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Rivers prepared the environment for the establishment of civilizations and enabled people to come together and become a society. Throughout history, rivers that have kept people together have also been a natural boundary separating people. Rivers are among the most important geographies of the global struggle due to their geoeconomic, geostrategic and geopolitical importance. From past to present, the world has been divided into various political divisions due to factors such as ethnicity, religion and language, as well as geographical features, geographical discoveries and wars. These divisions are often artificial boundaries imposed arbitrarily. Today, a significant part of the borders on the world have been determined by the pens of the European colonialists in the last century. While determining these boundaries, mostly rivers were accepted as natural boundaries. After the Second World War, many new states were established. The establishment of new states in river basins that were managed under a single administration during the colonial period caused problems with the use of transboundary or border-forming streams. Today, the waters of 263 river basins cross national borders. The number of countries with borders in all or some of these watersheds is 145. 30 of these countries are completely within the borders of these basins. About 40% of the world's population lives in river and lake basins spanning two or more countries. In addition, approximately 2 billion people worldwide are dependent on groundwater, which includes approximately 300 transboundary aquifer systems. Since 1948, there have been violent conflicts over 37 watersheds. On the other hand, approximately 295 international water agreements were signed in the same period. The aim of this study is to investigate the current situation of the rivers forming the border in the world. When the relevant literature on borders is examined, it is seen that a significant part of the studies are related to land borders. Until recently, studies on the boundaries of rivers have been neglected. With this study, which is a descriptive research in the scanning model, it is aimed to contribute to the literature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Natural resources have been important factors in the selection of residential areas. For this reason, most of the first settlements were built on the water's edge. Physical and psychological positive effects of water resources on people have always drew people into water. In this study, different uses of rivers in the example of the world and our country were carried out to determine usage preference. In this context studies were done that is Sava and Danube Rivers passing through Belgrade and Novi Sad cities of Serbia (evaluated in 2014 and 2016), Vltava River passing through Prague and Hluboka River passing through Karlovy Vary (evaluated in 2014 and 2016) cities of Czech Republic, Danube River passing through Budapest city of Hungary (evaluated in 2014 and 2017) and Dnieper River passing through Kiev city of Ukraine (evaluated in 2018). Surveys have been carried out in the Kızılırmak River passing through Avanos district of Nevşehir (evaluated in 2016), Meriç River passing through Edirne (evaluated in 2017), Porsuk Stream passing through Eskişehir (evaluated in 2018) and its vicinity. In the study, the most preferred uses in the selected streams and their close surroundings were determined. It is thought that this study will guide the determination of the type of use that can be brought to the area in the landscape arrangements to be made at the river borders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the Değirmendere waterfall located in the boundary of İbrahimderesi village, Ulus, Bartın is investigated. The waterfall situated in the West Blacksea Region in the southwest of the Küre mountains is 34 km from Ulus town and 54 km from Bartın. The aim of this study is to provide some planning about its active usage and sustainability as an area that can be used for tourism and recreation. During the study, the morphometric features of the area and the waterfall was studied. In addition, the location and the features of its environment was mentioned. The waterfall located on the Değirmendere stream which is the side stream of the Ulus river is on the land with sandstone and has four steps with the height 10.90 m. According to the WWD database, the waterfall is in the type called ''Tiered''. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Data stream clustering is one of the most popular topics of today's world where the amount of data reaches incredible levels in parallel with technological developments. The most important problems encountered in data stream clustering approaches are the fact that most of the approaches consists of an online and offline phases, the definition of the number of cluster, or the need to set a limitation to this number, the problems encountered in determining optimum radius value, and the problems encountered in concept evolution. The present study proposes an evolutionary based solution method, which is based on Kd-Tree and adaptive radius (KD-AR Stream) to perform real-time clustering on the streaming data. The proposed approach has been compared with SE-Stream, DPStream and CEDAS algorithms in terms of both cluster quality and execution time. The results showed that KD-AR Stream algorithm has a good clustering performance within a reasonable time by comparison with the other algorithms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Islam was introduced to Hakkari in an early period; and therefore, there have been many scholars and Sufis here. In V/XI.century when major sects were not established yet, Sufism prospered through the people such as Ali Hariri and Şeyhulislâm Ebû Hasan al-Hakkârî in this region. In the environment prepared by them, Adî b. Musafir established the Adawiyya sufi order is among the first major sects and this sect dominated the region for a while. Qadiriyye sufi order had also been effective in the Hakkari region since the first eras of its establishment and had been active in the regions for centuries. Nehri family representing the Qadiriyye sufi order in the region pioneer the Naqshbandi together with Sheikh Abdullah and Sheikh Tâhâ Hakkarî. Thus, the River family, which had the center of the Semdinli district of Hakkari, was also the center of the Naqshbandiyya Tariqat in the region. Naqshbandi was strengthened in the region with Sheikh Taha, the uncle Sheikh Abdullah. Later by the caliphs of Sheikh Taha'a, the tariqat was not limited to the region and reached many places. The aim of this study is to meet this deficiency even a little. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, flood simulation analysis was carried out for the natural channels in the urban area and a risk map of flood waters was formed. For this purpose, Horata channel in Malatya city center was selected as the application area where there are a total of four streams, which have the flood risk potential. The flood events observed in the past were investigated and the factors that cause it were evaluated. Flood hydrographs were obtained for 50, 100 and 500 year return periods for the Horata channel. Info-works ICM was used for flood simulation and flood analysis was performed for different recurrence periods. It was observed that stream sections were inadequate and settlement areas would be adversely affected especially for the return period of500years. As a result, flood propagation maps were created for each case and the affected areas were determined. According to the results of these analyzes, the regions where the risk of floods are high can be listed as follows, especially where the natural flow is disturbed, the section is constricted for bridging, the areas where meandering are formed, regions where the section is insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Following the failure of South Stream, the TurkStream project backed by Russia and Turkey aims at doubling natural gas supplies to Europe via the southern route. While the U.S. has repeatedly warned against Kremlin endeavours to increase EU energy dependence on Russian gas, several EU Member States see TurkStream favourable to their domestic energy agenda. This paper will, therefore, analyze the TurkStream project within the context of securitazation theory of International Relations literature, as seen by the U.S., Russia and the EU in order to identify the project's prospects for the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In exploration of groundwater, unlike the layers showing regular sequence, stratigraphic traps (sand, gravel, clay lens) are always a problem. In addition to geological characteristic of the lens structures, geophysical methods are used to identify geometric features of the lens such as locations, dimensions, thickness and depth. It also identifies physical features such as conductivity, resistivity and porosity. The study area is located in the north of Corlu Sarilar village of Tekirdag (Marmara region). It is also located in the west part of Corlu creek flowing in the direction of NE-SW. The lowest level of the study area is 123 mt. and the highest level is 146 mt. In the study area, geological structures were analyzed for modelling the stratigraphic traps in the different level and dimension of Pliocene aged Corlu formation using the geoelectric method. In the geophysical study, Vertical Electrical Sounding (VES) method was applied in 21 points using Schlumberger array. Line length (AB/2) is 300 m. Geometric locations of stratigraphic traps were monitored and physical features were tried to define by generating resistivity level map and two dimensional geoelectric profile obtained from VES resistivity values. Resistivity values in the region are between 18.5 Ohm-m and 7.0 Ohm-m, while low resistivity zones are observed at shallower depth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nowadays, in many recent applications; the data size become too large to be managed within the limited storage environments. In such applications, the data is a streaming data and has a continuously flowing data format. Queries on streaming data are performed using declarative queries, as opposed to queries made on classical databases. Declarative queries provide the ability to filter on a continuous data stream. In addition, they provide the ability to follow the data that match the conditions in the queries. Systems with a data structure in a continuous data flow format can be considered Event-based Systems, in which unit data can be considered as a real event. In such systems; realtime detection of complex events that will trigger business processes is becoming an important need. Within the scope of this research, a Complex Event Monitoring Infrastructure is proposed to address this deficiency. The proposed infrastructure provides the detection of complex events, which form the preconditions for initiating business processes in Event-based Systems. In order to demonstrate the usability of the proposed infrastructure, a prototype application has been developed for e-commerce web sites, where the click-stream data is generated in a streaming data format. Prototype application continuously monitors customer click-stream data collected from the Web site, where the trade takes place (e-commerce environment). Each click-stream data, labeled with a timestamp, is considered as an event data. By combining the basic events, occurring within a certain time period, complex events are identified and the appropriate business processes for corresponding commercial activities are triggered. The developed application was evaluated from the perspective of performance and scalability, and positive results were obtained indicating the usability of the proposed infrastructure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Harsit Creek which is one of the major rivers of the Eastern Black Sea region in terms of both volumetric flow rate and length formed a small delta in east of the Giresun province and Tirebolu town centre by depositing the carried alluvium in the mouth portion. Floods caused by Harsit Creek and consisting partially covered with swamp prevents the use of delta as agricultural and residential area until 1950s. The rehabilitation of the Harsit Creek after 1950 and with the drainage of delta began to turn into first the agricultural field, after 1980 a residential area. These changes are today continuing by accelerating. In addition, the coastal road which is one of the country's major transportation projects and completed in 2000s is located in the coastal areas of the delta. The sand extraction is performed from down ground of Valley of Harsit Creek since the 1990s. Also in the years of 2000s ponds were built on Harsit Creek to produce electricity. These developments lead to a reduction the alluvial soils that are reached by Harsit Creek and it is threatening human facilities on delta. In the present study, aerial photographs belong to 1950, 1973, and 1984 and high-resolution satellite imagery belong to 2007 and 2014 have been analysed; field observations were made; it is focused on both futures of delta and changes in the delta by doing face to face interviews with local residents. In addition, measures to be taken were highlighted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In study, it was aimed to demonstrate the presence of protozoa and helminths in the fifteen rivers which are located in five districts of Giresun and in the seawater of five different regions. Methods: The research was conducted between March 2012 - May 2013 and every month water samples were collected on the dates stated. The samples were painted with the kinyoun acid fast, modified trichrome and trichrome dyes after examining with the direct bond. The preparations were evaluated in terms of parasitological under a light microscope. Results: As a result of the investigation of the samples, Cryptosporidium spp. Cyclospora spp. Strongyloides species, Microsporidia, Blastocystis spp, hookworm and Giardia types were observed. Conclusion: It was detected that the rivers in Giresun were used for the daily needs and agricultural irrigation. When the shortage of waste water treatment plants in the area of the institution was taken into account, it was concluded that some researches should be done for determining of the epidemiology of parasitic diseases in humans and animals and according to the results, the control programs should be planned. In the resource information's we reached, any studies which were done for the investigation of the protozoa and helminths in the rivers and seawater of the province Giresun weren't observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: In study, it was aimed to demonstrate the presence of protozoa and helminths in the fifteen rivers which are located in five districts of Giresun and in the seawater of five different regions. Methods: The research was conducted between March 2012 - May 2013 and every month water samples were collected on the dates stated. The samples were painted with the kinyoun acid fast, modified trichrome and trichrome dyes after examining with the direct bond. The preparations were evaluated in terms of parasitological under a light microscope. Results: As a result of the investigation of the samples, Cryptosporidium spp. Cyclospora spp. Strongyloides species, Microsporidia, Blastocystis spp, hookworm and Giardia types were observed. Conclusion: It was detected that the rivers in Giresun were used for the daily needs and agricultural irrigation. When the shortage of waste water treatment plants in the area of the institution was taken into account, it was concluded that some researches should be done for determining of the epidemiology of parasitic diseases in humans and animals and according to the results, the control programs should be planned. In the resource information's we reached, any studies which were done for the investigation of the protozoa and helminths in the rivers and seawater of the province Giresun weren't observed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are various methods to investigate the effects of the coastal structures on coastal morphology. These can be grouped as physical and numerical models (numerical simulations). Since measurements of wave data are short term in Turkey, wind waves are hind casted by using long-term wind data. With the aid of numerical models, wave propagation from deep to shallow water can successfully be modeled, and the resulting currents from breaking waves, the amount longshore sediment transport and shoreline changes due to coastal structures can successfully be predicted. In this study, wind and wave induced coastal currents, and longshore sediment transport at the outlet of Alara River to Antalya Bay are modeled by using three dimensional hydrodynamic and transport numerical model HYDROTAM 3D. Wind and wave climate studies are based on the hourly data of Alanya Meteorological Station between the years 1970-2011. The model studies showed that the longshore sediment transport is along WestNorthWest (WNW)-EastSouthEast(ESE) direction. It is concluded that the net yearly sediment transport from east to west is 22237 m3. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The required energy of Turkey is being imported from foreign countries since it cannot be met by the country's own resources. However, Turkey has rich renewable water resources. In this paper, the hydropower potential of Nehil Creek, which is a subbasin of Zap basin, is investigated considering the effective use of this source and covering the existing energy gap, partially. Here, Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) methods were used. According to preliminary research, one dam has been planned to be installed on the Nehil Creek basin. The possible costs of this dam and the amount of annual electric energy that can be obtained were calculated. The total costs and the total installed power capacity of the dam were solved by using the Simahpp software. According to the Simahpp, the total cost and installed power capacity of the dam were found as 41,3x106 US$ and 25,2 MW, respectively. The total annual electricity to be produced by the dam was found as 39,8 GWh. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The villages, as the subject of our research, Aşağı Çat, Yukarı Çat, and Taşağıl are administratively located in the borders of Çat district affiliated to Erzurum province. These villages had been founded at the edge of Pisyan and Lezgi streams, which then creates Tuzla Stream, in the valley base. However, since Palandöken Dam has been built, next to the Erzurum-Bingöl highway and close to the point where these rivers met, to fulfill the drinking water need of Erzurum city, the villages mentioned above are submerged. For these submerged villages, new settlements have been founded next to the dam and the villagers have moved here. Hence, concrete and modern buildings superseded the old village houses. On the other hand, the locations and the shapes of the abodes have come up with several problems. The general geographical features of the area and the problems due to translocation are the primary purposes of our work. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, artificial neural networks (ANN) method that is most widely used in water resources engineering in recent years was used to estimate sediment. The various ANN models were developed by using the monthly flow data of Yamula station for 1973-2003 years on the Kızılırmak River as input parameters. Examining the developed models, it was shown that the ANN method can be used for estimation of the sediment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, 20 physicochemical parameters were measured mountly in 2007 and seasonaly in 2008 and 2009 on Akpınar Stream, which is located within the borders of Denizli and has 13 trout production facility. The data obtained were evaluated according to the fresh water fish directive which was agreed by the Commision of European Union (EC Directives) and Water Pollution Control Regulation Criteria. We determined that, the measured parameters on the first station do not constitute any risk for Salmonids and Cyprinids according to EC Directives and in the second station, the values of biological oxygen demand and nitrite were high enough to adversely affect the health offish. There is not a significant difference between two stations for the parameters of oxygen, nitrate, total nitrogen, pH, chemical oxygen demand, acid binding capacity, total hardness and chlorine. The parametes of total suspended solids, ammonium, nitrite, secondary phosphate, total phosphorus, organic matter, ammonia, biological oxygen demand, turbidity, temperature and flow rate were significantly high in second station (p<0.05). The reason of high levels of the parameters especially origin of organic pollution in the secod station is fish feces and feed wastes which directly given into the water. Settling ponds should be used properly and controls should be provided to increase for more healty production. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Demre Creek is one of the most important rivers of Southwest Anatolia with its basin width of about 1000 km2 and its delta of 22 km2. Beymelek Lagoon on the south of Demre delta was formed by accumulation of Demre Creek alluvial deposit before Beymelek Bay through coastal dynamics under the effect of prevailing south wind. The lake fed by karstic sources is independent of Demre Creek basin except for southwest delta and sandbars. In this research, it was determined that Demre Creek was formed during Neogene Period and that it first flowed into Beymelek Bay and later into the Mediterranean Sea from the southwest of the bay. Also, Demre Creek used these valleys throughout Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene Periods, but left these places due to tectonic activities and climatic fluctuations of the area and started to flow from its current valley during Middle Pleistocene. In this research, which aimed to determine the relation between the valley changes of Demre Creek during Paleogeography Periods and Beymelek Bay, geologic and geomorphologic characteristics of Demre Creek basin were analyzed in details and especially the evolution of the basin from its formation to Prior Holocene was dealt with. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, of water mites (Hydrachnidia) which are among the main representatives of aquatic faunas, 71 species belonging to 18 families were determined from samplings made in Köprüçay River and its branches, a major river of Mediterranean region situated within provinces Isparta and Antalya having great importance in tourism and as a water resource. These are belonging to the families Sperchontidae (11), Lebertidae (4), Torrenticolidae (10), Hygrobatidae (13), Aturidae (4), Feltridae (4), Arrenuridae (2), Protzidae (3), Limnesidae (1), Anisitsiellidae (4), Thyasidae (3) Hydrovolziidae (1), Limnocharidae (1), Eylaidae (2), Hydrodromidae (1), Teutoniidae (1), Axonopsidae (4) and Mideopsidae (2). Furthermore, some water quality values of Köprüçay river were also given. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, temporal trends of water quality parameters observed at Kayırlı and Çakırbeyli water quality monitoring stations in Çine Creek which is one of the important tributaries of Büyük Menderes River were investigated using non-parametric Mann-Kendall and Spearman Rho tests and parametric t-test. The trend analysis were performed on seasonal and annual averages. Whether or not a trend exists is decided upon the results of at least two tests with similar result. The relationships between water quality parameters and river discharge were also examined. The studied parameters are pH, electrical conductivity (EC), sodium (Na), potasium (K), calsium+magnesium (Ca+Mg), carbonate (CO3), bicarbonate (HCO3), chloride (Cl), sulphate (SO4) and boron (B). For each station, 50 time series were constructed using averages of each of four seasons, one annual average and 10 water quality parameters. At Kayırlı out of 50 time series, 19 series increased, 3 series decreased, while decreasing trends in 6 series were detected at Çakırbeyli. Other series stayed unchanged. The most of water quality parameters were negatively correlated with the river discharge at both stations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was carried out to determine the meat yield and chemical composition of Salmo trutta macrostigma caught in Munzur River. A total of 23 fish samples were used in this study. Average meat yield of fish used in this study were found as 58,04±04 % in one age group, 58,98± % in two age group , 59,93±1,00% in three age group, 61,07±1,21 % in four age group. Chemical analyses results showed that in all fish, mean percentage values of moisture, protein, fat, ash and carbohydrate were 78.87±0.78, 18.45±0.30, 2.65±0.77, 1.15±0.15 and 0.98±0.09 respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

It is very important to make reliable runoff predictions and runoff modeling studies when planning and designing of water resources. In the study presented, an artificial neural network (ANN) model is improved and applied to the daily runoff values of Coruh River which is located in the Coruh basin. The ANN model which requires one day and two days ahead runoff values as the input data is trained by using the runoff data depending on the records that spreads to a time frame of 1643 days, made between 03.10.1991 and 01.04.1996, and then tested by the 1643 days of runoff data set which recorded between 02.04.1996 and 30.09.2000. The ANN model was also compared with autoregressive stochastic AR(2) model structure. After analysis, it was noticed that the results of each model are approximately similar but ANN is more successful than the autoregressive model. When the statistics of the long term recorded and modeled runoff values are compared, it can be seen that the ANN model structure that has been developed, successfully represents the daily runoff values of the Coruh River and can be also used to forecast the daily runoff values of the other river basin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, regional flood frequency analysis is carried out for annual maximum flood series of stream gauging stations in the West Mediterranean River basins in Turkey based on an index flood method with L-moments parameter estimation. The region is divided into three homogeneous subregions; Antalya, Lower West Mediterranean and Upper West Mediterranean subregion using L-moment homogeneity test. After determining the homogeneous subregions, design floods with various recurrence intervals are calculated for stream gauging stations in each homogeneous subregions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Gediz River is the largest river flowing into Izmir Bay. It has got seasonally fluctuating regime. It's annual mean flowing rate was measured as 21,64 ± 3.02 m³/s during the period of 2004-2005 in which the seasonal samplings for the study have been carried out. Special attention was paid for the coverage of low (November) and high (February) flow periods. Its total suspended solids (TSS) concentrations were compared with those of Izmir Bay, and the TSS loads through the mouth of the river were calculated. Many researchers reported so far that "Gediz River is a pollution source for Izmir Bay", however there was no any mathematical explanation based on measurements showing a volume estimation as a pollution source and/or indicating any time pattern. This study has been presenting some answers to these questions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]