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Being at the focal point of geopolitical theories, the Mediterranean is one region where global competition continues uninterrupted throughout history. Since Peter the Great, Russia, which has seen itself as a great power candidate, wants to reach the Eastern Mediterranean, which it regards as the hot sea, and part of the region's competition. Despite this request, she could not have reached her goal of occupying Istanbul by defeating the Ottoman Empire, and in no way reached the Eastern Mediterranean. The Soviet Administration, which came to power by overthrowing the Tsarist regime, did not give up its' goals but realized that it was impossible to have the Turkish Straits and put the strategy of obtaining a permanent military base in the region into effect. In this context, a military base was acquired in Syria, but it became necessary to be withdrawn from the region after losing the Cold War. Later Russia returned to the Eastern Mediterranean region and the Middle East region as of the mid-2000s with the claim of being a great power. In such a case, the question arises whether Russia, who has failed twice, will succeed this time. In this study, in which the answer to the subject in question will be sought, great importance was attached to reflecting the views of all parties, including Russia, to reach a correct conclusion. At the result of the analysis as a summary, it was concluded that no factor could prevent Russia from being permanent in the region, but it did not have the ability to fulfill the great power's tasks with its current capability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As well as the fact that scientific studies and articles come under criticism is important for an academic realm, criticisms in this field is certainly valuable. As it is known, scientific studies ensue from long-term working and laborious studies. The papers that scholars wrote by spending time and laboring through scientific methods are published after its final shape. Whether the study submitted to the scientific realm is successful, proves its argument and attains its goal eventually or not appear through criticisms. Scientific criticism must definitely be made by scientific experts in regarding the scientific field, honest persons in touch with ethical and moral rules. Otherwise, the papers published for trivializing, denigrating, humiliating studies and insulting scientists cannot be recognized to be scientific criticisms. Some people being deprived of scientific ethics publish articles or get them to publish in order to scientific studies and their authors because of some reasons such as jealousy, intolerance, hiding their lack of inaptitude. It is necessary to answer those who publish such articles, even to bring action against them. It is compulsory to write this paper because of such an unfounded article. The chronicle of Halil Nuri Bey who was the chronicler between 1174-1779 in the Ottoman Empire was subjected to critical edition after transcribing into Latin alphabet as a result of PhD dissertation, later it was published by an international publishing house. Those who were jealous of this study published a libelous paper under cover of criticism in order to trivialize the study and the author. This responsive paper was prepared to state that these claims and insults were unfounded. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Having been one of the most important states of the Ottoman Empire and administration centre of Anatolian Province, Kütahya was also a sanjak centre to which 29 districts were affiliated to in the first half of the 17th century. Due to this administrative position, Kütahya took important roles in any administrative and financial organisation of the Ottoman Empire. In addition, the primary compulsory activity, to which all units of government contributed voluntarily or due to their responsibilities, regarding the political goals set by the government was campaign organisations. Accordingly, full support of all provincial units in any campaign region was necessary for a successful campaign organisation. In this regard, in the Revan and Baghdad campaigns organized during the period of Murat IV, organizations were also made in which all units of the Ottoman Empire contributed altogether. In this examination made especially based on archive records, the contribution of Kütahya Sanjak to the afore-mentioned wars was subjected regarding the tax in-kind collected from the districts of Kütahya Sanjak during the campaigns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Ottoman Empire was in the process of disintegration in the 19th century. The non-Muslim nations living in the Balkan geography under the Ottoman rule began to rebel with the influence of nationalist thoughts. The Bulgarians started to gain power in the process with the support of the Russia and took important steps towards independence. According to the Treaty of San Stefano signed after the Ottoman-Russian War of 1877-1878, it was envisaged to establish a large independent Bulgarian Kingdom. In the face of this development, which would allow Russia to reach its goal of landing on the warm seas through Bulgaria and to have absolute advantage over the Balkans, the Great Powers particularly Britain, intervened and a new treaty was made in Berlin. With the Treaty of Berlin, an Autonomous Bulgarian Principality, whose borders were narrowed was established and the Eastern Rumelia Province under the Ottoman rule was formed. The Bulgarians rebelled in Plovdiv with an attempt to weaken Ottoman influence in Eastern Rumelia in order to put the region under the rule of the Bulgarian Principality. There were conflicts in the region and the events were closely followed by the foreign press. As a matter of fact, it was seen that the events of Eastern Rumelia were followed in all dimensions by the American press and the newspapers mostly include news and comments in favor of the Bulgarians. This is also important that it indicates the political and economic interest of the United States towards the Ottoman geography. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Turkish History Education Journal (TUHED) is the property of Ahmet Simsek and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Being one of the founding leaders, Peter the Great (1672-1725) had a great influence on Russia's achievement of its current position in the international system. Peter the Great, who made his country an empire during his tenure in power, did not satisfy with this status, set a goal for Russia to achieve global power status. He envisaged to reach the warm waters as one of the basic conditions to achieve his goal, and as of this date, the "Policy of Reaching the Hot Seas" has become an unchanging symbol of Russian Foreign Policy. Accordingly depending on this goal, Russia's desire to expand to the south had been resulted in constant competition against the Ottoman Empire. For this reason, the Ottoman Empire had to clash with Russia both in Eastern Europe and in the Caucasus. It is noteworthy that Russia used three basic strategies in its expansion towards the south in this period. These are respectively Panslavism, Pan-Orthodoxy put into practice by being the patroness of the Orthodox under Ottoman rule, and also collaboration with some ethnic elements in the country. The main goal of all three strategies was to weaken the political integrity and national resistance of the Ottoman Empire. As a part of this attrition policy, since the beginning of the 19th century, Russia started to deal with some ethnic elements such as Armenians and Kurds within the Ottoman Empire. This interest had resulted in serious consequences both in the Caucasus region and in the Ottoman geography. Russia's relationship with Kurdish groups has been continuing today, albeit in different dimensions. Therefore, this relationship between the parties is considered to be a factor that the must be taken into account in the formulation of regional policies. For this reason, in this study, the answers to questions such as what kind of outcomes Russia's policy towards Kurds may have resulted in the Middle East and how this may have reflections on regional relations will be sought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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