50 results on '"Soil moisture"'
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2. Örtü Altı Bitkisel Üretiminin Sulama Yönetiminde Toprak Su İçeriğinin Belirlenmesi.
- Author
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KAMAN, Harun
- Subjects
- *
SOIL moisture , *IRRIGATION management , *PLANT-water relationships , *GREENHOUSE plants , *AGRICULTURAL productivity - Abstract
The need for water increases significantly due to the increase in temperatures and the decrease in water resources with climate change. In increasing agricultural production, along with other factors, it is undeniable that the share of irrigation is very large. The general practice in irrigation is to wet the root zone water content until it reaches field capacity after the irrigation time is determined. However, one of the most fundamental issues in planning a correct irrigation management is the determination and monitoring of soil water content. For this reason, in this study, it was aimed to determine the possibilities of determining and monitoring the soil water content of the plant root zone. The research was carried out in a greenhouse at Akdeniz University Faculty of Agriculture Research and Application Farm in Antalya, where greenhouse crop production is intense. In the study, the usability of the Profile Probe PR2 method, which is an indirect measurement method in determining the soil water content, was investigated. In the evaluation of the Profile Probe PR2 method, the gravimetric method, which is a direct measurement method for soil water content, was used as the basic tool. In the research, it was concluded that the soil water content can be determined quickly, practically and easily with the Profile Probe PR2 method. However, if it is preferred to monitor the soil water content with the Profile Probe PR2 method, it is also recommended to perform a detailed gravimetric calibration study for each soil condition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Pamuk Bitkisi Üretim Alanı Ortam Nem ve Sıcaklık Değerlerinin, SAR ve Optik Uydu Görüntüleri ile Tahmin Edebilirliğinin Araştırılması.
- Author
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KILIÇASLAN, Serkan, EKİNCİ, Remzi, and ARSLANOĞLU, Mehmet Cengiz
- Subjects
- *
LAND surface temperature , *DATA loggers , *FIELD research , *SOIL moisture , *REAL property sales & prices - Abstract
In the study carried out in 8 villages and 27 cotton parcels of Mardin Province Artuklu and Kızıltepe Districts, ambient humidity and temperature values in the field were measured and recorded with data logger devices at 6-hour intervals. The data obtained from the data loggers were analyzed with the Sentinel-1 and Landsat-8 satellite data prepared in the Google Earth Engine (GEE) environment and the relationship between them was examined. While a high correlation was found between ambient humidity (ON) values and VV (R²=0.63), VV-VH (R²=0.68), Soil Moisture Index (SMI) (R²=0.84), low correlation was found between VV (R²=0.51), VH (R²=0.06), VV-VH (R²=0.49), LEE_VH (R²=0.09), LEE_VV (R²=0.49), GAMMA_VH (R²=0.11, GAMMA_VV (R²=0.08), MALIK_VH (R²=0.08), MALIK_VV (R²=0.49), SMI (R²=0.50). A high correlation was found between ambient temperature (OS) values and Land Surface Temperature (LST) (R²=0.80**). However, a low correlation was found between ambient temperature (OS) and VV (R²=0.51), VH (R²=0.06), VV-VH (R²=0.49), LEE_VH (R²=0.09), LEE_VV (R²=0.49), GAMMA_VH (R²=0.11, GAMMA_VV (R²=0.08), MALIK_VH (R²=0.08), MALIK_VV (R²=0.49), SMI (R²=0.50). In large-scale field studies; VV, VV-VH and SMI index in estimating ambient humidity values; as it was concluded that the LST band can be used with high accuracy in estimating ambient temperature values, it has been recommended. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Böcekler Üzerinde İklimdeki Değişimin Etkisi: Çayır tırtılı (Loxostege sticticalis L., 1761) Örneği.
- Author
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ÖZPINAR, Ali
- Subjects
- *
SURFACE of the earth , *RAINFALL , *PLANT development , *SOIL moisture , *LEPIDOPTERA , *SUNFLOWERS - Abstract
Temperature and humidity, which are abiotic factors, have a significant effect on the distribution of living organisms on the earth's surface. Sudden changes in temperature and humidity can affect the development of plants, as well as create significant changes on the population fluctuations of herbivorous insects. Meadow moth (Loxostege sticticalis L., 1761 Lepidoptera; Carambidae), which periodically outbreaks in Balkan and Eastern European countries, in July 2022, it reached a high population density in the Thrace region and made an epidemic in sunflower fields. The outbreak has been associated with the increase in soil moisture due to the untimely rainfall of the season in the Thrace region and the emergence of adults from pupae in the soil. Rainfall also provided the formation of suitable vegetation for the larvae of the new generation. The 5.6% increase in sunflower cultivation areas in the region according to the previous year had a positive effect on the meadow moth finding a host. In the presence of similar conditions, the Meadow caterpillar will have the potential to cause epidemics in the coming years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. Bazalt fiber kullanımının düşük plastisiteli kilin serbest basınç dayanımı üzerindeki etkisi.
- Author
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GÜROCAK, Zülfü and ASLAN TOPÇUOĞLU, Yasemin
- Subjects
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SOIL moisture , *COMPRESSIVE strength , *KAOLIN , *BASALT , *CLAY , *FIBERS - Abstract
Different additives are used in reinforcement processes, called stabilization, which are made to increase the strength of low strength clays. Fibers are the most widely used of these materials. In recent years, the use of fibers in the reinforcement of soils has attracted the attention of researchers as an alternative to traditional chemical stabilization methods, due to their low cost, high strength and easy accessibility. The use of basalt fibers, which are different types of fibers, is increasing due to their economic and environmental friendliness. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of basalt fiber on the strength of kaolin clay. In order to examine the changes in the strength of the soil by adding basalt fiber in different proportions (0, 1, 2 and 3 % by dry weight) to the soil with different water contents (20, 25, 30 and 35%), unconfined compressive tests were carried out. After the experimental studies, it was determined that the unconfined compressive strength was maximum as a result of the addition of 25% water and 1% basalt fiber to the clay. According to the results of the study, the fiber ratio and the water ratio have a great effect on a successful reinforcement. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Meşe Meşcerelerinde Farklı Vejetasyon Tiplerinin Toprak Solunumuna Etkileri.
- Author
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ÖZBAYRAM, Ali Kemal
- Subjects
ATMOSPHERIC carbon dioxide ,SOIL respiration ,SOIL temperature ,OAK ,SOIL moisture - Abstract
Copyright of Düzce University Journal of Forestry / Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi is the property of Duzce University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Comparison of Recent Remote Sensing Data Using an Artificial Neural Network to Predict Soil Moisture by Focusing on Radiometric Indices
- Author
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Miraç Kılıç and Recep Gündoğan
- Subjects
multi-layer perceptron ,landsat 9 ,soil moisture ,soil adjusted vegetation index ,normalized difference moisture index ,Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
Remote sensing data is widely used as a common variable for digital soil mapping estimating models. The aim of this study, quite recently made available to researchers Operational Land Imager 2 (OLI–2) have structure Landsat 9 and Landsat 8 (OLI) and Sentinel 2A (MSI) to compare the performance of soil moisture estimation in multi-layer perceptron network (MLP) artificial intelligence algorithm of image data. The working area is 886.78 km2 and soil sampling was performed at 66 points for gravimetric soil moisture determination. In addition, after the satellite images were pre-processed, Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI) and Normalized Difference Moisture Index (NDMI) were calculated. Landsat 9 (OLI-2) based SAVI and NDMI showed a moderately significant positive correlation relationship with gravimetric soil moisture (rSAVI-SM=0.62, rNMDI-SM=0.44). The relationship between Landsat 8 (OLI) (rSAVI-SM=0.57, rNDMI-SM=0.11) and Sentinel 2A (MSI) (rSAVI-SM=0.42, rNDMI-SM=0.27) based radiometric indices and soil moisture was lower than Landsat 9 (OLI-2). RMSE values of MLP models were found to be respectively 0.79, 1.16 and 1.17 for Landsat 9 (OLI-2), Landsat 8 (OLI) and Sentinel 2A (MSI). Our results showed that with an Operational Land Imager (OLI-2) and near and short-wave infrared wavelengths improvements to multispectral imaging have improved soil moisture estimation success.
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Farklı özellikteki gübrelerin mera topraklarının bazı özellikleri ile Poa bulbosa var. vivipara bitkisinin besin elementi içeriğine etkisi.
- Author
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DEMİR, Azize DOĞAN, KÖKTEN, Kağan, ŞAHİN, Üstün, and CANBOLAT, Mustafa Yıldırım
- Subjects
PLANT growing media ,FARM manure ,ORGANIC wastes ,SOIL moisture ,EROSION ,MANURES - Abstract
Copyright of Düzce University Journal of Forestry / Düzce Üniversitesi Orman Fakültesi Ormancılık Dergisi is the property of Duzce University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
9. Dördüncü Sanayi Devrimi Ve Tarımdaki Değişimler.
- Author
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TURGUT, Begümhan and AYDIN, Nevin
- Subjects
AGRICULTURAL productivity ,PRECISION farming ,INTERNET of things ,INDUSTRY 4.0 ,SOIL moisture ,WEED competition - Abstract
Copyright of Balkan & Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences (BNEJSS) is the property of Balkan & Near Eastern Journal of Social Sciences (BNEJSS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
10. Newhall Simülasyon Modeli ile Toprak Nem ve Sıcaklık Rejimlerinin Belirlenmesi: Van İli Örneği.
- Author
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KARACA, Siyami and SARĞIN, Bulut
- Subjects
SOIL temperature ,SOIL moisture ,METEOROLOGICAL stations ,SIMULATION methods & models ,HUMIDITY ,DROUGHTS - Abstract
Copyright of Yuzuncu Yil Universitesi Journal of Agricultural Sciences (YYU J Agr Sci) is the property of Yuzuncu Yil University and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Damla sulama uygulamalarının ceviz bahçelerinde toprak tuzluluğuna etkisinin belirlenmesi.
- Author
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ÖTKEN, Miray and ERDEM, Tolga
- Subjects
MICROIRRIGATION ,IRRIGATION water ,SOIL protection ,SOIL salinity ,WALNUT ,SOIL moisture - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Sanat-Sabır İlişkisinde Geleneksel Ebrû Örneği.
- Author
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ŞENEL, Asuman and ŞENEL, Osman Emir
- Subjects
- *
CALLIGRAPHY , *SPIRITUAL formation , *SOIL moisture , *PATIENCE , *HUMAN beings , *HADITH - Abstract
Patience is needed for the arts like carpet-rug, ceramic, tile art, calligraphy, gilding, miniature, marbling that can be considered among Turkish-Islamic arts and products of a tradition from past to present. Patience is a trait recommended and praised in verses and hadiths for the spiritual development of mankind. Between the hustle and bustle of everyday life, patience is the condition that people consciously choose the acts of stopping and slowing down. Patience is the moment that sheltering in trust occurs by doing the things to be done which blooms the love and hope. The best example of this condition among traditional arts is marbling. Marbling is close to humans by nature and consists of soil and water. It is humble and dervish-like art and teaches patience to mankind at every stage of life. There is patience at every stage of the marbling from the preparation of the tragacanth to the crushing of the paint, from the boiling of the gall to the wrapping of the brush. In traditional Turkish-Islamic arts which is usually learnt in master-apprentice relationship, the reflections of being respectful, compassionate, and patient to the master, material, and the art itself are seen in marbling. In today's world where haste, impatience, and such things are becoming more and more common, one of the best ways to learn patience is to engage in the art, especially in marbling. The study aims to know marbling - one of the traditional Turkish-Islamic arts- in the context of the relationship between art and patience, to comprehend the relationship between patience and marbling, and to realize the contributions of marbling to the patience learning. During the study, the literature has been reviewed, marbling practices have been made, the findings have been examined and the results have been evaluated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Harran Ovasında Çiftçi Sulamalarının Bazı Performans Göstergeleri.
- Subjects
- *
IRRIGATION efficiency , *IRRIGATION , *WATER efficiency , *WINDBREAKS, shelterbelts, etc. , *SOIL moisture , *SOIL salinity , *IRRIGATION water , *SPRINKLER irrigation - Abstract
In this study, randomly selected farmer irrigations in the Harran plain were monitored, field slopes, flow rates, field irrigation lengths, Christiansen uniformity coefficient (CU) and distribution homogeneity (DU), deep percolation rate (DPR), water application efficiency (Ea), irrigation efficiency (Ia), water requirement efficiency (Er), tail water ratio (TWR) were determined. It has been observed that large parts of the fields receive insufficient water during irrigation, the size of the flow rates and the irrigation times are estimated according to the experience of the irrigation. In border irrigations, strips consisting of three furrows have been formed. When the water reaches the end of the field in the furrow or border, the water is cut off and there is usually no tailwater in daytime irrigation. moisture deficit in the soil is not taken into account in irrigation. During irrigation, it has been determined that the land levelling is generally not sufficient for surface irrigation and there are even slope differences in the same field. It has been observed that one of the main and perhaps the most important causes of excessive water losses in the irrigation system in the Harran Plain is uncontrolled night irrigations. Even when the need for irrigation water is intense, the fact that the irrigation water flows directly into the drainage channels all night confirms this view. In some irrigations, it was determined that half of the land was over-irrigated and the other half received insufficient water. In the field surface irrigation applications, the deep infiltration values varied between 9 and 38%, while CU values were found in the range of 66-96% in all irrigations monitored. On the other hand, while DU values generally vary between 46 and 85%, irrigation efficiency (Ea) varies between 62-91%, it is understood that high Ea values are due to incomplete irrigation. At the end of furrows and borders are usually had been closed to limit or stop irrigation water from flowing into open drainage channels. Observations have shown that although field and soil characteristics are similar, different furrow/border lengths are used. In general, it was observed that the length of the field and the length of the furrow or border were equal, and the irrigation lengths vary between 108- 570 m. Since the price of irrigation water depends on the areal size and product type, not the water volume, a lot of water have been flowing into the drainage channels in an uncontrolled manner, especially in uncontrolled night irrigations. Therefore, high water losses occur, while huge amounts of water are discharged through drainage channels, some of it accumulates in the low-lying lands downstream of the Harran plain, causing groundwater to rise and drainage and salinization problems become widespread. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2022
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Biyokömür ve Toprak Fiziksel Özellikleri.
- Author
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ALTIKAT, Alperay and ALMA, Mehmet Hakkı
- Subjects
- *
MOISTURE content of plants , *BIOCHAR , *SOIL moisture , *SOIL conditioners , *HYDRAULIC conductivity , *SOIL density , *SOIL physics - Abstract
Biochar is a material with high carbon content produced as a result of thermochemical transformation processes of organic material. In addition to the industrial and environmental uses of biochar, it is used as a soil conditioner in problematic soils in the agricultural sector. In this study, the effects of biochar on some soil physical properties, moisture changes in soil and plants, and soil temperature were investigated. In detailed literature reviews, it was determined that biochar application has positive effects at the some of the soil physical properties such as; soil bulk density, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability, shear and tensile strength, moisture content of the plant and soil. In these studies, concluded that the effects of biochar on soil properties vary depending on the production technology of biochar and some physical properties of biochar. The factors such as pyrolysis temperature, raw material type, aggregate diameter used in the production phase have changed the effect levels of biochar on the soil. In addition, it was determined that most of the studies on the subject were carried out in a laboratory or greenhouse for a maximum of 2 years. Therefore, it was concluded that field experiments should be conducted that determine the long-term effects of biochar on the soil. It is also an important subject in researching the effectiveness of the methods to be used to mix biochar with soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Trakya Bölgesinde kuru koşullarda farklı toprak ordolarında yetiştirilen ayçiçeği çeşitlerinin verimi ile toprak nemi arasindaki ilişkiler.
- Author
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Yılmaz, Ferruh Feza and Erdem, Duygu Boyraz
- Subjects
CLAY soils ,SOIL moisture ,PLANT-water relationships ,SOIL texture ,SUNFLOWER growing ,INCEPTISOLS - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Camsı Karbon Elektrot ve Nafyon-Grafenle Modifiye Edilmiş Camsı Karbon Elektrot Üzerinde Ethalfluralinin Voltametrik Tayini.
- Author
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KOÇAK, Berna
- Subjects
- *
CARBON electrodes , *CYCLIC voltammetry , *BUFFER solutions , *SOIL moisture , *EXCHANGE traded funds - Abstract
In this study, the electrochemical behavior of ethalfluraline (ETF), a dinitroaniline group herbicide, on glassy carbon electrode(CKE) and nafion-graphene modified glassy carbon electrode(N-GR /CKE) was investigated by cyclic voltammetry(CV). Voltammetric determination of ETF was examined by differential pulse voltammetry(DPV). Two peaks observed at -0.942V(1st peak current) and -0.768V(2nd peak current) during the potential scan of EFT by DPV method in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution between 0 and -1.5V on CKE and at -0.674 V(1st peak current) and -0.563 V(2nd peak current) during the potential scan on N-GR/CKE. After determining the optimum experimental conditions of ETF on CKE and N-GR /CKE, calibration line, working range, limit of detection(LOD), limit of quantification(LOQ), intra-day and inter-day repeatability were determined. In addition, the interference effect of some cations(Cu2+ , Ni2+, Co2+, Ca2+ , Pb2+) on N-GR/CKE was also investigated.The results show that EFT can be determined in real samples(water and soil) using CKE and N-GR/CKE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. BALKAN FETHİNDE ROL ALAN SARI SALTUK VE SEYYİD ALİ SULTAN HAKKINDAKİ MENAKIPNAMEDE YER ALAN EFSANEVİ MOTİFLER ÜZERİNE.
- Author
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YILMAZ, Fatma
- Subjects
MIRACLES ,INTELLECTUAL life ,OTTOMAN Empire ,SARIS ,SOIL moisture ,ROLE models - Abstract
Copyright of Turkish Culture & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly is the property of Turkish Cultur & Haci Bektas Veli Research Quarterly and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Farklı Toprak Sıcaklıklarının Tarla Kapasitesindeki Toprağın Karbondioksit (CO2) Üretimine Etkisi.
- Author
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AKBOLAT, Davut and COŞKAN, Ali
- Subjects
- *
SOIL temperature , *SOIL moisture , *GLOBAL warming , *TEMPERATURE , *HUMIDITY - Abstract
In this study, a pot experiment was carried out in order to determine the changes in CO2 emission at different temperatures of soil that irrigated at the beginning of the experiment until it reaches 60% of the saturation. In the experiment, the temperatures of the system in which the pots were placed (applications) were fixed at 40, 36 and 32 °C, and control pots at room temperature were also included in the experiment. Equal humidity conditions were ensured by adding the water as much as evaporated to the pots before each measurement (recording). Changes in soil temperature, soil moisture, CO2 emission and evaporation depending on time were monitored by taking daily records from the beginning to the 9th day of experiment. Result revealed that there were differences between the temperatures applied to the environment where the pots are located and the soil temperature, and the applied temperature did not reach the soil at the same level. On the other hand, temperature difference of 3.9, 3.4 and 3.9 °C between 40 °C, 36 °C, 32 °C and room temperature was achieved, respectively. The evaporation rate of the applied water was increased with increasing temperature. At the end of the experiment, the mean CO2 emissions were determined as 0.355, 0.432, 0.410 and 0.380 g m-2 h-1 for 40, 36, 32 °C and control applications, respectively. The only significant difference (P=0.05) by means of averages observed between 40 and 36 °C applications. H2O emissions found to be 19.7, 18.9, 15.5 and 13.2 g m-2 h-1 for 40, 36, 32 °C and control applications, respectively and the differences among applications were significant (P=0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2021
19. Harran Ovası’nda çiftçi koşullarında sulamadan dönen sularda kalite-kantitenin izlenmesi ve su uygulama randımanın saptanması.
- Author
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AKIN, Sabri and ŞİMŞEK, Mehmet
- Subjects
IRRIGATION efficiency ,IRRIGATION water ,IRRIGATION water quality ,SOIL moisture ,WATER use ,SOIL salinity - Abstract
Copyright of Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi is the property of Ege Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Farklı düzeylerdeki sulama uygulamalarının kinoa bitkisi üzerine etkileri II: Vejetatif gelişim, verim ve kalite parametreleri.
- Author
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SAMUTOĞLU, Neslihan, BAŞTUĞ, Ruhi, KARACA, Cihan, and BÜYÜKTAŞ, Dursun
- Subjects
QUINOA ,IRRIGATION water ,DEFICIT irrigation ,SOIL moisture ,GRAIN yields ,FATTY acids ,IRRIGATED soils ,SANDY loam soils - Abstract
Copyright of Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences is the property of Akdeniz Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Farklı düzeylerdeki sulama uygulamalarının kinoa bitkisi üzerine etkileri I: Bitki su tüketimi ve bitki katsayıları .
- Author
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SAMUTOĞLU, Neslihan, BAŞTUĞ, Ruhi, KARACA, Cihan, and BÜYÜKTAŞ, Dursun
- Subjects
DEFICIT irrigation ,QUINOA ,SOIL moisture ,MEDITERRANEAN climate ,GRAIN yields ,BLOCK designs ,IRRIGATED soils ,SANDY loam soils - Abstract
Copyright of Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences is the property of Akdeniz Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
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22. Şanlıurfa ili Suruç Ovası topraklarının bazı fiziksel özelliklerinin belirlenmesi.
- Author
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ÖZTÜRKMEN, Ali Rıza, RAMAZANOĞLU, Emrah, and ÇİÇEK, İsmail Cihan
- Subjects
SOIL moisture ,PEARSON correlation (Statistics) ,SOIL erosion ,SOIL quality ,STATISTICAL correlation ,SOIL sampling - Abstract
Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2021
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. Bilginin Sinerjisi ve COVID-19.
- Author
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Yalçınkaya, Yalçın
- Subjects
- *
INFORMATION economy , *HUMAN beings , *SOIL moisture , *ATMOSPHERE - Abstract
The editorial of this issue focuses on the knowledge which is the reality of time, the meaning of earth and life. The human's search for meaning is actually a state of 'knowing'. Just as healthy products cannot be obtained without clean air, water and soil, human beings can only exist in a healthy atmosphere. The knowledge of human being that begin with the human perspective of life, sustain with understanding and increase with rational thought, affects knowledge ecology and economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
24. Evaluating the Effects of In-situ Rainwater Harvesting Techniques on Soil Moisture Conservation and Grain Yield of Maize (Zea mays L.) in Fedis District, Eastern Hararghe, Ethiopia
- Author
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Amisalu Milkias, Teshale Tadesse, and Habtamu Zeleke
- Subjects
In-situ rainwater harvesting ,soil moisture ,contour ridge ,tied ridge ,ridge furrow ,Agriculture ,Agriculture (General) ,S1-972 - Abstract
In the drier farming regions of the world, where crop production is constrained by short growing period, unpredictable and short rainfall with sporadic run-off, in-situ rainwater harvesting is vital for successful crop production. In connection to this, a study was conducted in Fedis district of Oromia region during the main rainy seasons of 2015 and 2016 to evaluate the effects of in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques (Ridge Furrow (RF), Contour Ridge (CR), and Tied Ridge (TR)) on soil moisture conservation and grain yield of maize. A spilt-plot design was used and soil moisture content was measured at three growth stages of the crop to a depth of 60 cm with 20 cm interval. The results showed that water harvesting techniques significantly increased moisture conservation compared to the control, which was flat bed preparation. Averaged over the three stages, the TR, CR and RF treatments increased soil moisture storage by 134.59, 128.57, and 121.87%, respectively, compared to the control. The study also revealed that the in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques, due to the improved soil moisture storage, significantly affected grain yield of the maize. Averaged over the two years, the TR, CR, and FR increased the grain yield 143.14, 131.47 and 121.16%, respectively, over the control treatment. Therefore, in drier environments, such as Fedis, in-situ rainwater harvesting techniques can be recommended for better moisture conservation and subsequent improvement in crop production.
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Toprak Neminin Toprak Karbondioksit Emisyonu Üzerine Etkisi.
- Author
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AKBOLAT, Davut and ÇOŞKAN, Ali
- Subjects
- *
CARBON emissions , *SOIL moisture , *HUMUS , *SOIL temperature , *TILLAGE - Abstract
A number of factors are affecting soil's carbon dioxide gas emission which is one of the greenhouse gases. Those factors are soil temperature, soil moisture, soil organic matter contents and soil cultivation practices. In this study, soil carbon dioxide emissions were determined by creating a soil environment with three different moisture rates in a certain volume of soil in the laboratory condition. Soil carbon dioxide emission determined using mobile PP system. Simultaneously the each carbon dioxide record, soil temperature and evaporation from soil as well as gravimetric soil moisture contents were determined. According to the results, the average soil moisture of the soil for A, B and C applications was found to be 27.5%, 22% and 19.7%, respectively. The differences between those values were found to be statistically significant (p≤ 0.01). The soil carbon dioxide emissions determined on the A, B and C applications were 0.328, 0.317 and 0.304 g m-2 h-1, respectively, and the difference between the applications was found to be insignificant (p>0.05). The obtained mean evaporation values for A, B and C applications were 5.78, 7.14, and 7.50 g m-2 h-1, respectively. The differences between them were found to be insignificant (p>0.05). Soil temperatures values were 23.06, 22.04 and 21.75 °C, respectively, for A, B and C applications. While the temperature value in A application was significantly (p≤0.01) higher than the other two, the difference between the B and C applications was not significant (p>0.05). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
26. Farklı Toprak Sıcaklıkları ile Azalan Toprak Nem İçeriğinin CO2 Üretimine Etkisi.
- Author
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AKBOLAT, Davut and ÇOŞKAN, Ali
- Subjects
- *
SOIL temperature , *SOIL air , *SOIL moisture , *HIGH temperatures , *POTTING soils - Abstract
A pot experiment was conducted to examine the change in CO2 emission of the soil which was initially irrigated until it reaches 60% of the saturation and treated by different atmosphere temperatures. In the experiment, the temperature of the self-constructed system which the pots were placed were adjusted to 40, 36 and 32 °C, and the control pots left at room temperature were included in the experiment. Irrigation was done only once at the start of the experiment. Changes in soil temperature, soil moisture, CO2 emission and evaporation depending on time were determined until the 22nd day. Result of the experiment showed the differences on temperature values between pot atmosphere and soil; however, a differences among 40 °C, 36 °C 32 °C and ambient temperature found to be 3.9, 3.3 and 4.7 °C, respectively. At the beginning of the experiment, the rate of reduction of the water applied to the soil increased with the temperature, while the highest decrease was recorded in the highest temperature application, the lowest decrease was obtained from room temperature. The last measurement day was 22nd day after the experiment conducted. Measured water diminishes on that day were 81%, 73.6%, 66.6% and 47.5% for the temperatures of 40, 36, 32 °C and room temperatures, respectively. Results revealed that temperature applications significantly increased CO2 emission (p<0.05) where the highest values observed at the second and third measurement day at 40 °C application and that values were 1.5 and 1.7 times higher than the control. The highest determined CO2 emission was in 40 °C treatment as 1.41 gm-2 day-1 at third measurement day while the lowest was 0.024 gm-2 day-1 at 15th measurement day at same temperature application. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
27. Tarla koşullarında doymamış toprak hidrolik iletkenliğinin belirlenmesi ve matematiksel modellenmesi.
- Author
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SARIYEV, Alhan, SESVEREN, Sertan, TÜLÜN, Yusuf, KAMAN, Harun, and ACAR, Mert
- Subjects
SOIL permeability ,SOIL moisture ,HYDRAULIC conductivity ,STANDARD deviations ,WATERLOGGING (Soils) - Abstract
Copyright of Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences is the property of Akdeniz Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Kumlu tın ve killi tın toprakta kokopit uygulamasının tarla kapasitesi ve devamlı solma noktası üzerine etkisi.
- Author
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ALABOZ, Pelin and ÇAKMAKCI, Talip
- Subjects
CLAY loam soils ,SOIL texture ,SOIL moisture ,IRRIGATION water ,SANDY loam soils ,SOILS - Abstract
Copyright of Mediterranean Agricultural Sciences is the property of Akdeniz Universitesi Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. TÜRK DESTAN ve EFSANELERİNDE BENGİSU (ÂB-I HAYÂT).
- Author
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BİRKAN AKHAN, Ebru
- Subjects
TURKISH literature ,LITERATURE ,AFTERLIFE ,WATER use ,SOIL moisture - Abstract
Copyright of Journal of the Institute of Social Sciences Cankiri Karatekin University / Çankırı Karatekin Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi is the property of Cankiri Karatekin University, Institute of Social Sciences and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
30. Mera topraklarında nem dağılımının konumsal ve zamansal değişiminin profil boyutunda izlenmesi.
- Author
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Başkana, Oğuz
- Abstract
Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Yarı kurak bölgelerde sentetik açıklıklı radar (mikrodalga) görüntüleri ile toprak neminin tahmini.
- Author
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Tunçay, Tülay
- Abstract
Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Toprak Altı Damla Sulama Yöntemi ile Sulanan Serin ve Sıcak İklim Çimlerinde Sulama Zamanı Planlaması.
- Author
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AYANOĞLU, Havva and ORTA, A. Halim
- Subjects
- *
IRRIGATION water , *TURFGRASSES , *LOLIUM perenne , *TALL fescue , *SOIL moisture , *ZONE melting , *IRRIGATION scheduling , *DEFICIT irrigation - Abstract
The aim of this study is to determine the irrigation scheduling of cool-season and warm-season turfgrass species under sub-drip irrigation method. Field experiments were conducted in the experimental fields of Silivri municipality in Gümüsyaka village located between boundaries of Tekirdag and İstanbul, during the summer of the 2017. In the study, three different irrigation strategies were applied on cool season and warm season turfgrass species. Experimental design was split-plots in randomized blocks design with three replications. In the experimental area, Bermudagrass (Cynodon spp.) was used as a warm season turf type and a four-part mixture was used as cool season turf type (30% Lolium perenne, 25% Festuca rubra rubra, 35% Festuca arundinacea and 10% Poa pratensis). Irrigation water was applied when approximately 30%, 50%, and 70% of readily available water at effective root zone of 30 cm was consumed and completed to the field capacity. Irrigation scheduling was planned according to changes of available soil moisture level in root zone. At the end of the study for cool season turfgrass types; the total amount of irrigation water applied in different irrigation strategies varied between 324,2 mm -- 195,7 mm, seasonal evapotranspiration values varied between 382,7 mm -- 260,2 mm, and daily evapotranspiration values varied between 5,38 mm day-1 -- 3,69 mm day-1. As for warm season turfgrass types; same values varied between 298,6 mm -- 117,1 mm; 357,9 mm -- 180,4 mm; and 5,03 mm day-1 -- 2,53 mm day-1, respectively. In conclusion, the effect of different irrigation levels on two different turfgrasses have been determined to be statistically significant. When factors such as amount of irrigation water applied, cutting frequency and quality under the region's conditions are evaluated together; it is suggested to start irrigation when 50% of the available water in effective root zone is consumed in cool season turfgrass and when 70% is consumed in warm season turfgrass. When suggested aspects are compared, it can be said that warm season turfgrass demands 43% less irrigation water and consumes 52% less water than cool season turfgrass. Blaney-Criddle method was found to be the most suitable estimation method for reference evapotranspiration for cool and warm season turfgrass under the region's conditions and crop coefficient curves regarding these method were generated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Orta Karadeniz Bölgesi illerine ait toprak sıcaklıklarının yapay sinir ağları yöntemi ile tahmin edilmesi.
- Author
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KARA, Filiz and CEMEK, Bilal
- Subjects
EVAPORATIVE power ,SOIL temperature ,ARTIFICIAL neural networks ,SOIL moisture ,METEOROLOGY ,SOIL air ,STANDARD deviations - Abstract
Copyright of Derim is the property of Bati Akdeniz Agricultural Research Institute and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Kurak ekolojik koşullar altında oluşmuş toprakların detaylı toprak etüt haritalama çalışması ve sınıflaması.
- Author
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TUNÇAY, Tülay
- Subjects
ARID soils ,SOIL surveys ,SOIL mapping ,SOIL temperature ,SOIL moisture ,SOIL classification - Abstract
Copyright of Academic Journal of Agriculture / Akademik Ziraat Dergisi is the property of University of Ordu, Faculty of Agriculture, Academic Journal of Agriculture and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2019
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Elma ve gül posası biyoçarlarının kumlu toprağın bazı fiziksel özellikleri üzerine etkileri.
- Author
-
Alaboz, Pelin and Işıldar, Ahmet Ali
- Abstract
Copyright of Journal of Soil Science & Plant Nutrition / Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi is the property of Soil Science Society of Turkey and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
36. Sulamada toprağın ıslanma derinliğinin belirlenmesi.
- Author
-
Ekberli, İmanverdi and Gülser, Coşkun
- Abstract
Copyright of Anadolu Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi is the property of Ondokuz Mayis Universitesi, Ziraat Fakultesi and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Akşehir Gölü'ndeki su seviye çekilmesinin meteorolojik ve uydu verileri ile incelenmesi.
- Author
-
Dönmez, Senayi
- Abstract
Climate change is an acknowledged phenomenon. Even so, its consequences are not easily predictable. Lakes in Lakes Region of southwestern Turkey have been shrinking. Ak'ehir Lake, located on important bird migration routes, is one of those aforementioned lakes that has continually shrunk until completely drying up in 2008. This study aims to investigate the variation of meteorological and hydrological parameters during the shrinking and drying up of Lake Akşehir. Previous studies were mainly related with coastline changes of Akşehir Lake and attributed the changes to increased air temperatures and evaporation in conjunction with reduced precipitation and decreased surface flow. In this study, snow dynamics, both snow cover (SC) extent and duration besides snow water equivalent (SWE) are also investigated. Moreover, the inclusion of soil moisture (SM) data is additions to the current literature. SC, SWE and SM data obtained from satellite images recorded over the study area indicated that SC both in extent and duration was smallest during the 2008 winter- the same year in which the lake totally dried. SWE and SM values were also lowest during the study period. These were in agreement with the highest recorded air temperatures and reduced precipitation with respect to long-term averages over the study period. Recorded high evaporations above the long-term averages might have intensified recession which eventually resulted in drying of lake in 2008. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Doğal bir mera vejetasyonunun yapısı ve bazı çevre faktörleri ile ilişkileri
- Author
-
Özkan, Merve and Şen, Canan
- Subjects
Yöney 2021 ,Direction 2021 ,Soil Temperature ,Ziraat ,Soil Moisture ,Mera ,Pasture ,Agriculture ,Toprak Nemi ,Botanik Kompozisyon ,Toprak Sıcaklığı ,Botanical Composition - Abstract
Bu çalışma, 2018-2019 yıllarında Tekirdağ İli'nin Süleymanpaşa İlçesine bağlı Köseilyas Mahallesinde Enstitülerne ait olan doğal bir vejetasyona sahip merada beş ayrı yöneyin toprak sıcaklığı, toprak nemi, botanik kompozisyon ve ot verimlerine olan etkilerini araştırmak amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma yeri olan mera sınırları içerisinde bulunan güneydoğu (1.yöney), güney (2.yöney), kuzeybatı (3. yöney), batı (4.yöney), kuzey (5.yöney) yönünde bulunan kesimlerde 2018 ve 2019 yıllarında Tekerlekli Lup metodu kullanılarak bitki türleri ve botanik kompozisyon oranları tespit edilmiştir. İki yılın verileri incelendiğinde; 22 familyaya ait 103 farklı bitki türüne rastlanmış ve meranın baskın türleri Dactylis glomerata, Eryngium campestre, Plantago coronopus, Vulpia ciliata, Trifolium campestre olarak saptanmıştır. İlk yıl Fabaceae, Poaceae ve diğer familyalardan olan türlerin botanik kompozisyona katılma oranları sırasıyla %24,20, %38,33, %37,45, ikinci yıl ise %16,81, %34,18, %49,00 olarak tespit edilmiştir. Yapılan ölçümlerde yeşil ot verimleri sırasıyla ilk yıl 1051,37 kg/da, ikinci yıl 1010,66 kg/da, kuru ot verimleri ise ilk yıl 391,59 kg/da, ikinci yıl 376,06 kg/da olmuştur. Yöney, yeşil ve kuru ot verimi ile bitki bulunma sayılarında önemli etkide bulunmuştur. This study was carried out in 2018-2019 to investigate the effects of five different directions on the soil temperature, soil moisture, elevation from the sea level, botanical composition, and forage yields in the pasture that has natural vegetation belonging to Tekirdağ Namık Kemal University in Köseilyas Neighborhood of Süleymanpaşa District of Tekirdağ Province. Plant species and the ratios of botanical composition were determined by using the Wheeled Lup method in 2018 and 2019 in the southeast (1st direction), south (2nd direction), northwest (3rd direction), west (4th direction), and north (5th direction) directions in the boundaries of the pasture area, which is the research area. When the two years' data are examined, 103 different plant species belonging to 22 families were found; Dactylis glomerata, Eryngium campestre, Plantago coronopus, Vulpia ciliata, Trifolium campestre were identified as the dominant species of pasture. The participation rate of Fabaceae, Poaceae, and other species in the botanical composition in the first year was 24,20%, 38,33%, 37,45%, and in the second year, 16,81%, 34,18%, 49,00%, respectively. The measurements showed that fresh yields were 1051,37 kg/da in the first year and 1010,66 kg/da in the second year; on the other hand, hay yields were 391,59 kg/da in the first year and 376,06 kg/da in the second year. Direction had a significant effect on the yield of fodder, the yield of green pasture, and the number of plants.
- Published
- 2021
39. Uzaktan Algılama Teknolojisi ve Uydu Görüntüleri Yardımıyla Önemli Çevresel (Su ve Kara Yüzeyi) Etkilerin Gözlemlenmesi.
- Author
-
şekertekin, Ali İhsan, Kutoğlu, şenol Hakan, and Marangoz, Aycan Murat
- Abstract
Copyright of Karaelmas Science & Engineering Journal / Karaelmas Fen ve Mühendislik Dergisi is the property of Karaelmas Science & Engineering Journal and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)
- Published
- 2015
40. Analysis of soil moisture in semi-arid areas with multi-temporal RADARSAT-2 data
- Author
-
Melis Özge Pinar, Ali Koç, Suat Akgül, Sevinc Madenoglu, Tülay Tunçay, Mehmet Keçeci, Mustafa Esetlili, Gunay Erpul, Mahmut Hilmi Seçmen, Fusun Balik Sanli, Hesna Özcan, Aliihsan Sekertekin, Mustafa Üstüner, Murat Peker, Sinasi Kaya, Aynur Şensoy Şorman, Saygin Abdikan, and Üstüner, Mustafa
- Subjects
Yerbilimleri, Ortak Disiplinler ,Toprak nemi,Zamansal analiz,SAR,RADARSAT-2 ,Soil moisture ,Zamansal analiz ,RADARSAT-2 ,Soil moisture,Temporal analysis ,Temporal analysis ,Toprak nemi ,Geosciences, Multidisciplinary ,SAR - Abstract
Toprak nemi içeriği yeryüzünde enerji değişimi ve su döngüsü açısından çok önemli bir faktördür ve doğal risklerin değerlendirilmesi, hidroloji, ekoloji, tarım ve iklim bilimi gibi pek çok alanda büyük etkiye sahiptir. Toprak nemi özellikle arazi kullanımlarında konumsal ve zamansal olarak çok fazla değişerek çeşitli çevresel ve ekolojik sorunlara yol açabilmektedir. Bu nedenlerden dolayı, toprak nem içeriğinin konumsal değişiminin geniş ölçeklerde incelenmesi önemli bir araştırma konusudur. Sentetik Açıklıklı Radar (SAR) algılayıcıları toprak nemine duyarlı oldukları ve geniş alanları kapsadıkları için toprak neminin tespit edilmesinde önemli rol oynamaktadır. Bu çalışmada, Tarım İşletmeleri Genel Müdürlüğü Gözlü Tarım İşletmesi’nde seçilen buğday ekili ve nadasa bırakılmış tarlaların toprak nem içeriğinin konumsal ve zamansal değişiminin tam polarimetrik RADARSAT-2 görüntüleri ile belirlenebilirliğinin araştırılması amaçlanmıştır. 2016 yılı Mart ve Ekim ayları arasında yapılan aylık arazi ölçümlerinden elde edilen yersel ölçüm değerleri SAR gerisaçılım değerleri ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Çalışma sonucunda, doğrudan geri saçılım ile nem değerleri arasında -0.65 ile 0.67 arasında değişen negatif ve pozitif korelasyon katsayıları elde edilmiştir. Toprak nemi için ekili alanda buğdayın büyüme evresi olan Mayıs-Haziran döneminde daha yüksek korelasyon belirlenmiş olup, her iki alan için en iyi sonuç VV polarimetrik verisi ile elde edilmiştir., Soil moisture content is a very important factor in terms of energy exchange and water cycle on Earth and has a great impact in many areas regarding assessment of natural risks, hydrology, ecology, agriculture, and climate science. Soil moisture can greatly change spatially and temporally, especially depending on land use changes, and the changing soil moisture may cause various environmental and ecological problems. In this respect, it is an important research subject to examine the spatial change of soil moisture content on large scales. Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) sensors play an important role in detecting soil moisture because they are sensitive to soil moisture and they cover large areas. In this study, it was aimed to investigate the determination of the spatial and temporal variation of soil moisture content using fully polarimetric RADARSAT-2 images in wheat cultivated field and fallow land located in The General Directorate of Agricultural Enterprises Gözlü Agricultural Enterprise. The in-situ measurements obtained monthly from field surveys between March and October 2016 were compared with the backscatter values of SAR images. As a result of the study, negative and positive correlation coefficients varying from -0.65 to 0.67 were obtained between backscatter values and in-situ soil moisture values. The highest correlations for soil moisture were obtained in the cultivated area during the May-June period, which is the growing stage of wheat, and the best results for both areas were determined with VV polarimetric data.
- Published
- 2020
41. Hububat tarımında alternatif toprak işleme uygulamalarının rüzgar erozyonuna ve enerji tüketimine etkileri
- Author
-
Gür, Kazim, Çarman, Kazım, Enstitüler, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Tarım Makineleri ve Teknolojileri Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, Çarman, Kazim, and Tarım Makineleri ve Teknolojileri Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
stability index ,Energy ,Agriculture ,amount of stubble ,mechanical stability ,toprak nemi ,erosion ,Enerji ,anız miktarı ,yüzey düzgünsüzlüğü ,Ziraat ,erozyon ,enerji tüketimi ,surface unevenness ,energy consumption ,stabilite indeksi ,mekanik stabilite ,portable wind tunnel ,soil moisture ,taşınabilir rüzgar tüneli - Abstract
Bu çalışmada buğday üretiminde; geleneksel uygulama, azaltılmış toprak işleme uygulamaları ve doğrudan ekimden oluşan 5 farklı uygulama karşılaştırılmış; yakıt tüketimi, tarla trafiği, penetrasyon direnci, yüzey düzgünsüzlüğü, kesilme direnci, nem değişimi, mekanik stabilite, stabilite indeksi, anız gömülme oranı, tane verimi ve biyokütle değerleri belirlenmiş, enerji parametereleri hesaplanmıştır. Ayrıca doğrudan ekim uygulamasında ekim işlemi sonrasında diğer uygulamalarda ise toprak işleme sonrasında taşınabilir rüzgar tüneli ile 4 farklı rüzgar hızında erozyon oluşurularak sediment taşınımı izlenmiştir. Düşük hızlarda ( 4 ve 7 m s-1) sediment tutumu gerçekleşmemiş, 10 ve 13 m s-1 rüzgar hızlarında elde edilen sedimentlerle uygulamalara ait erozyon miktarları hesaplanmıştır. Elde edilen sonuçlara göre; farklı uygulamaların yakıt tüketimi değerleri 0.54 L da-1 ile 4.46 L da-1, tarla trafiği değerleri % 50 ile % 190 arasında değişmiştir. Toprağın fiziko mekanik özelliklerinden penetrasyon direnci değerleri 0.69 MPa ile 2.57 MPa, kesilme direnci değerleri 0.34 N cm-2 ile 2.23 Ncm-2 ve tarla yüzey profil düzgünsüzlüğü değerleri ise % 4.56 ile % 29.16 arasında değişmiştir. Toprak nem değerleri açısından yapılan değerlendirme de; toprak işleme sonrası nem değerleri 0-15 cm'de % 6.1 ile % 9.8, 15-30 cm'de % 6.7 ile % 11.1 bulunmuştur. Uygulamalar toprağın mekanik stabilite ve stabilite indeksi açısından değerlendirildiğinde; sırasıyla 0-2.5 cm'de % 80.01 ile % 89.00, 2.5-5 cm'de % 83.57 ile % 96.27, 0-2.5 cm'de 2.24 ile 3.82, 2.5-5 cm'de 2.59 ile 6.14 arasında değişmiştir. Toprak erozyonu miktarı, 10 m s-1 rüzgar hızında 54 g m-2 h-1 ile 784 g m-2 h-1, 13 m s-1 rüzgar hızında ise 113 g m-2 h-1 ile 1,212 g m-2 h-1 arasında değişmiştir. Uygulamaların buğday verimi değerleri 2,210 kg ha-1 ile 3,810 kg ha-1, biyokütle verimi değerleri 6,759 kg ha-1 ile 9,740 kg ha-1, net enerji oranı ise 7.25 ile 11.74 arasında değişmiştir., In this study; 5 different practices of conventional cultivation, reduced soil cultivation practices and direct drilling in wheat production were compared; the values of fuel consumption, field traffic, penetration resistance, surface unevenness, cut resistance, moisture change, mechanical stability, stability index, stubble burying rate, grain yield and biomass were determined and energy parameters were calculated. In addition, erosion was created by portable wind tunnel at 4 different wind speeds and sediment transport was observed in direct drilling practice after drilling and in other practices after soil cultivation. Sediment trapping was not realized at low speeds (4 and 7 m s-1) and the amounts of erosion were calculated with sediments obtained at 10 and 13 m s-1 wind speeds. According to the results obtained; the values of fuel consumption of different practices ranged from 0.54 L da-1 to 4.46 L da-1 and the values of field traffic ranged from 50 % to 190 %. The values of penetration resistance, one of the physico-mechanical properties of soil, ranged from 0.69 MPa to 2.57 MPa, the values of cut resistance ranged from 0.34 N cm-2 to 2.23 N cm-2 and values of the field surface unevenness ranged from 4.56 % to 29.16 %. In the evaluation in terms of the values of soil moisture; the values of moisture after soil cultivation was found as 6.1% to 9.8% at 0-15 cm and 6.7 % to 11.1 % at 15-30 cm. When practices were evaluated in terms of the values of soil mechanical stability and stability index, they were changed between 80.01% and 89.00% at 0-2.5 cm, 83.57% and 96.27% at 2.5-5 cm, 2.24 and 3.82 at 0-2.5 cm and 2.59 and 6.14 at 2.5-5 cm, respectively. The amount of soil erosion ranged from 54 g m-2 h-1 to 784 g m-2 h-1 at a wind speed of 10 m s-1 and from 113 g m-2 h-1 to 1,212 g m-2 h-1 at a wind speed of 13 ms-1. The values of wheat yield of the practices ranged from 2,210 kg ha-1 to 3,810 kg ha-1, the values of biomass yield ranged from 6,759 kg ha-1 to 9,740 kg ha-1 and net energy ratio ranged from 7.25 to 11.74.
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- 2019
42. Bazı toprak nem sabitelerinin penetrasyon direnci ölçümleriyle belirlenebilmesi için tahmin modellerinin geliştirilmesi
- Author
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Alaboz, Pelin, Işıldar, Ahmet Ali, and Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Penetration resistance ,Ziraat ,Measurement systems ,Agriculture ,Soil moisture ,Estimation models ,Penetration - Abstract
Toprak nem sabitelerinin ve diğer toprak özelliklerinin doğrudan ölçümü yerine bilinen ya da kolay elde edilen diğer toprak özelliklerinden tahminine yönelik araştırmalar, önemini hiçbir zaman yitirmemiştir. Bu çalışmada, belirlenmeleri çoğunlukla güç ve zaman alıcı nitelikte olan bazı nem sabitelerinin penetrasyon direnci ölçümlerinden tahmin edilebilirliğine odaklanılmıştır. Çalışmanın kapsamını asıl olarak; Isparta bölgesinde farklı toprak nem düzeylerindeki penetrasyon direnci ölçümleri oluşturmuştur. Ölçüm noktalarından alınan topraklar laboratuvar bünye analizleri temelinde; kumlu, tınlı ve killi olarak gruplandırılmış ve farklı nem tansiyonlarına (0.1, 0.33, 0.5 bar ve15 bar) ilişkin nem düzeyleri belirlenmiştir. Model geliştirme aşamaları; (1) herbir grubun ortalama nem içeriklerinin bireysel nem – penetrasyon direnci ilişkileri aracılığıyla sabit bir nem içeriği için düzeltilmesi amaçlı kullanımını, (2) düzeltilen penetrasyon direnci değerleri ile ortalaması alınan nem içeriklerinin ilişkilendirilmesini, (3) herhangi bir zamanda yapılan belirlemeler için bünye gruplarına özgü genel nem-penetrasyon direnci ilişkileri kullanılarak düzeltilmiş penetrasyon dirençlerinin eldesinin ve bir önceki elde edilmiş ilişki bağlamında değerlendirilmesini kapsamaktadır. Nem sabitelerinin tahminine yönelik alternatif model geliştirilmesinde ise; penetrasyon direncine ek olarak, bünye fraksiyonları (kum, kil ve silt), hacim ağırlığı, % CaCO3 ve organik madde içeriklerine yer verilmiştir.Toprakların nem – penetrasyon direnci ilişkileri bağlamında nem sabitelerinin (0.1, 0.33, 0.5 ve 15 bar) tahminine yönelik modeller için; gerçek veriler ile tahmin edilenler arasındaki en yüksek R2 değerleri (0.61, 0.60, 0.64 ve 0.59) tınlı topraklarda elde edilmiştir. Söz konusu toprak grubu için hata kareler ortalaması karekökü (RMSE) 1.32 ve 1.90, ortalama hata (ME) ise 1.53 ve 2.05 arasında belirlenmiştir. Kum, kil, organik madde, hacim ağırlığı ve penetrasyon direnci özelliklerinin kullanımıyla farklı nem tansiyonları için açıklanabilirlik % 71 ve 77 arasında olmuştur. Penetrasyon direnci, organik madde, silt ve kum özelliklerinin kullanımıyla oluşturulan modellerin tahmin gücünün değerlendirilmesi kapsamında R2 0.63 ve 0.82, RMSE, 1.60 ve 5.08, ME ise 1.17 ve 3.97 aralıklarında belirlenmiştir. Dolayısıyla, sadece penetrasyon direncinin ya da diğer bazı toprak özelliklerinin ilavesiyle geliştirilen alternatif modellerin tınlı topraklarda güvenle kullanılabileceği sonucuna ulaşılmıştır. Benzer toprak gruplarında geçerliliği yüksek olan modellerin elde edilebilmesi için; özellikle gruplar arası geçiş bölgelerinde yer alan toprakların alt gruplara ayrılması ve daha kapsamlı çalışmalar yürütülmesi önerilmektedir. The studies regarding the prediction of soil moisture constants from other known or easily obtained soil properties, rather than direct measurements, never lose importance. Therefore, this study also focused on the predictability of some moisture constants, whose determination is often difficult and time-consuming, from penetration resistance measurements. The scope of the study was composed of the mainly; measurements of the penetration resistance at different soil moisture levels in the Isparta region. The soil samples taken from measurement points based on the laboratory analysis, were grouped as sandy, loamy and clay and their moisture levels were determined for different moisture tensions (0.1, 0.33, 0.5 bar and 15 bar). Model development stages covered; (1) the use of the averages moisture contents of each group to correct for a constant moisture content by means of individual moisture-penetration resistance relations, (2) the correlation between avarage moisture content and the corrected penetration resistance values, 3) any time for the determination obtained corrected penetration resistance using of moisture-penetration relationships specific to groups and their evaluation of the previous acquired relationship. In the development of alternative models for the estimation of moisture constants; in addition to penetration resistance, textural fractions (sand, clay and silt), bulk density, CaCO3 % and organic matter contents were included.For estimation models of moisture constants in the context of moisture-penetration resistance relationships of soils; the highest R2 values (0.61, 0. 609, 0.64 and 0.59) between the actual and the predicted data was obtained from the loamy soils. For this group, the root mean square of error (RMSE) was determined to change between 1.32 and 1.90 and in addition, mean error (ME) was determined to range from 1.53 to 2.05. For different moisture tensions, the explainability obtained for clay, organic matter, bulk density and penetration resistance properties was between 71 and 77%. For the moisture prediction models generated by the use of penetration resistance, organic matter, silt and sand properties, R2 was determined to change between 0.63 and 0.82, RMSE and ME were range from 1.60 to 5.08, and from 1.17 to 3.97, respectively. Therefore, it is concluded that the alternative models, developed by the use of penetration resistance or by the addition of some other soil properties, could be used safely in the loamy soils. In order to obtain the models with high validity in the similar soil groups, In particularly, it is recommended to divide the soils in the transition regions between groups in to subgroups and to conduct more comprehensive studies. 157
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- 2019
43. Aktif mikrodalga uydu görüntü verileri kullanılarak toprak neminin belirlenmesi
- Author
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Şekertekin, Aliihsan, Marangoz, Aycan Murat, Abdikan, Saygın, and Geomatik Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Jeodezi ve Fotogrametri ,Synthetic aperture radar ,Soil moisture ,Geodesy and Photogrammetry - Abstract
Toprak nemi, atmosfer ve dünya yüzeyi arasındaki etkileşimi tanımlayan ve dünya enerji döngüsünü kontrol eden önemli bir parametredir. Bu çalışmanın temel amacı, Advanced Land Observing Satellite 2 (ALOS-2) ve Sentinel-1A Yapay Açıklıklı Radar (SAR: Synthetic Aperture Radar) uydu görüntülerini kullanarak bitki örtüsü olan ve olmayan doğal nem döngüsündeki tarlalarda, toprak nemi tahminlerinin yapılması ve toprak nemi haritalarının oluşturulmasıdır.Çalışma kapsamında; 22 Nisan, 12 Haziran 2016 tarihlerinde alınan iki adet ALOS-2 ve 18-24 Nisan, 11 Haziran 2016 tarihlerinde alınan üç adet Sentinel-1A SAR veri seti toprak nemi tahmini için kullanılmıştır. Ayrıca, Sentinel-2A optik uydusuna ait iki veri setinden Normalize Fark Bitki İndeksi (NDVI: Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) görüntüleri oluşturularak, model tabanlı yaklaşımlarda ve maskeleme işlemlerinde yararlanılmıştır. Çalışma alanı olarak İzmir'in Bergama ilçesine ait Bakırçay Nehri'nin geçtiği bir tarım bölgesi seçilmiştir.Bölgede en verimli tarım arazilerini, Bakırçay Nehri'nin taşıdığı ve biriktirdiği alüvyonlar oluşturmaktadır. İlçede özellikle tütün, pamuk, domates, bamya, zeytin ve üzüm başlıca yetiştirilen ürünlerdir.Çalışmada, SAR verileri ile toprak nemini tahmin edebilmek için kullanılan model tabanlı yaklaşımların yanı sıra deneysel modeller geliştirilmiştir. Arazi çalışmalarında, toprak nemi ölçümleri gravimetrik yöntemle belirlenmiştir. Öncelikle, SAR geri saçılımı ve toprak nemi ilişkisi incelenmiş ve tüm tarlalar baz alındığında aradaki ilişkinin çok düşük olduğu belirlenmiştir. Grafiklerde eğilimi bozan toprak nemi değerleri çıkarıldığında, aradaki ilişkinin oldukça yükseldiği belirlenmiştir. 22 Nisan 2016'da alınan ALOS-2 verisi için en yüksek ilişki, HH polarizasyonda elde edilmiştir. 18 Nisan ve 24 Nisan tarihlerinde alınan Sentinel-1A verilerinde ise en yüksek ilişki, VV polarizasyonunda elde edilmiştir. Haziran verileri dikkate alındığında, toprak nemi ve geri saçılım arasındaki en yüksek ilişki ALOS-2 için HV polarizasyonunda, Sentinel-1A için ise VV polarizasyonunda belirlenmiştir. SAR verileri ile toprak nemi tahmininde sıkça kullanılan yarı deneysel modellerden olan Dubois ve Oh modelleri de analiz edilmiş ancak tatmin edici sonuçlar elde edilmemiştir. Bu nedenle, deneysel model geliştirme çalışmalarına başlanmıştır.Deneysel model geliştirebilmek amacıyla çok değişkenli doğrusal regresyon analizi kullanılarak aşamalı (stepwise) yöntem esas alınmıştır. Nisan verileri için dielektrik katsayısının olduğu durumlarda 24 Nisan tarihli Sentinel-1A için üretilen model, %99 korelasyon katsayısı (R2) ve 0.35 standart sapma (σ (%)) ile en iyi sonuçları sunmuştur. Dielektrik katsayısının olmadığı durumda ise 22 Nisan tarihli ALOS-2 için üretilen model %82 R2 ve 2.37 σ (%) ile en iyi sonuçları sunmuştur. Haziran veri seti için, dielektrik katsayının olduğu veya olmadığı her iki durumda da sırasıyla %98 R2 ve 1.30 σ (%), %69 R2 ve 4.90 σ (%) ile ALOS-2 verisi daha iyi sonuçlar sunmuştur.Bitki örtülü alanlarda, toprak nemi tahmininde Water Cloud Model (WCM) kullanılmıştır. WCM analizleri sonucunda, hem ALOS-2 hem de Sentinel-1A verileri için en iyi sonuçlar bitki kaplama alanının kullanıldığı durumlarda elde edilmiştir. ALOS-2 verisinde HV geri saçılımının toprak nemi ile olan korelasyon katsayısı %68'den %73'e yükselmiştir. Sentinel-1A verisinde ise VV geri saçılımının toprak nemi ile olan korelasyon katsayısı %54'ten %64'e yükselmiştir.Çalışmanın son aşaması olarak toprak nemi haritaları oluşturulmuştur. 22 Nisan 2016 tarihli ALOS-2 verisinden üretilen toprak nemi haritasının Karesel Ortalama Hata (KOH) değeri %4.43 olarak belirlenmiştir. 24 Nisan 2016 tarihli Sentinel-1A verisinden üretilen toprak nemi haritasının KOH değeri ise %2.73 olarak hesaplanmıştır. Haziran veri setleri için üretilen toprak nemi haritaları, WCM analizlerinin ters çözümü ile elde edilmiştir. 12 Haziran 2016 tarihli ALOS-2 verisinden üretilen toprak nemi haritasının KOH değeri %15.13 olarak belirlenmiştir. 11 Haziran 2016 tarihli Sentinel-1A verisinden üretilen toprak nemi haritasının KOH değeri ise %9.01 olarak hesaplanmıştır.Elde edilen sonuçlar göz önüne alındığında, SAR verileri ile toprak nemi tahmininde hem L-bant hem de C-bantta etkili sonuçlar alındığı belirlenmiştir. Sentine-1 uydu verilerinin ücretsiz olarak alınabilmesi, ALOS-2 uydu verilerine göre avantaj olarak düşünülebilir. Ancak, toprağın farklı yüzey derinliklerinde yapılacak olan çalışmalarda, L-bant görüntülerinin dikkate alınması daha anlamlı sonuçlar sunacaktır. Soil moisture describes the interaction between Earth surface and atmosphere, and it is an important parameter that controls the world's energy cycle. The main objective of this study is to estimate soil moisture using Advanced Land Observing Satellite 2 (ALOS-2) and Sentinel-1A SAR satellite imagery in vegetated and non-vegetated fields during natural moisture cycle, and to generate soil moisture maps of the study area.ALOS-2 and Sentinel-1A Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data sets acquired on April and June 2016 were used to estimate soil moisture within the scope of the study. In addition, Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) images were generated from two data sets of Sentinel-2A, and were used in model-based approaches and masking operations. As study area, an agricultural region of Bakırçay River belonging to the Bergama district of İzmir was chosen.Alluviums that the Bakırçay River carries and accumulates form the most fertile agricultural land in the region. Tobacco, cotton, tomato, okra, olive and grape are mainly grown products in the region.In this study, model-based approaches for estimating soil moisture using SAR data were utilized, and empirical models were developed. The soil moisture measurements were determined by gravimetric method in field studies. Firstly, SAR backscatter and soil moisture relationship were investigated and it was seen that the relation between these two variables was very low. It was determined that when the values of soil moistures that distort the tendency in the graphs were subtracted, the relation between them was highly increased. The highest correlation for the ALOS-2 data received in April was obtained in HH polarization. For Sentinel-1A data obtained on April 18 and April 24, the highest correlation was obtained in VV polarization. Considering the data in June, the highest relationship between soil moisture and backscatter was determined in HV polarization for ALOS-2 and VV polarization for Sentinel-1A. The semi-experimental Dubois and Oh models, commonly used in estimating soil moisture via SAR data, were also analysed but satisfactory results were not obtained. For this reason, empirical model development studies have begun.In order to develop empirical models, a stepwise method, based on multivariate linear regression analysis, was utilized. In the presence of the dielectric constant, the model produced for Sentinel-1A on April 24 offered the best results with 99% R2 and 0.35 σ (%). In the absence of the dielectric constant, the model produced for the ALOS-2 on April 22 offered the best results with 82% R2 and 2.37 σ (%). For the June dataset, the ALOS-2 data provided better results with 98% R2 and 1.30 σ (%), 69% R2 and 4.90 σ (%), respectively, with or without dielectric constant.Water Cloud Model (WCM) was used to estimate soil moisture in vegetated areas. As a result of the WCM analyses, the best results for both ALOS-2 and Sentinel-1A data were obtained when the plant coverage was used. In ALOS-2 data, the correlation coefficient of HV backscatter with soil moisture increased from 68% to 73%. In Sentinel-1A data, the correlation coefficient of VV backscatter with soil moisture increased from 54% to 64%.As the last step of study, soil moisture maps were generated. Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) value of the soil moisture map generated from the ALOS-2 data acquired on April 22, 2016 was 4.43%. The RMSE value of the soil moisture map generated from the Sentinel-1A data acquired on April 24, 2016 was calculated to be 2.73%. Soil map generated for the June data sets were obtained with the inverse solution of the WCM analyses. The RMSE value of the soil moisture map generated from the ALOS-2 data acquired on 12 June 2016 was determined as 15.13%. The RMSE value of the soil moisture map generated from the Sentinel-1A data acquired on June 11, 2016 was calculated as 9.01%.Considering the obtained results, it was determined that SAR data in both L-band and C-band are effective to estimate soil moisture. Compared to ALOS-2 satellite data, Sentinel-1 satellite data can be obtained free of charge and this is an advantage; however, studies with different depths of soil moisture may require consideration of L-band images. 160
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- 2018
44. Toprak nemi ve hacim ağırlığının penetrasyon direncine etkisi
- Author
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Çetin, Ayşe, Şeker, Cevdet, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Anabilim Dalı, and Enstitüler, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Ziraat ,penetrometre direnci ,Agriculture ,soil moisture ,Hacim ağırlığı ,Bulk density - Abstract
Toprak sıkışması, büyük ölçüde mekanizasyona dayanan günümüz tarımının en önemli sorunları arasındadır. Toprak sıkışmasını yorumlamada kullanılan en önemli toprak özelliği hacim ağırlığıdır. Ancak bu özelliğin ölçümü kolay olmamakta ve bitki gelişimi ile doğrudan ilişkisi kurulamamaktadır. Toprakların bitki gelişimi ile ilgili olarak sıkışma durumunun belirlenmesi için çeşitli göstergeler önerilmiştir. Bu göstergelerin başında toprak su içeriği, hacim ağırlığı ve penetrasyon direncini açıklayan çeşitli eşitlikler geliştirilmiştir. Bu eşitliklerin herhangi bir alan için kullanılabilmesi, eşitliğin geliştirildiği toprak özellikleri ile kullanılacağı toprak özelliklerinin benzerliğine bağlıdır. Toprakların doğaları gereği çok fazla değişkenlik içermeleri nedeniyle farklı özelliklere sahip topraklar için bu modellerin hazırlanması gerekmektedir. Bu eşitlikler kullanılarak farklı zaman ve yerlerde yapılan ölçümlerin, benzer şartlar için yorumlanmaları ve kıyaslanmaları sağlanmış, aynı zamanda bitki gelişiminin sağlıklı devam edebilmesini sağlayan sınırlandırılmış su rejimi (SSR) bölgesi geliştirilmiştir. Yapılan bu çalışmada kil içeriği yüksek, farklı nemlerde ve hacim ağırlığında sıkıştırılan bir toprağın penetrasyon direnci ölçülerek, farklı nemler ve hacim ağırlıkları için tahmin ve kıyaslamaların yapılabileceği gravimetrik ve hacimsel su içeriği ile toprak su potansiyelini dikkate alan matematiksel modeller geliştirilmiştir. Bu modellerin regresyon katsayıları 0,98- 0,99 arasında değişmiş olup, yüksek tahmin yüzdesi değerleri elde edilmiştir. Buna göre farklı dönemlerde farklı nem ve hacim ağırlıklarında penetrasyon ölçümleri yapılan kil içeriği yüksek benzer özelliklere sahip toprakların karşılaştırılmasına olanak sağlanmıştır. Ayrıca geliştirilen modeller kullanılarak bitki kök gelişiminin sınırlanmaya başladığı 2 MPa sınır değeri ile kök gelişiminin durduğu 3 MPa sınır değeri de ortam değişkenliğine göre hesaplanmıştır., It is seen that today's agriculture, which is based on soil compaction and large cost mechanization, is the most important problems. Soil bulk density is the most important soil property which is used in the interpretation of soil compaction. However, the measurement of this feature is not easy to be measured and its direct relationship with plant development cannot be established. Different indicators have been proposed for determining soil compaction status relating to soil plant development. Various equations explaining soil water content, bulk density and penetration resistance have been developed from the aforementioned indicators. The fact that these equations can be used for any field depends on the properties of the soil where the equation is developed and the similarity of the soil properties to be used. Due to the fact that soils vary greatly by nature, these models should be prepared for soils having different properties. By using these equations, it is ensured that the measurements made at different times and places can be interpreted and compared for similar conditions, but also the restricted water regime (SSR) region has been developed to ensure continuous plant growth and healthy. In this study, the penetration resistance of a high clay content soil compacted at different moisture and bulk density was measured, and mathematical models for predicting and comparing gravimetric and volumetric water content for different moisture and bulk density by considering soil water potential have been developed. The regression coefficients of these models ranged from 0.98 to 0.99 and the highest estimate percentage was obtained. At different moisture and bulk density in different periods measured penetration measurements in high soil clay content and one of soil with similar properties can be compared. In addition, by using developed models, the limit value of 2 MPa, in which the root growth of the plant begin to be limited, and the limit value of 3 MPa at which the root growth stops were calculated according to the environmental variability.
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- 2018
45. Determining a relationship between measured ground soil moistures and SAR data in the Tigris basin and estimating the soil moistures on the basis of this relationship
- Author
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Acar, Emrullah, Özerdem, Mehmet Siraç, Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, Dicle Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, Elektrik-Elektronik Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı, and Acar, Emrullah
- Subjects
Polarimetrik ayrıştırma ,Radarsat-2 ,Elektrik ve Elektronik Mühendisliği ,Regresyon ,Freeman- Durden ,GRNN ,Synthetic aperture radar ,Remote sensing ,Polarimetric decomposition ,Uzaktan algılama ,Regression ,Cellular artificial neural networks ,H / A / α ,Tahmin ,Soil moisture ,Toprak nemi ,Estimation ,Digital image processing ,Electrical and Electronics Engineering - Abstract
Uzaktan algılama teknolojisi; yeryüzündeki arazi kullanımlarının tespiti, arazilerdeki hızlı değişimlerin izlenmesi amacıyla anlık kayıtlarının alınması, doğal kaynakların saptanması gibi birçok alanda kullanılmaktadır. Günümüzde ve gelecekte uzaktan algılamaya ihtiyaç duyulacak alanlardan biri de artan nüfus ve tarımsal alanlara paralel olarak ileride yetersiz kalabilecek su kaynaklarının tarımsal arazilerde doğru bir şekilde kullanılmasını sağlamaktır. Topraktaki su içeriği, toprağın geri saçılma katsayısını önemli ölçüde etkilediğinden, yersel toprak nemi ölçümleri ile uzaktan algılama verileri arasındaki ilişkilendirilme toprak neminin kısa sürede tahmin edilmesini sağlayabilmektedir. Ayrıca, elektromanyetik spektrumun mikrodalga bölgesinde faaliyet gösteren SAR sensörleri toprak içeriğindeki nem değişimlerine karşı hassas olduklarından dolayı, bu sensörlerin toprak nemi tahmininde kullanımı daha uygundur. Dolayısıyla, bir SAR radarı olan Radarsat-2 toprak neminin tahmini için bu çalışmada kullanılmıştır.Bu tez çalışmasının temel amacı, yersel nem ölçümleri ile Radarsat–2 verileri arasındaki ilişkiyi belirlemek; çorak ve/veya bitki örtüsü kaplı tarım alanları üzerindeki toprak rutubetini belirlenen ilişkiye dayanarak tahmin etmektir. Çalışma dört aşamadan oluşmaktadır. İlk aşamada; Radarsat-2 verileri farklı tarihlerde elde edilmiş ve yersel toprak nem ölçümleri bu verilerin temini ile aynı anda gerçekleştirilmiştir. İkinci aşamada; Radarsat–2 verileri önişleme tabi tutulmuş ve her bir toprak numunesinin alındığı noktaların GPS koordinatları bu verilere aktarılmıştır. Sonraki aşamada; öznitelik çıkarma işlemi için ön işlemi tamamlanmış Radarsat–2 verilerine standart sigma geri saçılma katsayıları ile Freeman-Durden ve H / A / α polarimetrik ayrışma modelleri uygulanmış; her örüntü için 10 geri saçılma katsayısına sahip bir öznitelik vektörü oluşturulmuştur. Son aşamada, elde edilen özellik vektörlerinden bölgesel toprak nemini elde etmek için doğrusal olmayan bir makine öğrenme modeli: Genelleştirilmiş Regresyon Sinir Ağı (GRNN) kullanılmıştır.Yapılan çalışmalar neticesinde, önerilen sistem ile çorak ve bitkisel tarım alanları üzerinde C- bantlı SAR verileri iyi sonuçlar vermiştir. Elde edilen bu sonuçlar, radarın toprak nem tahmini için güçlü bir uzaktan algılama aracı olduğunu ve veri setleri 1–3 üzerinde sırasıyla %2.31, % 2.11 ve %2.10; veri setleri 1&2, 2&3, 1&3 ve 1&2 &3 üzerinde ise sırasıyla %2.46, %2.70, %7.09 ve %5.70 ortalama mutlak hatalar verdiğini göstermiştir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Uzaktan Algılama, Toprak Nemi, Tahmin, Regresyon, Polarimetrik Ayrıştırma, Radarsat-2, Freeman- Durden, H / A / α, GRNN The remote sensing technology is used in many areas such as determining the land parts used on the earth, monitoring the rapid changes and obtaining instant records in lands, detecting and usage of natural resources. Due to the increasing of population and agricultural areas, the capacity of water resources will not be sufficient for irrigation. Therefore; the remote sensing technology will be needed either now or in the future to ensure proper information about using of water resources in the agricultural lands. Since the water content in the soil significantly affects the backscattering coefficient of the soil, the relationship between ground soil moisture measurements and the remote sensing data enables the soil moisture estimation in a short period of time. Moreover, the use of SAR sensors in soil moisture estimation is more appropriate because these sensors operating in the microwave range of electromagnetic spectrum which is sensitive to changes in the soil moistures. Therefore, SAR based Radarsat-2 was used in this study for soil moisture estimation.The main purpose of the thesis study is to determine a relationship between the ground soil moisture measurements and Radarsat-2 data; estimating the soil moisture over bare and/or vegetated agricultural areas on the basis of the determined relationship. The study consists of four stages. In the first stage; the Radarsat-2 data was obtained at different dates and the ground measurements were carried out simultaneously with the Radarsat-2 data acquisition. In the second phase; the Radarsat-2 data has been pre-processed and the GPS coordinates of the points where each soil sample was taken were transferred to this data. After pre-processing step; the standard sigma backscattering coefficients with the Generalized Freeman Durden and H/A/α polarimetric decomposition models were utilized to extract feature vectors and a feature vector with 10 backscattering coefficients was formed for each pattern. In the last phase, a nonlinear machine learning model: Generalized Regression Neural Network (GRNN) was used to estimate the regional soil moisture content from the obtained feature vectors.As a result of the study, the proposed system performed good results for single C-band SAR data over the bare and vegetated agricultural fields. Moreover, the results showed that the radar is a powerful remote sensing tool for the soil moisture estimation, with mean absolute errors around 2.31%, 2.11 and 2.10 vol.% on datasets 1-3, respectively; and 2.46 %, 2.70 %, 7.09%, and 5.70 vol.% on datasets 1&2, 2&3, 1&3, and 1&2&3, respectively. Key Words: Remote Sensing, Soil Moisture, Estimation, Regression, Polarimetric Decomposition, Radarsat-2, Freeman-Durden, H/A/α and GRNN Bu çalışma; TÜBİTAK (No. 114E543), DÜBAP ve TARBİL projeleri kapsamında ; TÜBİTAK, TARBİL ve DÜ Bilimsel Araştırma Projeleri Koordinatörlüğü tarafından desteklenmiştir.
- Published
- 2017
46. Farklı arazi kullanımının mikrobiyal solunum üzerine etkisi
- Author
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Bardak, Fatma, Tüfekçioğlu, Aydın, Orman Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and Bardak, Fatma
- Subjects
farklı arazi ,Mikrobial ,Respiration ,Forestry and Forest Engineering ,zamansal farklılık ,mikrobiyal solunum ,Ormancılık ve Orman Mühendisliği ,different territory ,Soil fertility ,Toprak ,Soil ,Mikrobiyal ,Solunum ,microbial respiration ,time difference ,Soil analysis ,Toprak verimliliği ,Toprak analizi ,Soil moisture ,Toprak nemi - Abstract
Bu çalışmada; farklı arazi kullanımının mikrobiyal solunum üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır. Aynı zamanda zamansal farklılığın ve farklı arazi kullanımının bazı toprak özellikleri ve mikrobiyal solunum üzerine etkisi belirlenmiştir. Çalışmada kullanılan deney toprakları orman, fındık, kivi ve tarla alanlarından Temmuz 2015, Ekim 2015, Ocak 2016 ve Mart 2016 dönemlerinde alınmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında topraktaki kum, kil ve toz miktarı, pH, organik madde miktarı, toprak nemi ve mikrobiyal solunum belirlenmiştir.Çalışma kapsamında elde dilen veriler dikkate alındığında, kum (%46,63) orman, kil (%29,05) fındık, toz (%36,96) kivi, pH (7,33) tarla, organik madde (%4,48) miktarları ile mikrobiyal solunum değerlerinin (0,83 µg CO2–C g-1 toprak h-1) kivi ve toprak nemi (%30,03) miktarının ise tarla alanlarında en yüksek değerleri aldığı görülecektir.Yapılan varyans analizleri sonucu farklı arazi kullanımı kum, kil ve toz miktarı ve pH üzerinde tüm dönemlerde, organik madde miktarı üzerinde Mart 2016 dönemi hariç tüm dönemlerde ve toprak nemi Ocak 2016 dönemi hariç tüm dönemlerde önemli bulunmuştur. Buna karşın farklı arazi kullanım şekillerinin mikrobiyal solunum üzerinde etkili olmadığı istatiksel olarak ortaya konulmuştur. Yine yapılan varyans analizi sonucu zamansal farklılık kum miktarı üzerinde orman ve kivi alanları hariç tüm alanlarda, kil miktarı üzerinde fındık alanı hariç tüm alanlarda, toz miktarı üzerinde orman alanı hariç tüm alanlarda ve pH, organik madde miktarı, toprak nemi ve mikrobiyal solunum üzerinde ise tüm alanlarda önemli bulunmuştur.Anahtar Kelimeler: Toprak, mikrobiyal solunum, farklı arazi, zamansal farklılık. In this study, effect of different territory usage on microbial respiration was investigated. Also, the effects of time difference and different territory usage on some soil properties and microbial respiration was investigated. The experiment soils used in this study were taken from forest, hazelnut, kiwi, and field territories in July 2015, October 2015, January 2016, and March 2016. Sand, clay, and dust amount, pH, organic substance amount, soil moisture, and microbial respiration in the soil was determined in this study.According to parameters obtained in studies, the highest values were found sand (46,63% ) in forest territory, clay (29.05%) in hazelnut territory, dust (36,96%), pH (7,33), organic substance (4,48%), and microbial respiration values (0,83 µg CO2–C g-1 soil h-1) in kiwi territory, and soil moisture (30,03%) in field territory.According to results of variance analysis; during all periods different territory usage was found importantly for sand, clay, and dust amount, and pH, organic substance amount except March 2016, and soil moisture except January 2016. However, different territory usage was exhibited insignificant on microbial respiration according to statistical analysis. According to another variance analysis results; in all territories, time difference was found importantly for sand amount except forest and kiwi territories, clay amount except hazelnut territory, dust amount except forest territory, and pH, organic substance amount, soil moisture, and microbial respiration.Keywords: Soil, microbial respiration, different territory, time difference. 56
- Published
- 2016
47. Yüksek rakımlı korunan ve otlatılan mera kesimlerinde bazı bitki örtüsü ile toprak özellikleri arasındaki ilişkiler
- Author
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Öner, Tuncay, Çomaklı, Binali, and Tarla Bitkileri Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Botanical composition ,Grazing ,Thoracic surgery ,Ziraat ,Protection ,Grass yield ,Pasture ,Agriculture ,Soil moisture ,Feed quality - Abstract
Bu araştırma, 2400 m. rakımdaki Erzurum ili Palandöken meralarında eğim, rakım ve yöneyi birbirine yakın olan korunan ve otlatılan iki mera kesimlerinde 2009 ve 2010 yıllarında yürütülmüştür. Çalışmada mera toprağının nem içeriği Haziran-Temmuz-Ağustos aylarında 0-5, 5-15 ve 15-30 cm derinlikte ölçüm yapılarak belirlenmiştir. Bitki örtüsünde baskın türlerin çiçeklenme başlangıcında her bir kesimde 5 transekt hattı ölçüm yapılarak botanik kompozisyon tespit edilmiştir. Bu çalışmada ot miktarı, botanik kompozisyon, ot kalitesi ile ilgili ham protein, NDF ve ADF içeriği, sindirilebilir kuru madde oranı, kuru madde alım oranı ve nispi yem değeri belirlenmiştir. Ayrıca her iki kesimde toprakların nemi ve penetrasyon dirençleri belirlenmiştir. Araştırma sahasının otlatılmayan kesiminde kuru ot miktarı 134,83 kg/da, otlatılan kesimde ise 68,21 kg/da olarak belirlenmiştir. Ham protein oranları ise korunan kesimde 12,89 otlatılan kesimde ise 11,59 olarak belirlenmiştir. Parsellerden alınan ot örneklerinin NDF ve ADF oranları otlanmayan parsellerde otlatılanlara göre daha düşük (NDF %56,01-%57,04; ADF %36,53-%39,90) olarak belirlenmiştir. Otun sindirilebilir kuru madde oranları otlatılmayan kesimde %60,44, otlatılan kesimde ise %57,82 olarak belirlenmiştir. Kuru madde alım oranları da otlatılmayan kesimde %2,15, otlatılan kesimde %2,13 olarak belirlenmiştir. Nispi yem değerleri ise otlatılmayan kesimde %101,09 otlatılan kesimde ise %95,57 olarak belirlenmiştir. This study was conducted in 2009 and 2010, in Palandoken rangeland at 2400 m altitude in Erzurum, as the slope, altitude and vectorial properties are proximity in range sites of grazed and ungrazed. Soil moisture was measured at 0-5, 5-15 and 15-30 cm depths in June-Jully-August. Botanical composition was determined on 5 transect lines in the beginning of the plant growth to dominant species of vegetation. The amount of hay, botanical composition, forage quality parameters such as crude protein, NDF, ADF, digestible dry matter ratio, dry matter intake ratio, relative feed value rates in both range sites were obtained, in addition to penetration resistance. Average amount of hay was 1,34 ha־¹ in ungrazed site, as 0,68 ha־¹ in grazed site and crude protein content was 12,89%, 11,59% in ungrazed and grazed sites, respectively. In ungrazed site NDF and ADF ratio were lower than these of the grazed site (NDF 56,01%-57,04%; ADF 36,53%-39,90%). Digestible dry matter ratio was 60,44% in ungrazed site, 57,82% in grazed site. Dry matter intake ratio was 2,15% in ungrazed site and 2,13% in grazed site. Relative feed value was 101,09% in ungrazed site and 95,57% in grazed site. 103
- Published
- 2016
48. Saf ve karışık sakallı kızılağaç (Alnus glutinosa subsp.barbata (C.A. Mey) yalt.) ve doğu kayını(Fagus orinetalis Lipsky) ağaçlandırmalarında toprak solunum değişim değerlerinin belirlenmesi
- Author
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Çaloğlu, Volkan, Güner, Sinan, Orman Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı, and Çaloğlu, Volkan
- Subjects
Toprak Solunumu ,Soil Temperature ,Soil Respiration ,Soil Moisture ,Forestry and Forest Engineering ,Toprak Nemi ,Fagus orientalis Lipsky ,Ormancılık ve Orman Mühendisliği ,Toprak Sıcaklığı ,Alnus glutinosa subsp. barbata - Abstract
Bu çalışmada doğu kayını, kızılağaç ve doğu kayını + kızılağaç meşcerelerindeki toprak solunumundaki değişim araştırılmıştır. 2014 yılının sonbahara aylarında 1/0 yaşında kızılağaç ve 2/0 yaşında kayın fidanları dikilmiştir. 2014- 2015 yıllarında mevsimsel olarak toprak solunumu, toprak nemi ve toprak sıcaklığı ölçümleri yapılmıştır. Ölçümler sonucunda mikroorganizma faaliyetleri ile birlikte ortaya çıkan ilk yıl toprak solunumu değerlerine göre kayın + kızılağaç sahalarının diğerlerine göre daha yüksek sonuçlar alındığı görülmektedir. Ancak saf halde yetiştirilen kayın ve saf halde yetiştirilen kızılağaç ile karışık olarak yetiştirilen kızılağaç ve kayın deneme alanlarında istatistik açıdan önemli farklılık olmadığı ortaya çıkmıştır. In the present study, respiratory exchange of the soil in beech, alder and beech + alder mixed stands have been investigated. 1/0 age alder and 2/0 beech seedlings were planted in the months of autumn in 2014. The soil respiration, soil moisture and soil temperature measurements were made as seasonal in the years 2014-2015. According to first year soil respiration emerging with measurements of microorganism activity, beech + alder pitches seem to get higher results than others. On the other hand, it is revealed that there are no significant differences on the statistics level in the test fields of pure grown beech, pure grown alder and grown mixed alder and beech. 44
- Published
- 2016
49. Trakya Bölgesi'nde iklim değişikliğinin yüzey su kaynakları, toprak nemi ve bitki verimine etkisinin modellenmesi
- Author
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Deveci, Huzur, Konukcu, Fatih, and Biyosistem Mühendisliği Ana Bilim Dalı
- Subjects
Yield ,Ziraat ,Thrace region ,Surface waters ,Climate change ,Agriculture ,Soil moisture - Abstract
Hızlı nüfus artışı, gelişen sanayi, yanlış arazi kullanımı ve plansız şehirleşme sonucu son yıllarda Trakya Bölgesi su kaynakları üzerindeki baskı giderek artmaktadır. Bu baskı yanında iklim değişikliğinin de su kaynakları ve tarımsal üretimi önemli derecede etkilemesi beklenmektedir. İklim değişikliğinin su kaynakları ve tarımsal üretime etkisinin tahmin edilerek, iklim değişikliğine karşı hassasiyetin azaltılması bölge ve Türkiye açısından önem arz etmekte olup, Trakya Bölgesi'nde konu ile ilgili bilimsel çalışmalar son derece kısıtlıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, Trakya Bölgesi'nde pilot bölge olarak seçilen Çorlu Pınarbaşı Havzası için olası iklim değişikliğini, iklim değişikliğinin su kaynaklarına, toprak nemine ve bölgenin iki önemli bitkisi olan buğday ve ayçiçeği verimine olan etkilerini modellemektir. İklim değişikliğinin tahmininde RegCM3 Bölgesel İklim Modeli, referans ve A2 senaryosu çıktıları kullanılmıştır. 1970-1990 yılları için araştırma alanından ölçülen sıcaklık ve yağış verileri ile model referans verileri karşılaştırılarak 2016-2025, 2046-2055 ve 2076-2085 yılları için sıcaklık ve yağış değişimi tahmin edilmiştir. İklim değişikliğinin yüzey su kaynakları üzerine etkisinin belirlenmesinde SWMHMS Hidrolojik Modeli kullanılarak, araştırma alanında 1989-2007 yılları arası ölçülen ve modellenen akım değerleri karşılaştırılarak model kalibre edilmiş ve gelecek üç dönem için akım değerleri tahmin edilmiştir. Araştırma alanında iklim değişikliğinin toprak nemi ve verim üzerine etkilerini tespit etmek için sırasıyla SWAP Model ve AquaCrop Model kullanılmıştır. Her iki modelde de 2012 yılı içinde ölçülen toprak profili nem değerleri ve verim değerleri, modellenen değerler ile kalibre edilmiş, daha sonra gelecek yıllar için toprak nem profili ve verim değerleri kestirilmiştir. Araştırma sonuçlarına göre araştırma alanında, 1970-1990 yıllarına göre, 2016-2025, 2046-2055 ve 2076-2085 yılları arasında sıcaklıkların sırası ile 0,12 °C, 1,43 °C, 3,05 °C artacağı, yağışların ise 2016-2025 yılları arasında %9 artacağı, 2046-2055 ve 2076-2085 yılları arasında ise sırası ile %14 ve %12 azalacağı tahmin edilmiştir. İklim değişikliğine bağlı olarak, akım miktarında %57'ye varan azalmaların olacağı tahmin edilmiştir. Ayçiçeği ve buğday gelişme dönemleri dikkate alındığında iklim değişikliğinin verimi etkileyecek düzeyde toprak nem değişimine neden olmayacağı belirlenmiştir. İklim değişikliği ile birlikte, 2012 yılına göre ortalama ETo değerlerinin 2016-2025, 2046-2055 ve 2076-2085 yılları arasında sırasıyla %7, %20 ve %33 artacağı tahmin edilirken; ayçiçeği veriminde önce %9,4'e kadar artış daha sonra %22'ye kadar azalma; buğday veriminde ise vejetasyon dönemi kısalımı dikkate alınmadan %50'nin üzerinde verim artışları gözleneceği tahmin edilmiştir. The pressure on water resources in the Thrace Region has been increasing recently due to rapid population growth, developing industry, land uses beyond their capacities and unsystematic urbanisation. In addition to these, climate change is also expected to affect water resources and agricultural production significantly. To decrease the vulnerability against climate change by estimating its effects on water resources and agricultural production is crucial for the region and Turkey, and studies related to the subject in the Thrace Region are very limited. The aim of this study is to predict the potential climate change and its effects on water resources, soil water profile and the yield of both wheat and sunflower, the two vital plants for the region, for a pilot area of Çorlu Pınarbaşı sub-basin in the Thrace Region. RegCM3 Regional Climate Model, reference and A2 scenario outputs were used in the estimation of climate change. The changes in temperature and precipitation were estimated for the future period of 2016-2025, 2046-2055 and 2076-2085 by comparing temperature and precipitation data measured in the study area for the period of 1970-1990 and model reference data. To model the effect of climate change on runoff, the SWMHMS Hydrological Model was calibrated with measured run off data in the study area between 1989 and 2007 and then runoff values for the futures periods were simulated. In order to determine the effects of climate change on soil water profile and yield in the research area SWAP Model and AquaCrop Model were used, respectively. Having tested the models with the measured data of soil water profiles and yields for 2012, the models were run for the future periods. Temperature rises of 0,12 °C, 1,43 °C, 3,05°C were forecasted for the future periods of 2016-2025, 2046-2055 and 2076-2085, respectively when compared with the data between 1970 and 1990 whereas a 9% increase during 2016-2025 and 14% and 12% decrease for the periods of 2046-2055 and 2076-2085, respectively, were predicted. The climate changes in the future were estimated to decrease the surface water resources up the 57%. However, the soil water profiles during the wheat and sunflower growing period were not affected significantly by the climate changes. While it was estimated that the average ETo values in 2016-2025, 2046-2055 and 2076-2085 increase 7%, 20% and 33% respectively by climate change, sunflower yield first increased up to 9,4% and then decreased up to 22%; wheat yield increased up to 50% without taking vegetation period shortage into consideration when compared to the measured data of 2012. It may be concluded that the Thrace Region is vital to ensure food safety of Turkey with this increase in wheat yield. 234
- Published
- 2015
50. Orman ve otsu vejetasyonun toprak nemi, sıcaklığı ve toprak suyu kalitesi üzerine etkisi
- Author
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Özkan, Ufuk, Gökbulak, Ferhat, and Orman Mühendisliği Anabilim Dalı
- Subjects
Herbaceous plants ,Forestry and Forest Engineering ,Soil water ,Soil temperature ,Ormancılık ve Orman Mühendisliği ,Soil moisture ,Forests - Abstract
Bu çalışmanın amacı, orman ve otsu vejetasyonun toprak sıcaklığı (maksimum, minimum ve ortalama sıcaklıklar), toprak nemi ve toprak suyunun kimyasal içeriği üzerine etkisini belirlemektir. Toprak nemi ve toprak sıcaklığı 5 aylık süre boyunca üç ayrı toprak derinliğinde (40 cm, 80 cm ve 120 cm) izlenmiştir. Toprak suyu ve yağış suyu örnekleri yağış olaylarına bağlı olarak haftalık olarak 20 hafta toplanmıştır. Toprak suyu örnekleri pH, elektriksel iletkenlik, organik madde, azot, sertlik, alkalinite, klorür, sülfat, sodyum ve potasyum bakımından analiz edilmiştir. Toprak nemi ve sıcaklığı için araştırma üç faktörlü bölünmüş parseller deneme deseninde, tekrarlı ölçümler ve toprak suyunun kimyasal içeriği ise iki faktörlü tamamen tesadüfi blok deneme deseninde tekrarlı örnekleme şeklinde yapılmıştır. Veriler ANOVA kullanılarak analiz edilmiş, ortalamalar Tukey Testi ile karşılaştırılmıştır. Sonuçlar, toprak suyu kimyasal içeriği, toprak nemi ve toprak sıcaklığı değerlerinin vejetasyon örtüsünden önemli bir şekilde etkilendiğini göstermektedir. Orman ve otsu vejetasyon altındaki topraklar ortalama maksimum, minimum ve ortalama sıcaklıklar açısından önemli düzeyde farklılık göstermektedir. Ortalama maksimum ve minimum sıcaklıklar orman vejetasyonu altındaki topraklar için 9,97°C ve 9,75°C iken otsu vejetasyon altındaki topraklar için 11,07°C ve 10,87°C'tır. Öte yandan; otsu vejetasyon örtüsü altındaki topraklara kıyasla, orman vejetasyonu altındaki topraklar alkalinite, sertlik, klorür, elektriksel iletkenlik, pH ve sodyum konsantrasyonu bakımından önemli farklılığa sahiptir. Objective of this study was to determine effect of forest and herbaceous vegetation covers on soil temperature (maximum, minimum, and average temperatures), soil moisture, and chemical content of soil water. Soil moisture and soil temperature were monitored for 5 months in three different soil depths (40-80 and 120 cm). Soil water and rain water samples were collected for 20 weeks on a weekly basis depending on precipitation events. Soil water samples were analysed for pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, nitrogen, hardness, alkalinity, chloride, sulfate, sodium and potassium. Experimental designs were 3-way factorial in a split plot design with repeated measures for moisture and temperature measurements and 2-way factorial in a split plot design with whole plots in blocks in repeated measures for soil water chemical content analysis. Data were analysed by using ANOVA and means were compared with Tukey Test. Results showed that soil water chemical content, soil moisture, and temperature values were significantly affected by vegetation cover types. Soils under the forest and herbaceous vegetation cover showed significant difference in terms of overall average maximum, minimum, and average temperatures. The average maximum and minimum temperatures were 9,97°C and 9,75°C, respectively for the soils under the forest vegetation while they were 11,07°C and 10,87°C for the soils under herbaceous vegetation. On the other hand, compared to the soils under the herbaceous vegetation cover, the soils under the forest cover had significant difference in terms of alkalinity, hardness, chloride, electrical conductivity, pH and sodium concentrations. 121
- Published
- 2015
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