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With the development of technology, objects in the real world are transferred to the virtual environment, making it easier to manage all data flows and processes of the target object. The most important feature of digital twins is that they reflect the real world as accurately and up-to-date as possible. The use of LiDAR and photogrammetry has become very popular in the creation of three-dimensional point clouds of physical environments. Besides being able to represent the real world in detail, one of the most useful features of digital twins is that point clouds are suitable for direct use. In this way, point clouds can be used directly as a three-dimensional geometric model for a digital twin without the need for many processing steps. To update the three-dimensional geometric model, it is necessary to rescan the changed areas, and then perform change detection operations that provide a point cloud of these objects within the change. In this study, the importance and direct use of point clouds in the production of digital twins were examined, and for this purpose, photogrammetric studies were carried out on three sculptures with irregular geometrical structures and complex structures. As a result of the data obtained in the study, it was observed that the models were missing, especially in the parts where depth perception is difficult, and suggestions were made. As a result, it has been found that point clouds produced by SfM-based photogrammetric software provide a great advantage in fast and low-cost data collection to create and update the digital twin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rockfalls are one of the geological-based natural disasters and it develops in the control of factors such as lithology, discontinuities, slope, decomposition, roughness and vegetation. There are generally 2 and 3 dimensional solutions for the modeling of rock falls in engineering projects. However, 3D solutions have been used frequently in recent years because they simulate the natural environment more precisely. With the widespread use of unmanned aerial vehicles, very valuable data can be collected about the location and block size of discontinuities on steep slopes, which are very difficult to access as well as topography and vegetation creating a point cloud with orthophotos. In this study, potential rock drops in Kasımlar Village of Sütçüler District in Isparta Province were modeled as 3D in Geographic Information Systems with photogrammetric methods using Unmanned Aerial Vehicle. At the same time, the trajectories of falling blocks belongs to possible rockfalls, trajectory, passing heights and energies are calculated and areas under risk are mapped. According to the results of 3D modeling for four blocks ranging in size from 26 m3 to 355 m3, the maximum kinetic energy is 55170kJ, the maximum passing heightis 11.5 m and the maximum simulated velocity are 24.7m/s.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]