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In this study, in addition to textile wastewater treatment by UF/NFtight/TO membrane combination of which efficiency is known, management has been performed for membrane concentrates generated with advanced oxidation combined process (Fenton and photo-Fenton (UVA-365-UVC-254))/submerged UF system of membrane concentrates generated within 75-80% water recovery ratio by oxidizing them in optimum operating conditions which were determined before. Ultimately in the studies, the conclusion has been reached that concentrate flows, generated as a result of the treatment with UF/NFtight/TO membrane configuration, were the highest performance innovative process by decreasing the sequential operated photo-Fenton (UVC-254)/UH050 hybrid process in ratios of 9.88 H2O2/TOK and 7.27 H2O2/Fe2+, in the filtration flux of 44 L/m(2). h, COD value to 167 mg/L with 86% COD removal, and TOK value to 104 mg/L with 74.2% TOC removal, after the oxidation with Fenton, photo-Fenton (UVA-365) and (UVC-254)/submerged UF system processes. When hazardous characteristics, removal/recovery methods and reuse alternatives of the concentrate remained after the oxidation of membrane concentrates generated were evaluated, it has been seen that all other concentrates of textile industry wastewater, except the concentrate generated by the treatment with photo-Fenton (UVA-365), had characteristics of hazardousness When removal/recovery methods were evaluated in detail, the conclusion has been reached that these concentrates could be removed with alternative options such as regular storage, burning and canalizing to central wastewater treatment system as long as necessary arrangements (moisture content, dehydration, suitable flow and/or mixture ratios) are made.

Balance transformers can usually eliminate the zero sequence current and suppress the negative sequence current. This paper develops a novel approach for balance transformers, which is different from the traditional one with two-phase or three-phase symmetrical windings. First, the basic principle and the connected scheme of the transformer are clarified. Second, this paper derives the relationship between the primary and the second windings from a mathematical model for the new approach. Third, the balance condition (i.e. the neutral current in the primary side is zero) and the decoupling condition of the two-phase system are also obtained. Finally, the correctness and feasibility of the new approach are verified by the experimental results of a 1-kVA model transformer. Compared to the traditional balance transformers, the new approach has better performance and can be applied to the two-phase or single power supply, such as the traction power supply in electric railway.

Recently, interior permanent magnet synchronous motors (Interior-PMSMs) have become known as a good candidate for hybrid electric vehicle (HEV) traction drive application due to their unique merits. However, the dynamic and steady-state behaviors of these motors are quite dependent on the permanent magnet (PM) type, configuration, and volume in rotor structures. This paper uses a novel structure of Interior-PMSMs for traction applications with fragmental buried rotor magnets in order to achieve low torque ripple, iron losses, and cogging torque. In this paper, first, the effect of the PM type on a d-q equivalent circuit model is examined. Next, the design and simulation of an Interior-PMSM for HEV traction drive application, in order to extract the output values of the motor and sensitivity analysis of the PM type, are done using a 3-dimensional finite element method model. We then present the back electromotive force, power factor, cogging torque, flux density, torque per ampere diagram, PM volume, and constant power speed ratio value behavior of the designed Interior-PMSM with different PMs in the rotor structure, and we discuss the effect of temperature variation on these output parameters. This study can help designers in the design approach of such motors.

In this paper, a simple-implemented and reliable AC--DC optimal power flow (OPF) is proposed. Although high-voltage direct current (HVDC) transmission lines are being increasingly used in power systems, new optimization algorithms such as evolutionary and memetic algorithms, which never stick in local minimum, so far have not been implemented in the AC--DC OPF problem. An evolutionary algorithm known as the shuffled frog leaping algorithm (SFLA) is proposed in this paper to solve the OPF dispatch in an AC--DC power system (including both high-voltage alternating current and HVDC transmission lines). The implementation of the AC--DC OPF with these kinds of methods is much simpler than that of traditional (numerical) algorithms. In order to prove the quality of the SFLA, the proposed method is applied to 2 case studies, including the Western System Coordinating Council 9-bus and IEEE 30-bus power systems, and compared with the conventional particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm and 3 of its modified versions, while the constraints are all satisfied. The results of comparison indicate that the SFLA is a reliable and fast optimization method with higher quality solutions among the other applied algorithms.

This paper focuses on viable position estimation schemes for timing belt drives where the position of the carriage (load) is to be determined via reference models receiving input from a position sensor attached to the actuator of the timing belt. A detailed analysis of the transmission error sources is presented, and a number of relevant mathematical models are developed using a priori knowledge of the process. This paper demonstrates that such schemes are very effective when the drive system is not subjected to external loads and operating conditions do not change considerably i.e. ambient temperature, belt tension.

In this paper, a new flickermeter, which uses lamp illumination as its input and can compute flicker according to the IEC flickermeter standard for any kind of lamp other than the incandescent lamp, is presented. According to the IEC Standard 61000-4-15, flicker is calculated from input voltage and based on the assumption that the input voltage feeds an incandescent lamp. In this study, a system measuring light has been developed and the illumination of three different types of bulbs, with the same input voltage, has been investigated. Based on the results, IEC flickermeter algorithm, which is designed for the incandescent lamp assumption, has been updated to compute flicker any kind of lamp and a new flickermeter system based on the IEC standard has been developed. The developed flickermeter has been tested with the test signals recommended in the IEC standard and it has been shown that the developed flickermeter can accurately compute flicker.

In this paper, a computationally efficient method is proposed for modeling the indoor visible light communications (VLC) channels using a non-sequential ray tracing technique. We created three dimensional realistic simulation environment to depict indoor scenarios specifying the geometry of the indoor environment, the objects inside, the reflection characteristics of the surface materials as well as the characteristics of the transmitter and receiver. We then compute the received optical power and the delay of direct/indirect rays which are used to obtain the channel impulse response (CIR). Finally, LMS (least mean squares) and RLS (recursive least squares) iterative channel equalization techniques which are wildly employed in traditional electrical wireless communications are tested at the receiver of the VLC system. Their convergence rates as well as impacts on the BER performances are investigated by determining the optimal control parameters of these algorithms. It is concluded that for the equalizer operating with its optimal parameters, the BER performances of the VLC systems are very sensitivie to the field of view (FOV) values.

The aim of this paper was to examine the utilization of a large number of nonlinear light emitting diode (LED) lamps in a distribution system and its impact on system power quality. Initially, harmonic and others electrical characteristics were identified by carrying out an experiment on four types of LED lamps available on the local market. On the basis of the identified characteristics, a new LED lamp model was developed in MATLAB Simulink. This model is called the time-dependent current source model and gives more accurate results than the fixed current source model. Then this model was applied to a distribution network together other linear and nonlinear loads, namely incandescent lighting, computer loads, and compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs). The simulated results show that the harmonic voltage distortion can exceed the 8{\%} IEC standard limit when 80{\%} incandescent lamps in a distribution power network are replaced with LED lamps. Furthermore, the simulation results show that the active power loss can drastically increase across distribution transformers due to the presence large numbers of LED lamps.

Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) has been widely used in detecting or imaging subsurface targets. In many applications such as archaeology, utility imaging, or landmine detection, three-dimensional (3D) images of the subsurface region is required for better understanding of the sensed medium. However, a high-resolution 3D image requires wideband data collection both in spatial and time/frequency domains. Match filtering is the main tool for generating subsurface images. Applying match filtering with the data acquisition impulse response for each possible voxel in the 3D region with the collected data requires both a tremendous amount of computer memory and computational complexity. Hence, it is very costly to obtain 3D GPR images in most of the applications although 3D images are very demanded results. In this paper, a new 3D imaging technique is proposed that will first decrease the memory requirements for 3D imaging with possible implications for less computational complexity. The proposed method uses the shifted impulse response of the targets that are on the same depth as a function of scanning position. This similarity of target responses for data dictionaries for only 2D target slices is constructed with twice the length in scanning directions and this 2D dictionary is mainly used for generating 3D images. The proposed method directly saves memory due to dimension reduction in dictionary generation and also decreases computational load. Simulation results show generated 3D images with the proposed technique. Comparisons in both memory and computational load with the standard backprojection show that the proposed technique offers advantages in both areas.

This paper presents an investigation of the effect and optimization of stator geometry design parameters on the performance of synchronous reluctance machines (SynRMs). The level of importance of the stator design variable on the characteristic of the SynRM is determined using both the Taguchi method and a parametric analysis. An optimum design parameter combination is obtained using sensitivity analysis along with signal-to-noise ratio results. The 2-dimensional finite element model (FEM) of a SynRM is used to perform a sensitivity analysis and construct a Taguchi design of the experiment. The FEM simulation results confirm that the performance of the SynRM can be improved significantly in comparison with the initial design, using the proposed Taguchi method.

This paper investigates the enhancement of sliding mode control (SMC) with the combined use of feedforward torque compensation and proportional error feedback control. The proposed enhancement is adapted to the control of permanent magnet (PM) DC motor drives by synthesis of the equivalent control equation augmented as proportional feedback and feedforward terms. A novel sliding function, introduced by utilizing the estimated load torque and the estimated rotor current, is examined and compared with another known sliding function obtained by nonideal differentiation of the estimated rotor speed. The significance of the proposed enhancements to SMC consists of the elimination of disturbance, the reduction of the discontinuous control gain magnitude, and the reduction of chattering. The contribution of this study is demonstrated by a performance comparison between several control versions, where the aim is the achievement of good performances in both the speed estimation and state tracking accuracy in the speed sensorless control of PM DC motor drives under varying load inertia. These latter statements are verified by several comparative simulations and experiments.

WOS: 000337376500019, In this paper, a sensorless speed estimation method with an artificial neural network for squirrel cage induction motors is presented. Motor current is generally used for sensorless speed estimation. Rotor slot harmonics are available in the frequency spectrum of the current. The frequency components of these determined harmonics are used to estimate the speed of the motor in which the number of rotor slots is given. In the literature, individual algorithms have been used to calculate the speed from the slot harmonics. Unlike the literature, in the proposed method, an artificial neural network is used to extract the speed from the rotor slot harmonic components in the spectrum. This experimental study is carried out to prove the method under steady-state conditions. The experimental results show that the proposed method is suitable for speed estimation and its average error is below 1.5 rpm., Selcuk UniversitySelcuk University, The study is supported by the Scientific Research Project of Selcuk University.

Nowadays, the use of flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) is an economical and interesting approach to improve power transfer capability. The thyristor-controlled series capacitor, as a member of the FACTS family, can control interrelated parameters with dynamism due to its ability of rapid control and stabilization. Regardless of all of the works in this area, the control of transmitted power through the design of the firing angle controller is still missing. In this paper, first, the open-loop firing angle controller and its sensitivities are analyzed to fill in this gap. Next, closed-loop controllers such as PID and fuzzy controllers are designed and simulated in MATLAB/Simulink software. Simulation results show that the fuzzy logic controller has a better response, although it is designed with minimum, simple, triangle membership functions and reduced rule bases.

WOS:000343076200009, Welding is one of the most popular methods to combine metal pieces in manufacturing processes. Arc welding, among all welding techniques, is the most commonly used in manufacturing due to its cost and flexibility. During the manufacturing process, arc welding is either performed by an operator or by automatic tools such as welding oscillators. Using automatic tools has advantages over manual use, as the process will be faster, cheaper, and have less welding flaws. In this paper, a homemade welding oscillator and the method to manufacture it are presented. The presented welding oscillator can be manufactured for a very low price compared to those on the market. Moreover, it covers industry-level needs and provides even more functionality with small adjustments if needed by the application. With this work, small-scaled manufacturing foundries will benefit from the price and functionality of the welding oscillator.

This paper describes the design and implementation of infrared (IR) and laser-based electronic ciphering systems for use in both indoor and outdoor wireless remote control applications. To communicate between a user and a lock module in a secure way, the proposed systems utilize IR and laser frequencies instead of radio frequencies. Each proposed system has its specific security design. A new communication protocol is also generated, which is compatible for use with IR and laser technologies. The proposed electronic ciphering systems' prototypes are realized together with software and hardware components. They are instrumented using the peripheral interface controller series microcontrollers. All of the designs are made effective in terms of cost and size. Widespread and easy applications of the proposed wireless remote control systems will completely meet the security needs of users in daily life, such as home or office security, immobilizer applications, personal computers, and other personnel electronic equipment.

Elektrik enerjisi ve devimsel (kinetik) enerjinin birbirine dönüştürülebilir olması, elektrikli taşıtları geleneksel içten yanmalı motorlu araçlardan ayıran bir doğal olaydır. Elektrik makinaları sayesinde gerçekleşen bu olayda, geleneksel taşıtlarda frenleme ile kampana ve disklerde ısı enerjisine dönüştürülerek çevreye atılan devimsel enerji, elektrikli taşıtlarda elektrik enerjisine dönüştürülerek batarya ve ultrakapasitör sistemleri üzerinde depolanıp tekrar kullanılabilir. Bu olay enerji geri kazanımlı (rejeneratif) frenleme olarak adlandırılır. Enerji geri kazanımlı frenleme, taşıtın toplam verimi ile erimini (menzilini) arttıran bir özelliktir ancak enerjinin depolanabileceği belirli koşullarda mümkündür. Özellikle lokomotif gibi çok büyük devimsel enerjiye sahip raylı taşıtlarda ve vinç gibi yüksek frenleme gücü isteyen aletlerde dinamik frenleme yapıldığı da görülmektedir. Bu yöntemde de yine devimsel enerji elektrik enerjisine dönüştürülür, ancak depolama yerine, bir direnç üzerinden ısı enerjisine çevrilir. Elektrik ile frenleme uygulamalarından biri de, pozitif referansta dönen bir elektrik makinasına tersi yönde dönmesini sağlayacak bir döner alan uygulamaktır. Literatürde ters akımla-gerilimle frenleme ya da “plugging” yöntemi olarak geçmektedir. Bu makale çalışmasında bir elektrikli taşıtın yalnız elektrikli frenleme yöntemleri ile durdurulmasına çalışılmıştır. Yukarıda bahsi geçen frenleme yöntemlerinin sınırları araştırılmış, tüm fren aralığını kapsayabilecek yeni bir elektriksel frenleme algoritması tanımlanmıştır. Yöntem tam elektrikli frenleme (TEF) olarak adlandırılmıştır. Yöntemi gerçeklemek için model tabanlı kontrol yöntemleri kullanılarak bir bulanık mantık kontrolcü geliştirilmiştir. Geliştirilen sistem bir elektrikli motosiklet üzerinde denenerek sonuçlar tartışılmıştır., The bi-directional conversion between electrical energy and kinetic energy is the a fundamental natural phenomenon that separates electrical and conventional internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles. With this conversion, which occurs thanks to electrical machines, kinetic energy; that is converted to heat in the drums or discs of the conventional vehicles and dissipated to environment, can be stored in the batteries and ultra-capacitors and re-used in the electrical vehicles. This is called regenerative braking. Regenerative braking is a method, which increases the total efficiency and range of a vehicle, but it is only possible on certain circumstances where the electrical energy can be stored. Vehicles with very large kinetic energy, especially rail vehicles like locomotives and some equipment that require very large braking power like cranes also utilize dynamic electrical braking. In this method, it is seen that the kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy, but instead of storing, it is converted to heat on some resistor units. Another application of electric braking is to apply a field to rotate an electrical machine in reverse, while it is already rotating on a positive reference. In the literature, this method is called braking with reverse current-voltage or plugging. In this paper, it has been investigated to stop an electric vehicle only with electrical braking methods. The limits of the above mentioned braking methods have been researched; a novel n optimal electrical braking algorithm to cover all braking range is defined. The method is called Full Electrical Braking (FEB). To realize this method, a fuzzy logic based controller is developed, using model based control methods. The developed system has been tested on an electric scooter and the results have been discussed.

In this paper a new grounded capacitance multiplier using two Voltage Differencing Current Conveyors (VDCCs), two resistors, and one grounded capacitor is presented. The proposed capacitance multiplier can be tuned electronically by changing the biasing current of the VDCC. Moreover, the circuit does not require any conditions of component matching. The performance of the proposed capacitance multiplier is verified, and simulated by using PSPICE with TSMC CMOS 0.18 μm process parameters. © 2015 IEEE.

To reduce the volume and the structural complexity of a very low frequency (VLF) high voltage (HV) generator, this paper introduces a novel sinusoidal VLF HV generator with 2 high frequency HV (HFHV) transformers and 2 metal-oxide semiconductor field-effect transistor cascaded HV bridge arms. Series-parallel resonant converter technology is applied to reduce the impact of the distributed parameters, decreasing the power loss and the volume of the transformer. Both the switching frequency and the duty cycle are utilized as actuating variables to cope with the large ranges of output. Simultaneously, the principle of segmental data processing is proposed to obtain different steady-state operating points, greatly reducing the calculation of the microcontroller unit (MCU), improving the accuracy of the control strategy, and the system response time. As a result, the control strategy is successfully achieved by the MCU dsPIC33FJ128MC706. The test of the 35 kV/0.1 Hz VLF HV power supply is taken on a capacitor (1.5 m F), which is equivalent to the cross-linked polyethylene cable in the electrical characteristics. When the input voltage varies between 180 V and 250 V, the accuracy of the sinusoidal VLF HV is 2%. The step change response time is less than 120 m s when the output changes from no-load to full-load. The total harmonic distortion is less than 1%, which meets the IEEE400.2 standard well. The total weight of the generator is less than 20 kg. The results of the experiment verify the accuracy and feasibility of the control theory and the topology.

This paper presents the design and modeling of a double-stator linear switched reluctance motor for motorizing a railway channels' shunting system. The magnetic behavior of this actuator is nonlinear due to the saturation and nonlinear magnetization curves of the materials used in this actuator. For this reason, the electromagnetic quantities such as force, flux linkage, and inductance are calculated with the finite element method using the Maxwell tool. The obtained results are presented and discussed. In order to elaborate some control strategies, a new model for the proposed actuator, based on the flux and force characteristics, is validated by the simulation results using MATLAB/Simulink.

The subsynchronous resonance (SSR) phenomenon may occur when a steam turbine-generator is connected to a long transmission line with series compensation. Flexible AC transmission systems (FACTS) devices are widely applied to damp the SSR and low-frequency oscillation (LFO). A thyristor-controlled series capacitor (TCSC) is a commercially available FACTS device that was developed for damping the SSR and LFO. In this paper, 2 control methods for damping the SSR and LFO are added to the TCSC main controller in order to demonstrate that the SSR damping capability of the TCSC can be enhanced by proper modulation of the firing angle. The control methods are presented, namely the conventional damping controller (CDC) and fuzzy logic damping controller (FLDC). The particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used for searching optimized parameters of the CDC. Fast Fourier transform is carried out in order to evaluate the effect of the TCSC-based FLDC in damping the SSR and LFO. The study system was adopted from the IEEE second benchmark model by altering a part of the fixed series capacitor to the TCSC. The MATLAB/Simulink was used to verify the effectiveness of each control method. The simulation results show that the FLDC has an excellent ability in damping the SSR and LFO in the power system toward the CDC-optimized PSO algorithm.

21st Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference (SIU) --APR 24-26, 2013 -- CYPRUS, Çolak, M. Alper (Arel Author), Bölükbaş, Deniz (Arel Author) --- WOS: 000325005300275, As one of the renewable energy sources, wind energy has received great attention in Turkey as in the rest of the world in the last decade. Despite of this trend, there is an increasing number of assessment reports stating the impact of wind farms on the performance degradation of electromagnetic propagation systems. In this paper, wind turbines' effects on radar detection performance are investigated using radar data which we constructed using a real terrain scenario and two-dimensional propagation analysis employing different numerical electromagnetic techniques.

In this paper, we introduce a real-time food intake monitoring system for mobile devices. The proposed system gets acceleration data from the sensor placed on the wrist of the user during a meal. The data is then sent to the mobile device via Bluetooth. The system analyses patterns between the motion profile and bite actions by first filtering the data to remove noise effects and then identifying the peaks. Based on detecting peaks, real-time feedback regarding eating trends such as total number of bites, bites-taken rate and eating speed is provided to the user. If the eating is too fast, the system warns the user in the form of both audio and text. The mobile application is implemented on the Android Platform and tested on a subject successfully. The proposed system offers an affordable quick solution that can be used in any place where eating happens. It can help people who are obese or with other eating disorders by monitoring consumption of food intake to control their eating rate in real-time. Inst Elect & Elect Engineers; IEEE Components, Packaging & Mfg Technol Soc; Politecnico Bari; Ist Nazl Fis Nucl

Date of Conference: 20-22 April 2011 Conference Name: 19th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference, SIU 2011 In this paper, a new histogram based auto-focusing method for thermal cameras is proposed. This proposed method is realized by FPGA (Field Programmable Gate Array) and DSP (Digital Signal Processor) working together and simultaneously. HF (High Frequency) component, obtained from real-time image flow by FPGA and DSP is used for auto-focusing process. Proposed method is able to determine the focus direction from the HF component produced in the process of histogram equalization by FPGA, unlike Fourier transform and pixel differenve based methods in the literature. With this superiority, proposed method requires no extra calculation for thermal cameras for which histogram equalization is necessary. Analysis show that proposed method is successful on the simulations and scanning thermal cameras.

IEEE 17th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference -- APR 09-11, 2009 -- Antalya, TURKEY, WOS: 000273935600074, This paper proposes the use of single sideband modulation technique with Gaussian and band pass fillers for the analysis of the thermal lens fringe to obtain the map of the refractive index change. Maps of the refractive index and phase change are achieved by using single side band modulation technique with Gaussian and band pass filters. Consequently it is seen that single side band modulation technique with Gaussian filter shows more accurate results., IEEE

IEEE 16th Signal Processing and Communications Applications Conference -- APR 20-22, 2008 -- Aydin, TURKEY WOS: 000261359200081 The analysis of antibiotics towards a microorganism responsible of an illness is evaluated using the antibiogtam test. In the diffusion method which is the most popular implementation of this test, several paper disks, each one impregnated with a different antibiotic, are spread all over a agar plate which is diffused standard cultivation prepared from test microorganism. After some time, the reaction produced by the antibiotics against the microorganism appear as circular areas of different texture that have grown around the antibiotic disks. Currently, the evaluation and measurement of these areas, called Inhibition Zones, is carried out by human visual inspection via caliper in the laboratories. In this study, a new segmentation and analysis strategy to automatically measure the inhibition zone and disk diameters in antibiograms is presented. It is based on the application of Circular Hough Transform surrounded appropriate pre- and post-processing stages. IEEE

In this paper, a current mode, low voltage and electronically tunable Class AB differential type KHN filter is synthesized in the log domain. The filter's Q quality factor and natural frequency could be tuned by varying the currents of the current sources. The signal in the filter is processed by integrators synthesized in the state space and arithmetic blocks. The proposed universal filter with 1.5 V voltage source is simulated in PSpice for ideal and CBIC-R type transistors. By varying the values of the current sources, the natural frequency is swept for 50kHz-5MHz and Q quality factor is tuned for 0.707-5 electronically. The obtained simulation results are given. © 2005 IEEE.