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The growth theories preceding the endogenous growth theories assume that firms do not have the resources to devote to technology development because of full competitive conditions. While there is a consensus in the these theorems that technological development is the engine of growth; Lucas (1988)'s "Endogenous Growth Model Based on Human Capital", explains technological progress and economic growth with human capital. In a significant part of the empirical studies, it has been concluded that the effect of human capital on economic growth is positive. However, there are results that the increase in human capital has no effect on economic growth. Economic growth instability, which began after the "2008 global crisis", still continue. Based on this situation, it has become very important to determine the long-term impact of human capital on economic growth in Fragile Five countries. In this study, the effect of human capital on economic growth between 1987-2019 in terms of Fragile Five economies was estimated using the panel data method. The findings obtained reveal that human capital plays an important role in order for these countries to increase their economic growth. In this context, human capital has an important role in raising the economic growth of these countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The industrial sector has a crucial position in the economic growth process. However, industrial production falls before reaching the desired level, and countries abandon the objective of industrialization at an early stage. The transformation of agricultural economies into industrial economies over time is the first step in the development of the three-sector theory. It is argued that economic growth will occur as a result of the formation of a country's physical capital accumulation. In this framework, the Kaldor hypothesis was investigated by many researchers. In this study, it has been investigated how and in what way the industrial value-added will be affected by physical and human capital accumulation. For this purpose, as a result of the "Driscoll-Kraay Standard Error Estimator" obtained from the annual data of 34 OECD countries for 1996 and 2018, it was found that the improvements in physical capital increase the industrial value-added. On the other hand, it was concluded that the increase in human capital expenditures decrease the share of the industrial sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health is critical to a country's human capital and economic development. By working more hours, earning more discretionary money, and investing more in human development, a healthy individual contributes more to his own and the country's economies. Health expenditures are those that are spent on the protection and promotion of one's health. Obesity is bad for people's health, health-care costs, and the economy. The high expense of chronic illnesses such as diabetes, cancer, and heart disease put a pressure on health budgets as the number of people with a high BMI rises. Obese persons utilize health services more frequently, have more procedures, and fill more prescriptions than those of normal weight. Because of rising health issues such as obesity and metabolic illnesses, rising consumer expectations from life, and rising consumer knowledge of good nutrition, there has been a growth in the production and consumption of functional foods in recent years. As a result, customers have learned to anticipate that meals would provide them with more than just nutritional value. The purpose of this study was to look at the impact of fermented food intake and knowledge on health expenses as well as the economic impact of these expenditures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The relationship of human capital with economic growth is a research topic that has been frequently studied in recent years. Human capital contains a basic need indicator such as health. The high level of health of individuals who make up a society increases the economic development potential of that society. Health expenditures to raise healthy individuals and maintain their health levels are among the factors that increase the quality of human capital. The positive contributions of health expenditures to human capital constitute a serious resource for economic growth. This study examines the relationship between healthcare spending and economic growth for selected 17 OECD countries. In the empirical analysis conducted, per capita health expenditures and GDP per capita data were used for the mentioned countries in the period covering 1976-2017. Data for the health expenditure series has been compiled from the OECD official database. Economic growth data were obtained from the World Bank official database. The hidden cointegration relationship between the series was tested with the test proposed by Hatemi-J (2018). While the series did not have a long term relationship among themselves, a long term relationship was found between positive and negative shocks. In addition, the asymmetric causality relationship of the series was tested and a bidirectional causality relationship was detected between the negative shocks of the series. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study; human capital, innovation and economic growth for Turkey's economy were investigated by time series analysis methods using the 1995-2018 period annual data. Real GDP per capita representing economic growth was taken as a dependent variable, domestic patent registration numbers representing innovation from independent variables, and students graduating from higher education representing the human capital variable. Besides, variables of labor and capital investments, which are considered as indicators of growth, are also included in the model. Extended Dickey-Fuller and Phillips- Perron unit root tests in determining the stability of variables, Johansen cointegration analysis in determining long term relationship, the existence of a cointegration relationship between variables, were used. Granger causality analysis was used to determine the causality relationship. As a result of the analyzes applied to the model, it was determined that there is a cointegration relationship between the variables. It has been observed that human capital and innovation have no effect on economic growth in the short term, but they have a positive effect in the long term, and capital investments and workforce affect economic growth both in the short and long term. As a result of the Granger causality analysis, bidirectional causality relationships between capital investments and economic growth, from the workforce to economic growth, from the workforce to capital investments, from human capital to innovation, were determined. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The capacity and level of health services of a country, together with education shape human capital and workforce quality. Health expenditures contribute to the enhencement of growth performance through access to health care. In this study, the causality relationship between health expenditures and economic growth is examined for 17 OECD countries in the period of 2000-2017. The data on the variables is analyzed using Konya (2006) causality test. With the results obtained for Denmark, Germany and Sweden, one-way causality relationship was determined from economic growth to health expenditures, wheras, for Belgium, Greece, Iceland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and Portugal, one-way causality relationship from health expenditures to growth was observed. For Austria, Switzerland, Ireland and Turkey, a bidirectional causality relationship detecteed between the variables. Across the panel, it was found that there is a two-way causality relationship between health expenditures and economic growth. Resources devoted to health expenditures support growth potential by improving growth performance, human quality of life and human capital. Thus, it provides the opportunity to allocate more resources for health, thanks to increasing national income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Health is expressed as an affecting factor of economic growth, which is one of the human capital factors. The improvement in health level with the increase in population, education, labor productivity, lifetime and life quality, may have a decisive effect on economic stability and growth by preventing future diseases. Although there is mostly a two-way relationship between health and economic growth in the findings of researches, some studies find no relationship. Different findings may be due to the neglect of health policy differences between countries in studies. Unlike previous studies in the literature, this study explores the impact of health on economic growth in all provinces of a country where the same health policy is applied with the panel data analysis method. For this purpose, covering the 2007-2017 period, the model including the variables that the gross domestic product, public investment, exports, imports, the infant mortality rate, the number of hospital beds, the number of people graduated from high school and the number of people has a bachelor's degree for all provinces in Turkey was estimated by the system GMM analysis. According to the findings, Turkey's health variables; 1% reduction in infant mortality rate causes an increase of 0.03% on GDP, 1% increase in the number of hospital beds causes an increase of 0,16% on GDP. The education variables, however, contribute to economic growth more than health variables, it is an undeniable fact that health is a prerequisite for education and economic growth. In this context, policy makers should pursue policies to improve individual and community health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the relationship between human capital, and economic growth is discussed for developed and developing countries from an institutional perspective. 26 developed and 64 developing country groups with their annual data of 2002-2016 period is analyzed using real GDP per capita, education index, per capita health expenditure, democracy index, rule of law index and the control of corruption index with the panel data analysis method. Since the models installed in the analysis do not have model assumptions, the Driscoll-Kraay resistive estimator is predicted to achieve effective and consistent results. According to findings, it is determined that the relationship among education, health, democracy, legal structure, control of corruption and economic growth is positive in developed countries. It is determined that there is a positive relationship among education, health, corruption control and economic growth in the developing country group and a statistically insignificant relationship between democracy and legal structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The concept of human capital, which means developable human power, has started to gain importance especially after 1960s. Human capital has a positive impact on the quality of life of countries when the required importance is given, thus allowing the increase in national income. This study is primarily examined the theoretical framework of the relationship between human capital and economic growth, on the issue has been referred to the studies in the literature and post selected from 1980-2017 years in Turkey, education, health and physical capital indicators and the human impact on the capital's economic growth econometrically tested. Johansen cointegration test, granger causality test and VEC methods were used as econometric analysis method. According to the short and long term results, per capita education expenditures and fixed capital investments have enhancing effect on economic growth. According to the Granger causality analysis, there was a positive and significant relationship from economic growth to per capita education expenditures, from per capita fixed capital investments to per capita education expenditures and from per capita health expenditures to per capita education expenditures [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Corruption is a common problem of developing, developed and underdeveloped countries. The relationship between corruption and economic growth may occur both directly and through corruption transmission channels. In this research using Panel Data Analysis, besides the direct impact of corruption on economic growth, the impact of corruption through human capital and investment channels that are accepted in the literature, has been analysed with the data of 11 member countries of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation BSEC between 2003-2017. As a result of the analysis, it is seen that besides the direct impact of corruption negative effect on economic growth, corruption also affects the economic growth through investment, channel. On the other hand, since there is no significant relationship between human capital and economic growth, it is concluded that the human capital variable does not act as a corruption transmission channel fort he BSEC countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study is to test the relationship between human capital and economic growth in Turkey with the analysis of the time series with reference to 1983-2013 period. In the study, the number of students per school at the stage of higher education, yearly employment figures and the gross enrollment ratio of higher education were used to represent human capital. As a result of the study, the Johansen-Juselius cointegration test revealed the existence of a long-term relationship between human capital and economic growth. Also, in the analysed of period for Turkey the relationship of granger casuality results can not be found between human capital and economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Human capital has started to find its place in the growth literature as one of the sources of economic growth since the late 1980s. Increase in human capital accelerates growth by increasing capital investment rate. Human capital is an important factor, especially in the case of performing development by ensuring sustainable growth in developing countries such as Turkey. in this study, the relationship between human capital and growth is empirically assessed for Turkey. In the study, the causality relationship between gross domestic product (GDP) and the human capital is investigated for the period of 1998: Q1 and 2016: Q2. in the model, the variables representing human capital are education expenditures and expenditures on education and professional, scientific and technical activities. The results of the analysis show that there is a bidirectional causal relationship between GDP and the expenditures on professional, scientific and technical activities, while there is a one-way causal relationship between GDP and education expenditures. In this context, it can be argued that education expenditures and more generally increasing the quality of human capital in Turkey is important and have a positive impact on economic growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the development of new (endogenaus) growth theories, it is observed that the major role in these theories had been given to human capital. Although offical or non-offical education indicators are the main indicators which represent human capital, the indicators about the health level of a society also appear in growth models as an element which feeds human capital and contributes its development. The literature which discuss the relation between economic growth and human capital could not come to a consensus about the relation between the variables which represent human capital and economic growth indicators. There are studies, in the literature, which support one-way or mutual causality relations regarding the direction of the causality. Hence, it is necessary to conduct predictions by using larger data sets and new econometric models. This study predicts the relationship between human capital and economic growth by using Emirmahmutoglu and Kose (2011) approach, which is one of the new generation panel causality tests, for the four different country groups by income levels which is classified by the World Bank for the period of 1995-2014. We used personal healthcare expenditures, total healthcare expenditures, private healthcare expenditures and public healthcare expenditures as human capital indicators, and personal income as economic growth indicator. The results obtained, according to the country groups, point to two-way causality relation between variables. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of health expenditure and population over 65 years on economic growth in Turkey by using ARDL approach and estimation methods of FMOLS, DOLS and CCR over the periods of 1979-2015. In the study, endogenous growth model is used in order to relate human capital accumulation and health expenditure. Empirical results show that there are positive and statistically significant relations between per capita health expenditure and economic growth. However, emprical findings related to the effect of population over 65 years on per capita income do not seem to support similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the study is to investigate the effect of health expenditure and population over 65 years on economic growth in Turkey by using ARDL approach and estimation methods of FMOLS, DOLS and CCR over the periods of 1979-2015. In the study, endogenous growth model is used in order to relate human capital accumulation and health expenditure. Empirical results show that there are positive and statistically significant relations between per capita health expenditure and economic growth. However, emprical findings related to the effect of population over 65 years on per capita income do not seem to support similar results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality and quantity of human capital which allows countries to wisely and effectively use their resources is vital to economic growth and development of countries. Additionally, real gross domestic product- an indicator of economic growth- has a significant effect on development along with factors such as health and education. A review of the reports published by United Nations Development Program reveals that a country's level of development is represented by the ''human development index'' ratings. In the same report appears "expectancy of life at birth" which is an indicator of health investments, and ''schooling rate'' as a measure of educational investments. In this context, this study presents a theoretical discussion on the concepts of human capital, development and growth and later, the study empirically tests the relevance and validity of the relationships among the research variables utilizing data on OECD countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The importance of human capital in economic growth began to investigate since the second half of the 20th century and continues to this day. Especially today, when we live in the information, science and technology age the role of human capital in the economic growth is increasing. İn hundreds of studies including different periods and different groups of countries the econometric analysis demonstrated a strong relationship between human capital and economic growth. The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between human capital and economic growth in the 4 transition economies of Central Asia (Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan) during the period 1991-2013 by utilizing the Kao panel cointegration, Panel FMOLS methods. The cointegration test results show that there is a cointegration relationship between human capital and economic growth in transition economies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The development of human capital factor for the economic development depends mainly on stable growth for a developing country such as Turkey. In this study human capital factors, economic, social and strategic importance was emphasized. The strengths and weaknesses of human capital in Turkey have been analyzed. Characteristics of human capital concepts, elements, functional status, is closely associated with the concept of social capital, intellectual capital with which other similar concepts are discussed. The development of human capital investment, education, health, training, income and economic development is related to exactly the level of one's life. The aim of this study is to show the importance and elements of the concept of human capital, knowledge and how to use technology developments in the global and national economy. It becomes important, to improve productivity, quality and to create skilled labor, create stable economic growth, uphold competitiveness in the world market and to take advantage as opportunities arise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the developments in the theory of human capital, the studies investigating the effects of health on economic growth by adopting the human capital components has come in to prominence. In economics literature, a large number of applied studies have been conducted that demonstrates the positive effects of health on economic growth and the findings of these studies has encouraged countries to devote more resources to the field of health. In this study, it is aimed to determine the effect of health on economic growth between the years of 1967-2010. According the findings of the study; there is a one way causal relationship from the number of patients per health care providers, number of beds of health care institutions to real GDP. Similarly, there is a one way relationship from number of hospitals to real GDP in %10 significance level. A causal relationship between life expectancy and the real GDP couldn't be found. In econometric analysis, it has been found that overall proxy health variables Granger cause economic growth. However, this causality is one way causality from proxy variables to real GDP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sosyal anlamda toplumun tüm kesimlerini öncelikli olarak ilgilendiren eğitim, kamu hizmetleri bağlamında en önemli harcama alanları arasında yer almaktadır. Eğitim, özellikle gelişmekte olan ülkelerde gerek bütçedeki miktarı, gerekse bakış açısı yönünden yıllarca çok geri planda bırakılmıştır. Toplumların yönetsel, ekonomik, sosyal ve kültürel gelişimi önündeki en büyük engel olarak duran olumsuz tabloyu ortadan kaldırabilmek için, eğitimin tüm alanlarına büyük önem vermek ve bu bağlamda eğitim alanında önemli yatırımlar ve harcamalar yapmak gerekmektedir. Bu çalışmada, Türkiye için ekonomik büyüme ile eğitim harcamaları arasındaki ilişkinin analiz edilmesi amaçlanmıştır. Bu amaçla, eşbütünleşmeye sınır testi yaklaşımı kullanılmış ve sadece kısa dönemde eğitim harcamalarının ekonomik büyüme üzerinde olumlu etkisi olduğu sonucuna varılmıştır. Education which is a priority concern for all sections of society is one of the important expenditure items in the context of public services. Especially in the developing countries the amount of education in the budget has not been sufficient. To eliminate this situation which is one of the biggest obstacles in front of economic growth, social and cultural developing, there is need to increase the expenditures on education. In this study, it has been aimed to analyze the relationship between economic growth and education expenditures for Turkey. To this end, the bounds test is used and it has been concluded that education expenditures affect economic growth positively only in the short term. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article inquires as to whether Turkey can be among the ten largest economies of the world in 2023. According to the theory of growth, saving and investment, human capital, research and development efforts and the resulting technological development are the factors that cause economies to grow. The saving and investment ratios of Turkey have been declining since 1988. The average level of education of the labor force and the quality of education are both improving, but according to the predictions in this article, in 2023, the education level of the labor force will continue to be below most of Turkey's rivals. Research and development efforts are also improving, but considering the other negative developments, it is concluded that the progress in research and development will be insufficient to take Turkey into the group of top ten countries in 2023. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigates the existence of nonlinear relationship between tertiary education and economic growth in the period of the Republic of Turkey, using annual time series data from 1924 to 2009. The econometric approach of this paper is based on the threshold autoregressive (TAR) model. The empirical results show evidence of one threshold value and the graduates of tertiary education have a positive contribution to economic growth above this value. The findings of this study exhibit that the government must be invest much more for the higher education to promote the development of the Turkish economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While there isn't any common decision on corruption, the misuse of the public power or authority for private use, affecting economic growth past studies there is a growing empirical finding about the negative affect of corruption on economic growth nowadays. This article focuses on the transmission channels that corruption affects economic growth. Corruption affects economic growth through political instability (inefficient decision making), investment and human capital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today, economic growth still maintains its important position in national economies worldwide. Thus, economists try to explore the possible reasons of different patterns of economic growth among countries. It is widely accepted that once dominant Neo Classic approach to economic growth has failed to explain these differences so far. Since the earlier times of economics science, human capital has been considered the most important component of production. However, recently, qualified labor force has started to replace human capital as the most important component. The most recent growth models suggest that country's human capital, foreign trade policy, the level of financial development and public expenditures are highly influential on economic growth. This study aims at exploring the relationship between economic growth and investments on education, a clear indicator of the presence of human capital, in Turkish context. The method used in the present study is Granger Causality Test. The results of the study show that there is no reciprocal causality relationship between the growth in Turkish economy and investments made on education. One-way causality relationship is found only from educational investment to economic growth. No relationship is found from economic growth to educational investments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]