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With the development of the information society in the 1990s, the source of technological development began to be knowledge and human capital. The aim of this study is to examine the role of knowledge-based intellectual capital, which creates an important value especially for businesses, in the development process with a macro approach. The study examined the 2001-2021 period for economies of ten developing countries (Turkey, Argentina, Brazil, Mexico, Russia, Poland, Romania, South Africa, India, and Indonesia) using the variables of R&D expenditures, bureaucratic quality index, and education index as intellectual capital components. According to the results of panel ARDL analysis used to determine the effect in question, there is a positive and significant relationship between intellectual capital components on the development level of countries in both short and long terms. In addition, a bidirectional causality relationship is determined between intellectual capital variables and economic development. It can be stated that investments that countries make in their intellectual capital are an important determinant of their level of development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the era of modern management, businesses can convert human resources into capital occur in new management styles. As a result of the literature review, this study aimed to determine the effect of managers' leadership behaviors on positive psychological capital levels of employees. The workers in the 2nd organized industrial zone in the province of Gaziantep constitute the universe of research. A questionnaire form was sent to the employees via the Organized Industrial Zone Directorate by e-mail. The collected data from 161 questionnaires were evaluated. Data were collected using the survey method, Leadership Behaviors and Positive Psychological Capital scales. It was determined that leadership behaviors and psychological capital scales were valid as a result of the confirmatory factor analysis and the Cronbach alpha reliability coefficient of the scales was above 0.90. Leadership behaviors of managers are the result of employees' influence on psychological capital levels. The psychological capital levels of the employees are high and the managers show more production-oriented leadership behaviors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contemporary management paradigms assume that effective use of human resources is a top priority, and "psychological contract" is a recently emerging concept emphasizing the significance of human capital. Psychological contract is defined as a set of unwritten expectations between companies and employees, and the violation of such contracts has also emerged as a critical research topic. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between psychological contract breach, and organizational silence and its subscales. The study is based on survey data obtained from a total of 109 employees working in manufacturing sector during November, 2017. Frequency tests, reliability scores, Pearson correlation analysis and simple linear regression models are used to statistically analyze the survey data. Research findings show that there is a significant causal relationship between psychological contract breach, and organizational silence and two of its subscales. Some theoretical and practical implications for managers and future researches are discussed within the scope of the research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the current global world, education is the basis of human capital. Human capital is as important as physical capital for economic development and growth. As education is essential for individual and societal development, it also contributes to economic development and growth. These properties render education a semi-public service that should be offered by both public and private sectors. Due to positive effects of education on individuals and the society, many countries have directed their attention to education spending. This study investigates the education spending in Turkey and then make comparisons with Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. The analysis shows that, despite the steady increase in expenditure on education during the last decade, total expenditure on education is extremely low compared to other OECD countries in terms of indicators like spending on educational institutions as a percentage of gross domestic product (GDP), spending on educational institutions as a percentage of total public expenditure, and the amount of annual educational spending per student, all of which provide solid criteria for a qualitative and quantitative evaluation of educational services. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality and quantity of human capital which allows countries to wisely and effectively use their resources is vital to economic growth and development of countries. Additionally, real gross domestic product- an indicator of economic growth- has a significant effect on development along with factors such as health and education. A review of the reports published by United Nations Development Program reveals that a country's level of development is represented by the ''human development index'' ratings. In the same report appears "expectancy of life at birth" which is an indicator of health investments, and ''schooling rate'' as a measure of educational investments. In this context, this study presents a theoretical discussion on the concepts of human capital, development and growth and later, the study empirically tests the relevance and validity of the relationships among the research variables utilizing data on OECD countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]