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In this study, in order to determine the effects of biochar applications on the physical and chemical properties of soils grown in Kayra bread wheat variety, this study was carried out in the form of a pot experiment in a randomized plot design with three replications and at five different doses 0 (B0), 10 (B1), 20 (B2), 40 (B3) and 80 (B4) t ha-1 biochar were applied. According to biochar applications, the highest pH, EC, lime, organic matter, total N, available P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and B values in the soil are 7.66, 2.26 mS cm-1, 3.55%, 2.81%, 0.201%, 48.89 mg kg-1, 1172.89 mg kg-1, 2268.88 mg kg-1, 186.92 mg kg-1, 101.43 mg kg-1, 2.34 mg kg-1, 2.40 mg kg-1, 7.33 mg kg-1, 1.79 mg kg-1 and 1.08 mg kg-1respectivelythe highest values were determined in B4 (80 t ha-1) application. The lowest values in soil according to biochar applications were pH, EC, lime, organic matter, total N, the available P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Zn, Fe, Mn, Cu and B values are 7.45, 0.87 mS cm-1, 2.28%, 1.28%, 0.078%, 14.92 mg kg-1, 344.84 mg kg-1 2171.68 mg kg-1, 129.01 mg kg-1, 47.09 mg kg-1, 1.25 mg kg-1, 1.82 mg kg-1, 4.52 mg kg-1, 1.61 mg kg-1 and 0.71 mg kg-1 detected in B0 (control) application. The highest germination rate in wheat seeds was found in B2 with 95.41% and the lowest germination rate was found in B0 applications with 90.12%. It was determined that the effects of biochar applications on the fresh and dry weight of the plant were the highest in B2 application (11.42 and 2.21 gr pot-1) and the lowest values in B0 application (10.01 and 1.93 gr pot-1), respectively. It was detected in 09 mg kg-1, 1.25 mg kg-1, 1.82 mg kg-1, 4.52 mg kg-1, 1.61 mg kg-1 and 0.71 mg kg-1 B0 (control) application. The highest germination rate in wheat seeds was found in B2 with 95.41% and the lowest germination rate was found in B0 applications with 90.12%. It was determined that the effects of biochar applications on the fresh and dry weight of the plant were the highest in B2 application (11.42 and 2.21 gr pot-1) and the lowest values in B0 application (10.01 and 1.93 gr pot-1), respectively. It was detected in 09 mg kg-1, 1.25 mg kg-1, 1.82 mg kg-1, 4.52 mg kg-1, 1.61 mg kg-1 and 0.71 mg kg-1 B0 (control) application. The highest germination rate in wheat seeds was found in B2 with 95.41% and the lowest germination rate was found in B0 applications with 90.12%. It was determined that the effects of biochar applications on the fresh and dry weight of the plant were the highest in B2 application (11.42 and 2.21 gr pot-1) and the lowest values in B0 application (10.01 and 1.93 gr pot-1), respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Within the scope of this study, the effects of fast pyrolysis of sunflower oil cake on obtained product yields and product properties were investigated under non-catalytic condition and using clinoptilolite catalyst. The percentages of moisture, ash, volatile matter and fixed carbon content of sunflower oil cake used as raw material within the scope of the research were determined as 5.92%, 6.08%, 71.30% and 16.70%, respectively. According to the its elemental analysis results, the percentages of C, H, N and S were determined as 42.06%, 6.26%, 6.93%, 0.00%, respectively. The heating value was calculated as 17.13 MJ/kg. For this aim firstly, the effects of heating rate (100, 200, 300κ/min), pyrolysis temperature (400, 500, 600κ) and catalyst percentages (5%, 10%, 15%) on product yields (biochar, biooil and pyrolysis gas) were investigated. In the experiments conducted with the addition of clinoptilolite catalyst during fast pyrolysis of sunflower oil cake, it was determined that the catalyst did not change the solid product yield much, it considerably reduced the liquid product yield and increased the gas product yield. In the biochar samples, the highest heating value was obtained as 22.95 MJ/kg at 300°C/min heating rate and 500κ pyrolysis temperature conditions without catalyst. When the microscopic structure (SEM analysis) of the biochar samples was examined, it was understood that the porosity increased compared to the raw material. It was determined that the heating values of the pyrolysis gas samples obtained under the non catalyst-free condition were higher than those of the samples obtained under the non-catalytic condition. The highest lower heating value for obtained gas samples was obtained as 29.05 MJ/Nm2 at 400°C temperature and 100°C/min heating rate conditions Bio oil samples obtained by pyrolysis of sunflower oil cake at different temperatures and different heating rate with and without catalyst were examined by GC-MS method, and it was determined that especially phenol compounds (Phenol, Phenol, 2-methoxy-) were found in almost every sample. In addition, aromatic compounds such as Pyrazine-methyl, Pyrazine 2,6-dimethyl-(CAS) 2,6-Dimethylpyrazine have also been detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Continuously growing industrial areas cause environmental and water pollution. One of the causes of water pollutants is the dyestuffs released into the environment without being recovered. In this study, biochar and nanomagnetic biochar were obtained from silverberry seeds, and the obtained biochars were used to remove methyl blue, an anionic dye, from the aqueous medium. The effects of pH, initial methyl blue concentration, temperature, amount of adsorbent and time change on the adsorption process were investigated. The maximum adsorption capacity was found to be 55.249 mg/g for biochar (b-EA) and 66.225 mg/g for nanomagnetic biochar (mb-EA). When the adsorption isotherms were examined, it was seen that both adsorbents were more suitable for Langmuir adsorption isotherm (R²=0.963 for b-EA, R²=0.991 for mb-EA). According to the kinetic data, the adsorption rate for both adsorbents is pseudo-second-order. In addition, negative ΔG values indicate that the adsorption process occurs spontaneously and positive ΔH values endothermically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Product yield and quality in agricultural production is closely related to plant nutrition. The most important input used in plant nutrition is fertilizers. Since chemical fertilizers, which are used as indispensable in today's modern agriculture, are both costly and harmful to the environment and people, the search for more economical and effective solutions to these inputs has gained importance. In this study, it was aimed to determine the effects of different organomineral and chemical fertilizer applications on yield, quality and nutrient intake in strawberry cultivation. Sweet Charlie strawberry variety was used as plant material, organomineral fertilizer (Agronatura, Agrosulfur, 5x15, and 30.0.0) and chemical fertilizers (Agrohum, Azurite and 4x10) were used as fertilizer materials. The mean values of the measurements made at the end of the study were evaluated statistically. In the research; Quality parameters such as yield per plant, average fruit weight, water-soluble dry matter content, fruit acidity, micro (iron, zinc, manganese and copper) and macro (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium) nutrient contents were examined. According to our findings, organomineral fertilizer applications gave the best results in terms of yield and average fruit weight criteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sulfur (S) has an important place in meeting the nutritional needs of radish and obtaining high quality products. Biochar applications affect soil quality and plant growth positively. The study was carried out to determine the sulfur fertilizer demand of the radish plant grown in the calcareous soils at Konya that located in Central Anatolia, which has an important agricultural potential. In the study, it was aimed to determine the effect of biochar application on the plant's use of sulfur and plant growth, and the appropriate sulfur(S) fertilizer dose for radish. In the study, elemental-S (0-200-400 mgkg-1), SO4-2-S (0-25-50 mgkg-1) and biochar (0-1% - 2%) were applied to the cultivation soil. Plant material is 8TR-17 hazelnut radish (Raphanus sativus var.) variety. According to the results obtained, leaf chlorophyll SPAD values, plant height, tuber weight, the remaining S (mgkg-1) concentration in the soil at the end of the experiment were significantly different with increasing S doses compared to the control (p<0.01). Leaf chlorophyll SPAD values, plant height, tuber weight and the remaining S (mgkg-1) concentration in the soil(p<0.01) and stem diameter (p< 0.05) showed significant differences compared to the control at the interaction between biochar doses and S application forms. The chlorophyll SPAD value varied between 23.3and 34.8, leaf length varied between 5.59 and 6.49 cm, the number of leaves varied between 2.98 to 4.06 piecesplant-1 and leaf weight varied between 6.01 to 10.45 gpot-1. Stem length varied between 0.75 to 2.23 cmplant-1 and stem diameter varied between 1.5 to 15.24 cmplant-1. Tuber weight averages ranged from 0.136 to 4.566 gpot-1 and with the biochar applications increased compared to control. These increases are especially important in the SO4-2-S application. The remaining S (mgkg-1) concentrations in the soil are between 13.40 to 94.43 mgkg-1. These values showed significant differences with S fertilizers, S doses and biochar applications (p<0.05). At the soil pH value at the end of the experiment considering the mean values of sulfur doses, showed a decrease of 0.07 units compared to the control and this value was statistically significant (p<0.01). As a result, it is thought that good plant growth and tuber formation will be achieved with the application of 2% biochar in the cultivation of hazelnut radish, when the sand content is low and partially clayey loam soil will be used. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biochar is a material with high carbon content produced as a result of thermochemical transformation processes of organic material. In addition to the industrial and environmental uses of biochar, it is used as a soil conditioner in problematic soils in the agricultural sector. In this study, the effects of biochar on some soil physical properties, moisture changes in soil and plants, and soil temperature were investigated. In detailed literature reviews, it was determined that biochar application has positive effects at the some of the soil physical properties such as; soil bulk density, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, aggregate stability, shear and tensile strength, moisture content of the plant and soil. In these studies, concluded that the effects of biochar on soil properties vary depending on the production technology of biochar and some physical properties of biochar. The factors such as pyrolysis temperature, raw material type, aggregate diameter used in the production phase have changed the effect levels of biochar on the soil. In addition, it was determined that most of the studies on the subject were carried out in a laboratory or greenhouse for a maximum of 2 years. Therefore, it was concluded that field experiments should be conducted that determine the long-term effects of biochar on the soil. It is also an important subject in researching the effectiveness of the methods to be used to mix biochar with soil. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This experimental work includes the co-combustion of Soma lignite with biochar obtained from red pine sawdust. The experiments were carried out in a circulating fluidized bed combustion (DAY) system with a thermal capacity of 30 kW, in air and in an oxygen-rich air atmosphere. In this study, the combustion temperature in the fluidized bed was kept at 850 + 50 °C. Combustion tests of Soma lignite and biochar mixtures at different rates were carried out in an oxygen-rich medium. It was concluded that 300 °C and 30 minutes processing conditions for red pine sawdust would be the most suitable production conditions for the co-combustion of soma lignite and biochar in a fluidized. The share of biochar mixture in lignite has been increased up to 50%. by weight. It was found that the biochar was burned effectively when the mixture of biochar was up to 50%. The obtained results emphasized that biochar can be a good additive fuel for co-combustion of coal and biochar. It has also shown that co-combustion in an oxygen-rich atmosphere is a choice to decrease stack emissions of SO2, CO and N2O. Addition of oxygen to air increased the combustion efficiency and reduced CO emissions. Since biocoal does not have sulfur in it significantly reduced SO2 emissions. However, emissions of NOx increased with high oxygen concentrations and high levels of biocoal addition. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, the production of bioethanol from synthesis gas offers a common solution to the increasing levels of air pollution and the need for renewable energy sources. Synthesis gas is the combination of gases such as CO, CO2, N2, H2, NOx, which can form air pollution and can be used in the production of bioethanol by metabolizing these gases by Clostiridium species. Bioethanol is one of the most important biofuels because of the advantage of direct use by blending with gasoline. Pyrolysis and biochar production is an important alternative to expensive pretreatment methods used in waste and lignocellulosic raw materials in bioethanol production. In this study the wastes were converted into biochar by pyrolysis and the waste gas is collected to produce bioethanol which is an integrated and energy intensive approach. The use of mixed culture in the production of ethanol from pyrolysis gas instead of pure Clostiridium species is also important in terms of reducing costs. In this study, by using the the waste gas released during biochar production from fruit and vegetable wastes ethanol produced by syngas fermentation using heat pretreated mixed culture. While the positive effect of heat pretreatment was observed in the mixed culture, the amount of pyrolysis gas to be fed to the reactors was optimized and the highest ethanol production was observed in 5 and 10 mL pyrolysis gas feedings as 5 g/l.. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fuel cells play an important role in clean and efficient energy technologies. The proton exchange membrane (PEM) fuel cell, which uses hydrogen as fuel and operates at lower temperatures than other types, is important for portable electrical systems. Carbon material is used in the most of the fuel cell parts. In this study, the effect of biomass derived biochar-the carbonized material- on fuel cell efficiency has been investigated as an alternative, clean, inexpensive and sustainable carbon material in the membrane electrode assembly. Especially the sulphated biochar, the use of catalyst was reduced by half, results in higher fuel-cell voltage. A 0.56 V voltage was obtained with a half-catalyzed fuel cell, while a 0.78 V voltage was measured when sulfated biochar was used in the same cell. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Carbon rich solid materials produced by thermo-chemical conversion of biomass in an oxygen limited environment is defined as biochar. The impact of biodiversity on soil fertility and plant growth is determined by the interactions among characteristics of biochars and amended soil, application rate and requirements of crops grown. However, many reports have been published indicating that biochar can directly or indirectly influence physical, chemical and biological properties of soils due to high pH, porous structure and large surface charge. Ability to adsorb phytotoxic organic molecules with its high surface charge and surface area and to suppress soil-borne pathogens can be considered as positive effects of biochar on plant production. In this review, remarkable findings of 50 studies conducted on investigating the biochar use on agricultural fields particularly effects on soil fertility and crop productivity have been summarized, compared and discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]