anhydrase activity (E.C. 4.2.1.1), nitrate reductase activity (E.C. 1.6.6.1) and net photosynthetic rate at the 60-day stage, and pod number and seed yield at harvest. However, spray application of GA3 neutralized the ill effect of soaking treatment in NaCl (1 or 10 mM).