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In the 18th and 19th centuries, the scientific movements that emerged in Europe with the conviction that knowledge can be obtained with measurable methods and social life can be organized with correct knowledge, contributed to bring to light the secrets of nature, the earth, man and his environment. On the other hand, the efforts to dominate nature with this knowledge and to develop the resources it offers, have contributed directly or indirectly to colonization by providing a kind of legitimation. Although the scientific advances observed in the natural and human sciences were initially aimed at naming and classifying the living species in nature and on earth, they later turned to the classification and hierarchization of these species. Later a new theory of race emerged with the introduction of the positivist movement and the development of biology and sociology. According to this theory, societies were hierarchically divided into superior and inferior races where the firsts have rights and duties towards the seconds. By arguing that the African race would be inferior in terms of civilization, this theory and consequently these scientific advances have legally and politically legitimized colonial ideology over time. Thus, the colonization of the African continent in the name of civilization began in the late 19th century. In this paper we will examine how scientific advances in the 18th and 19th centuries served European colonialism through a macro historical perspective, by using and referring mainly to ancient and recent French sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper deals with rock scripts, figures (petroglyphs) and writings which we have been considering for last twenty years. The scientists refer the beginning of age to the discovery of scripts. However it is proved claim that the pictures and figures started to be carved on rocks back in 14th millenium BC. Pictures carved on rocks are able to be interpreted into certain explanations as scripts and human history of 15 thousand years is available to our perception. Rock pictures and figures with turkic features are regularly encountered in most parts of Asia and Europe and north part of Africa. They possess similarities with toponyms, architectural and other cultural components. While considering all the cultural components it becomes obvious that the turks have been existing on earth for 15 thousand years with magnificent culture. The paper touches upon issues regarding the ancience of rock petrogylphs and figures with turkic features and their located areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

During the second half of the XIX century, when Germany built its unity under the leadership of Bismarck, European powers shared the African Continent at the Berlin Conference in 1885. As a shareholder, Belgium had controlled Congo, which was almost eighty times bigger than itself, for along time, thanks to the colonial tools and methods. Belgium's administration in Congo stands as a case study for colonization applied in all over the Africa during the XIX and XX centuries. Western Countries who claimed that they were in Africa for the sake of civilization, ended up transporting the resources of Africa for more than one century and conducted a severe policy which has had impacts lasting up to today by imposing western languages and religion on Africans. It has been focused on following basics: as colonial tolls "language" and "religion", as colonial methods "mission", term of "civilization", "social" and "work order" in colonies, "education system" and the means of "transporting the colonies resources". In this research, it has been noted that European Colonial Powers entered African countries with the motto "civilization", but changed the language and religion of the Africans via mainly missions, enforced their power with the help of the social class and education system set in colonies, transported the natural resources of colonies and improved their own wealth. In this paper, it is concluded that while colonialism ended, the same tools and the methods are continued to be used under the theoretical name of "neo-colonialism". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]