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This paper describes urban flood vulnerability using a vulnerability index which consists of four vulnerability issues encompassing social, economic, environmental and physical issues. The study was carried out by selecting variables affecting the flood vulnerability, collecting and analyzing corresponding data, developing equations for computing the flood vulnerability indices, and calculating the corresponding indices. Comparison of the flood vulnerability was made using data from three cities, namely, Hat Yai, Chiang Mai and Ubon Ratchathani. The results showed that the cities ranged from highest to lowest flood vulnerability were Chiang Mai, Hat Yai, and Ubon Ratchathani. In addition, Chiang Mai is considered to be the most vulnerable to social and environmental issues while Hat Yai is most vulnerable to the economic issues and Ubon Ratchathani is most vulnerable to the physical issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several different end-user devices have to authenticate to an egress NAC system prior to granting network access. Nevertheless, enforcing the system to control these devices in a large-scale multi-hop network presents a number of challenges in three main factors including capacity, fl exibility, and validity. Firstly, many open source systems provide insuffi cient capacity to serve the large amount of users. Secondly, several proprietary solutions may reduce the fl exibility of the enforcement. Lastly, due to the Thailand Computer Crime Act of 2007, the failure of collecting valid user MAC addresses into log fi les is still the notable problem in most systems. Hence, this paper proposes the development of an egress NAC system to enhance the aforementioned factors. The experimental results have indicated that our system can effectively provide the capacity under the huge number of concurrent connections. The development outcomes have demonstrated that the system is fl exible especially in achieving complete enforcement without disrupting the network. Furthermore, the system can also store valid log data of users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Why did Thailand and the Philippines adopt different policies toward their domestic Muslim minorities in southern border areas during the early 20th century? This paper addresses the above question by focusing on a critical but underappreciated external factor: the national elites' relationship with colonial powers in the process of modern state formation. I argue that whether the national elites develop an antagonistic or a collaborationist relationship with colonial powers has a great effect on government policies toward ethnic minorities. Elites' political autonomy and their strategic orientation, as two mechanisms connecting this external factor to domestic ethnic policy, are identified in this comparative case study of Thailand and the Philippines. Thailand's assimilationist policy toward Malay Muslims (1910-1944) originated in its antagonistic relationship with Britain and France since the 1880s, because it contributed to a high degree of Thai elite autonomy and to the elites' serious security concerns on nation-building. By contrast, the Philippines' accommodationist policy toward Moro Muslims (1921-1941) resulted from its collaborationist relationship with the American colonial power, and such a relationship took effect by limiting the autonomy of Philippine elites and shaping their economic concerns on nation-building. This controlled comparison shows why and how an external factor contributes to the origin of domestic ethnic policy. It deepens our understanding of nation-building practices in Southeast Asia, as well as the dynamics of inter-ethnic relations and ethnic conflict in this region after World War II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to study the population dynamics of Mud Crab (Scylla spp.) using length-frequency data collected during May 2012 to April 2013 at a mangrove forest that receives effluent from the Phetchaburi Municipal Wastewater Treatment System at Laem Phak Bia, The King's Royally Initiated Laem Phak Bia Environmental Research and Development Project (The LERD Project), Phetchaburi Province, Thailand. Monthly length frequency data of Mud Crab were analyzed by FiSAT_II. Asymptotic length (L∞) and growth co-efficient (K) were 16.54 cm and 0.29 year-1, respectively. The growth performance index (j/) was 1.90. Total mortality (Z) by length-converted catch curve was 2.81 year-1, of which fishing mortality (F) was 0.94 year-1and natural mortality (M) was 1.87 year-1. The exploitation level (E) of Mud Crab was 0.33. The recruitment pattern was continuous with one major peak in the months of February to June. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Neosporosis is one of the most common cause serious diseases in cattle and dogs worldwide, especially causes of bovine abortion. The horizontal route of transmission from the definitive host occurs via ingestion of oocysts contaminating the environment and/or tachyzoites and cysts in the carcass, placental tissues of the infected hosts whereas, the vertical transmission happens when pregnant female whose tissue cysts are likely to be activated during gestation. The present review is a comprehensive and up to date the situation of neosporosis occurrence in Thailand, the epidemiology of disease and their associated risk factors. The application of variety laboratory assays used in neosporosis diagnosis is also discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

"The paper, based on population projections for Thailand...examines the growth and the structure of the Thai population between 1990 and 2115. The projections are prepared on the basis of the sex and age distribution of the 1990 population.... The study concludes that in order to maintain...economic and social prosperity, security and [prevent] the eradication of the Thai race, the government will have to raise fertility of the population at least up to the replacement level." (SUMMARY IN ENG), (excerpt)

Based on the census data of 1970 and 1980 for each province of Thailand, the present study has revealed that between 1960-1980, a rapid fertility decline took place in 17 northern provinces and 26 central provinces of Thailand. A similar rapid fertility decline also took place starting in 1975 in the 16 northeast provinces and in the 14 southern provinces. Levels and trends of fertility found in this study suggest that most of the districts in the northern and the central regions reached the replacement level or below by 1985, and that similar levels will be attained by 1990 for almost every district in Thailand. This paper also stresses the impact of the rapid fertility decline on development in Thailand during the past 20 years, and its consequences. Lastly, the present study suggests that, for the future, the most important step is to understand well the consequences of this astonishing rapid fertility decline. This knowledge will be vital for the country and its people.