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Throughout world it is possible to see various examples of the universal religions which have strong nationalistic echoes. We notice such examples particularly in Christian tradition. Anglican Church is an example of national and local adaptation of Christianity that has strong influence of English nationalism. It is known that there appeared some sectarian movements within Islamic tradition mainly due to various social and cultural backgrounds. In this context, it is noticeable particularly from late Ottoman period onwards Islamic understanding stressing Turkish culture and identity came into prominence in Anatolia, which is so-called "Turkish Islam" today. Popular ideology of Westernisation and nationalism of that time seemed quite influential in this understanding. After the collapse of the Empire, newly founded Republic carried out a policy concerning religion, mainly Islam, aiming to create an understanding of religion which is harmonious with the founding philosophy of the Republic, mainly Westernisation, nationalisation and secularism. That is why the State changed all present institutions concerning religion founding the new ones in accord to its policy, and tried to change traditional understanding of religion sometimes by force. However, the efforts forcing people to adapt the policy of religion have generally been unsuccessful. The characteristics of Islam have certainly played an important role in this. However, the period of multi-political parties has been a turning point since during this period the people have experienced a freedom in social and cultural context in some degree. During this period, it is noticeable that Islamic understanding with strong emphasis of Turkish culture and identity, so-called "Turkish Islam", has been adapted not only the religious institutions of the State but also by some religious communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]