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Sosiaali- ja terveydenhuollon palveluintegraatio muuttaa sote-ammattilaisten työn tekemisen tapoja aiempaa monialaisemmaksi lisäten ammattiryhmiä yhdistävän yhteisen eli geneerisen osaamisen tarvetta. Uudenlaiset osaamisvaatimukset heijastuvat alan koulutusten sisältöihin. Tässä tutkimuksessa tarkasteltiin monitieteisesti yliopiston opetushenkilöstön näkemyksiä sote-ammattiryhmiä yhdistävästä geneerisestä osaamisesta. Fokusryhmähaastatteluihin osallistui opetushenkilöstöä eri sosiaali- ja terveydenhuoltoalan yliopistotasoisista koulutusohjelmista. Aineisto analysoitiin teoriaohjaavalla sisällönanalyysillä. Tulosten mukaan sote-alan geneerisen osaamisen perustan muodostaa tieteellinen tieto ja näyttöön perustuva toiminta, jonka päälle rakentuvat systeeminen osaaminen ja rohkean ammattilaisen osaaminen. Geneerisen osaamisen työelämätarpeeseen pyritään koulutuksessa vastaamaan edistämällä työelämärajapinnassa tapahtuvaa oppimista ja tarkastelemalla sosiaali- ja terveydenhuoltoa laaja-alaisesti. Koulutuksen ja työelämän välistä keskustelua tarvitaan lisää, jotta valmistuvien sote-ammattilaisten osaaminen vastaa tulevaisuuden työelämätarpeita ja kannustaa uudenlaisiin työn tekemisen tapoihin.

I 15 år har vernepliktige norske grensesoldater bodd og arbeidet sammen i lag med både kvinner og menn. Blant soldater og befal er det en allmenn oppfatning at blandete lag er å foretrekke framfor rene mannslag. Våre kvalitative intervjuer og kvantitative data forteller oss imidlertid at det er noen kjønnede forutsetninger for at lagene fungerer: Kvinnene bør være i mindretall, og det er ikke lett for en kvinne å fungere i en ledende posisjon. Noen homososiale uttrykk, slik som «guttastemning», bør det også være toleranse for ifølge noen mannlige soldater. Betingelsene blir ofte begrunnet i et ønske om å unngå konflikter i lagene eller for å ikke sette kvinner i en utsatt stilling. Vi beskriver og analyserer begrensningene i denne artikkelen blant annet med begrepene «det fleksible kjønn» og «homososialitet» som utgangspunkt for å beskrive strategier blant henholdsvis kvinner og menn. Dette er strategier for å håndtere den sosiale intimiteten ved å leve tett på hverandre i kjønnsblandede lag, og de kan være mer eller mindre bevisste.

Matkailualan verkostoyliopisto perustettin vuonna 1994 antamaan matkailualan korkeakouluopetusta yliopistojen välisenä yhteistyönä. Yliopistolain (558/2009) muutos ja yliopistojen välisen kilpalun koveneminen kuitenkin johtivat toiminnan lakkauttamiseen muutama vuosi sitten. Matkailualan verkostoyliopistolla on ollut merkittävä rooli yliopistollisen matkailukoulutuksen ja tutkimuksen kehittämisessä Suomessa.

Syftet med denna studie är att beskriva och analysera de literacyaktiviteter som förekommer i fritidshemmets praktik. Literacy ses i denna artikel som den sociala praktik där människor använder läsning, skrivande, meningsskapande och kommunikativa uttryck i samspel med andra, särskilt i vardagens informella sammanhang. Med fritidshemmets aktiviteter som kontext ges många möjligheter för samtal, funktionell språkanvändning och sålunda även goda förutsättningar för flerspråkiga elevers språkutveckling. Observationer gjordes av fritidshemslärarstudenter i 68 fritidshem och deras reflektioner samlades in. Analys av observationsprotokoll och reflektionsprotokoll genomfördes av artikelförfattarna genom tematisk analys, där de öppna svaren intog en viktig roll. Resultatet visar på en stor variation mellan de olika fritidshemmen avseende förekomst av literacyaktiviteter och tillgång till böcker, främst gällande böcker på andra språk än svenska. Vidare framgår att både pedagoger och barn hade en skolifierad syn på läs- och skrivaktiviteter. Vår slutsats är att fritidshemmet har en potential som literacyarena som kan utnyttjas i långt högre grad än vad denna studie visat, framför allt för att väcka elevers läslust. English abstract Literacy in School-Age Educare Centres: A Study on The Conditions for Literacy in Swedish School-Age Educare Centres This study aims to describe and analyze the literacy events that occur in school-age educare practice. Literacy in this article is seen as the social practice where people use reading, writing, meaning-making and communicative expressions in interaction with others, in particular in the informal context of everyday life. With the after-school activities as a context, many opportunities are provided for conversation and functional language use, thus creating good conditions for multilingual students’ language development. Observations were made of school-age educare teacher students in 68 after-school centres, and their reflections were collected. The article authors carried out the analysis of observation protocols and reflection protocols through thematic analysis. The results show a significant variation between the different school-age educare practices concerning literacy activities and access to books, in particular few books in languages other than Swedish. Furthermore, it turned out that both educators and children had a schooled view of reading and writing activities. We conclude that school-age educare centres have the potential as a literacy arena that can be utilized much more than this study has shown, especially to arouse students’ desire to read.

Syftet med denna artikel är att beskriva och diskutera vilka, för lärare, användbara och relevanta kunskapsprodukter som har genererats i 11 forskningsprojekt, finansierade av Skolforskningsinstitutet och beviljade år 2016 och 2017. Forskningsfrågorna är: Vad i resultaten kan ses som kunskapsprodukter och vilken karaktär har dessa? På vilka sätt har lärare medverkat i processen att ta fram dessa kunskapsprodukter? Sammantaget har 55 öppet tillgängliga granskade publikationer analyserats. Sex kvalitativt skilda kategorier av kunskapsprodukter har identifierats: 1) Kunnanden och förmågor, 2) Undervisnings- och lektionsdesign, 3) Didaktiska exempel, 4) Redskap, 5) Processer och metaperspektiv och 6) Generella eller kontextuella förutsättningar. Graden av medverkan från lärares sida har varierat avsevärt; från en aktiv medverkan, där lärare och forskare samarbetar på likvärdiga villkor, till en låg grad, där lärare primärt fungerar som bollplank eller forskningsobjekt. ENGLISH: Knowledge products for the teaching profession – Projects 2016 and 2017 funded by the Swedish Institute for Educational Research This article examines the knowledge products of relevance to the teaching profession from eleven research projects funded by the Swedish Institute for Educational Research. A total of 55 openly accessible reviewed publications have been analysed. The aim is to describe and discuss which, for teachers, useful and relevant knowledge products that the research projects (granted 2016 and 2017) have yielded. The research questions are: What in the results can be interpreted as knowledge products and what is the characteristic of these? In what ways have teachers participated in the process of producing these knowledge products? Six qualitatively different categories of knowledge products have been identified as descriptions of: 1) Knowings and capabilities, 2) Teaching/lesson design, 3) Didactical examples, 4) Tools, 5) Processes and meta-perspectives, and 6) General or contextual preconditions. The degree of involvement of teachers has varied considerably, ranging from a high degree of active involvement, where teachers and researchers collaborate on equal terms, to a low degree of involvement where teachers primarily act as informants. Keywords: Knowledge products, Swedish Institute for Educational Research, practice-based research, teacher profession, teaching development

Most municipalities in Finland have a slogan. At best, the slogan stems from the municipality’s strategy and thereby conveys the mission of the municipality and strengthens both its image and its memorability. In our interdisciplinary project, we are analysing municipal slogans from both a linguistic and a marketing point of view, exploring their ability to promote the municipality’s reputation and visibility. Our analysis here is limited to slogans that include the name of the municipality; in these cases, the different linguistic ways in which the name of the municipality can function as a motivation are explored. The focus is on the syntactic position of the name and its discursive function, as well as on alliteration with the name in the slogans. Based on this linguistic analysis, the motivation for such slogans in municipalities’ marketing discourse is considered.

I The Managed Heart. Commercialization of Human Feeling (1983), introduserte Arlie R. Hochschild begrepet emosjonelt arbeid i en casestudie blant kabinansatte. Hun argumenterte for at dette var kjønnet, underkjent arbeid, og at når følelser blir transformert til en vare i et kommersielt marked og underlagt styring fra ledelsen, kunne ansatte bli fremmedgjort fra en del av selvet. Basert på data fra flyselskapet SAS, analyserer jeg endringer i kabinarbeid. Analysen illustrerer hvordan emosjonelt arbeid handler om ulike aspekter i ulike historiske og kulturelle sammenhenger. På 1970-tallet var dette et godt betalt, feminisert og glamorøst yrke for unge kvinner. Med økt mangfold i arbeidsstokken og blant passasjerene fulgte kampen for profesjonalisering og oppgjør mot globale stereotypier. I dag er handlingsrommet for å utøve emosjonelt arbeid endret, og kabinarbeidet er intensivert, devaluert og prekarisert.

Sammendrag Brugerorienterede velfærdsteknologier i ældreplejen, som har til formål at gøre ældre mere selvhjulpne og dermed opnå livskvalitet, er blevet en del af det politiske svar på at imødegå udfordringer med et stigende antal ældre, et øget pres på offentlige budgetter samt mangel på medarbejdere i ældreplejen. I denne artikel undersøger vi, hvordan brugerorienterede velfærdsteknologier i praksis understøtter livskvalitet for ældre, der lever med demens og bor i plejebolig. Empirien til undersøgelsen blev indhentet gennem et deltagende observationsstudie og interviews på to danske plejecentre i to kommuner, og analysen af empirien har ført til temaerne: ”Frihed til at komme ud med GPS” og ”Tryghed og socialt samvær med dukke og PARO-sæl”. Artiklen belyser, hvordan anvendelse af de brugerorienterede velfærdsteknologier ved ureflekteret brug i praksis kan risikere at overse og ignorere den ældres individuelle sårbare livssituation. Endvidere viser analysen, at de brugerorienterede velfærdsteknologier skaber nye pleje- og omsorgsopgaver, der må tages alvorligt, hvis brugerorienterede velfærdsteknologier til ældre, der lever med demens i plejebolig, skal understøtte et begreb om livskvalitet forstået som både individuelt og baseret på fællesskab og funderet i den ældres erfaringer, værdier, interesser og behov.

I både det danske og norske Forsvaret har vi sett hvordan en utbredt bruk av humor tilsynelatende gjør hverdagen morsommere for noen soldater, mens den for andre har en negativ effekt. Ikke minst gjelder det for de kvinnene som ofte er ofre for humoren – en gruppe som allerede er i en utsatt posisjon i den tradisjonelle mannsbastionen. I denne artikkelen legger vi vekt på å analysere formene, funksjonene og forklaringene på denne ekskluderende humoren. Det kan diskuteres i hvilken grad bruken av humor er et bevisst virkemiddel eller «kun en spøk», men resultatet er at enkelte må tåle mer enn de finner bekvemt, og at noen er offer for latterliggjøring og trakassering. Det å le av andres morsomheter, eller selv kunne produsere vittigheter som settes pris på, kan være tegn på at du er en del av gruppen. Hvem vil da være en «killjoy» ved å si fra? Vi setter humoren inn i en kontekst av kulturelle demarkasjoner av hva som er gyldig i det militære feltet, og som et eksempel på problemene knyttet til å endre organisasjonens kultur. På denne måten vil vi diskutere en dimensjon av #metoo der seksuell trakassering kan være forkledd som humor. Avslutningsvis gir vi eksempler på strategier for å håndtere denne formen for eksklusjon. Gode strategier er sjelden vare, noe som understreker alvoret i humor som ekskluderende våpen. Den trakasserende og tidvis svært grove humoren må muligens forstås som et livsfasefenomen. Vi bruker også begreper som homososialitet og hegemonisk maskulinitet for å analysere humoren og den relaterte atferden.

In this interview study, we apply institutional ethnography and the ‘generous’ concept of work to analyse the survival work of ten women who have stayed in domestic violence shelters due to male partner violence. The analysis shows that survival work - the work the women do to gain access to protection and support - can take many forms. For instance, in order to access a shelter, women had to navigate the fragmented organisation of social services and articulate their experiences of violence to a range of different caseworkers. Once in a shelter, the women tried to manage and make sense of the safety rules they encountered. Moreover, they worked to increase their autonomy and freedom by trying to bridge the safety restrictions without jeopardizing the protection provided by the shelter. During the shelter stay, the women also worked to gain access to psychosocial support. The pursuit of support continued after leaving the shelter; with the purpose of establishing a new life in the municipality. This included the work to protect themselves from further violence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Title in English: The donor couple painted in the Rotunda of St. Catherine in Znojmo (Czech Republic) in 1134 is the best iconographical parallel to the Danish royal donors in Vä Church, Sweden (1121) In this paper the author introduces an iconographic parallel to the donor portraits of a royal couple in Vä Church, Sweden, dated to 1121 and presented by the author in a previous issue of ICO, Nordic Review of Iconography: “Donor pictures and their iconography in Danish frescos from the 12th century”, nr 4, 2015, pp. 4–48. The case in point is found in Bohemia, in the Rotunda in Znojmo, where the donor portraits of Conrad II of Znojmo and Maria of Serbia, dated to 1134, like those in Vä are painted on the eastern wall of the chancel, on both sides of the apse. Notable parallels between the two monuments are that the construction of the church and the wall paintings are contemporary, that both use the same painting technique (fresco/secco) and that both show Byzantine influence. Furthermore the patrons are represented on the same scale as the saints in their vicinity in the church, men and women are depicted as equals in that they have the same height, both are very finely dressed and both present gifts that are received by the hand of God. However, although the portraits have much in common concerning iconography and placing, there is nothing to suggest a direct connection between the two churches. Perhaps the paintings in Vä and Znojmo are just two randomly preserved remnants of a Byzantine tradition.

Basert på et sosiokulturelt perspektiv der barnehagens sosiale, kulturelle og historiske praksis blir sett på som vesentlig for barns møte med og forhold til barnelitteratur og lesing, er det viktig å studere lesingens plass i barnehagen. Studien undersøker hvilke føringer policydokumentene for barnehagen i Danmark, Finland, Norge og Sverige legger for arbeidet med barnelitteratur og lesing. Nasjonale retningslinjer for barnehagelærerutdanningen studeres også der disse finnes, det vil si i Danmark, Norge og Sverige. Gjennom dokumentanalyse undersøkes likheter og ulikheter i policydokumentene i de fire landene, og resultatene diskuteres i lys av beskrivelsen av en nordisk barnehagetradisjon preget av et holistisk læringssyn med vekt på barns interesser og lek. Analysene viser at lesing av barnelitteratur beskrives i begrenset grad, at den tillegges ulik betydning og at så vel barnehagelærere som barnehagelærerutdannere i de fire landene vil kunne møte motstridende forventninger. Det argumenteres for at det må utdannes barnehagelærere som kan bidra til at alle barn gis forutsetninger for aktiv deltakelse i et lesefellesskap, og som har en bevissthet om at barns interesser og ønske om å lese er selve drivkraften i deres videre karriere som lesere.

The Two Cultures with Introduction by Stefan Collini, av C. P. Snow. Cambridge University Press, 2018, 181 sidor, ISBN 978-1-107-60614-2 C. P. Snows berömda föreläsning från 1959 gavs ut i en 22:a utgåva 2018. Publikationen innehåller, förutom föreläsningen och en tillbakablick av Snow själv 1964, en fyllig kommentar och analys av engelsmannen och litteraturvetaren Stefan Collini.

This study aims to examine risk-taking situations among students during holistic craft processes. The study was conducted during the spring terms of 2013 and 2016. The data comprise interviews of seventh-grade students (2013), in which they defined solutions found during craft design and production processes, and digital learning diaries (2016), in which students self-evaluated craft design, production and evaluation processes. The results show that making crafts includes risk-taking during every phase of the process. These are situations in which students either take risks or avoid them. The results reveal that risk-taking situations related to economical risk are emphasised in the design and production phases, in which the students make decisions regarding the product to be made and the techniques to be used. Psychological risk-taking is particularly connected to the production phase of the craft process, in which the students begin production and progress through its phases. Social risk-taking situations are linked to the design and evaluation phases, in which the students interact with their peer group and the social environment. Based on the study results, it is important for teachers to pay attention to these situations and how the students behave. In this way, teachers can teach and support the students in identifying and taking controlled risks, which is an important skill in a changing society looking toward the future. Keywords: risk-taking, craft process, craft as a subject, enterprise education

I denne artikkelen presenterer vi en institusjonell etnografi av NAVs oppfølging av arbeidsledige. Basert på en dokumentanalyse og dybdeintervjuer med arbeidsledig ungdom og NAV-ansatte, utforsker vi hvordan målingen av arbeidsevne er organisert i praksis, og hvilke konsekvenser denne organiseringen får for de arbeidslediges hverdag. Analysen viser hvordan prinsippet om at de som står lengst unna arbeidslivet skal få mest gjør at de svakeste brukergruppene blir underlagt mest måling og kontroll, og at formelle krav til dokumentasjon ofte kan komme i veien for oppfølgingen. Ved å vise spenningene mellom arbeidslinjas idealer og menneskers erfaring av hvordan disse realiseres i praksis, gir artikkelen en ny forståelse av NAV og den institusjonelle konstruksjonen av arbeidsledighet.

Politiet er en organisasjon som i noen tiår har jobbet med en viss suksess med å øke kvinneandelen. Nå har politiet lagt vekten over på et mangfoldsperspektiv. Hva betyr det? Intervjuer med sentrale informanter i politiet får oss til å reise problemstillingene: Er det en innebygget konflikt mellom likestillings- og mangfoldsperspektivene? Hvilke fordeler og ulemper har disse to perspektivene i en organisasjon som ikke kan si seg ferdig med inkluderingen av kvinner? Er kvinner en del av mangfoldet? Er mangfold mindre kontroversielt fordi man da kan integrere medarbeidere som representerer tradisjonell maskulinitet? Kan man forfølge disse to perspektivene samtidig? Problemstillingene vil bli belyst ved en gjennomgang av de inkluderings-, rekrutterings- og antidiskrimineringsperspektivene som har vært anvendt i politiet – med noen sideblikk til erfaringer i Forsvaret.

Työn ja yksityiselämän välinen raja on nykyään monissa ammateissa häilyvä, koska työtä ei enää säätele aika ja paikka samassa määrin kuin ennen. Tässä tutkimuksessa etsitään vastausta kahteen pääkysymykseen. Ensinnäkin, millaisia tyylejä yksilöillä on hallita työn ja yksityiselämän välistä rajaa, kun huomioidaan sekä työasioiden kulkeutuminen yksityiselämään että yksityiselämän asioiden kulkeutuminen työhön? Toiseksi, määrittävätkö työn sisältämät vaatimukset ja voimavarat työn ja yksityiselämän rajanhallinnan tyylejä? Tutkimuksemme aineisto on kerätty keväällä 2013 verkkokyselyllä, johon osallistui 1106 eri ammattialoilla työskentelevää työntekijää. Aineistosta löytyi viisi työn ja yksityiselämän rajanhallinnan tyyliä: työn vartijat (n=228), yksityiselämän vartijat (n=160), integroijat (n=275), segmentoijat (n=205) ja integroijia muistuttava keskivertoryhmä (n=238). Työn vaatimukset korostuivat työn vartijoiden työssä, kun taas työn voimavaroista työn vaihtelevuus ja autonomia korostuivat integroijilla. Tutkimuksemme osoittaakin, että yksilön oman valinnan lisäksi työn ominaisuudet määrittävät työn ja yksityiselämän välistä rajanhallintaa.

In Denmark, it is mandatory for vocational teachers to complete Diploma of Vocational Pedagogy. The objectives of the diploma are defined by the rules and regulations for diplomas in general but it also has to support the national policy for vocational educations. Moreover, the diploma has to support the strategies and agendas of vocational colleges and vocational teachers. University colleges supply this diploma. University college teachers teaching in the programme have to develop their pedagogical and educational competencies in order to support these agendas. One way to explore the need for development of the programme is to participate in projects. Using Engeströms theory and methodology, the paper analyses how results from three research and development projects can form the basis for development of Diploma of Vocational Pedagogy. The analysis stresses the history and contradictions in each project seen from the perspectives of each teacher's subjectivity. The result is a method that can indicate how findings from projects can be used in the development of Diploma of Vocational Pedagogy.

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Title in English: Donor pictures and their iconography in Danish frescos from the 12th century. – The article deals principally with the royal donor images, their interpretation and context, in the Romanesque church of Vä in southern Sweden (Scania). The donor images in the nearby Gualöv Church are also taken into consideration, since they, together with those in Vä, are the only ones preserved from Mediaeval Denmark that represent identifiable persons. On the east wall of the choir are the poorly preserved donor images of the Danish King Niels (1104–34) and his Swedish born queen, Margaret Fredkulla († c. 1130). Most unusually, the queen is presenting a church model and the king a reliquary. The main altar is dated to 1121 on the basis of a parchment found in a reliquary. According to a new interpretation, a rune inscription mentions the Queen’s brother Ragnvald and their sister Kristina († 1122). In Gualöv Church a scroll with an inscription indicates that the donor had the frescoes painted for the salvation of his deceased wife’s soul. Contour drawings of twelve painted donors from different 12th century churches in Mediaeval Denmark are presented together with short descriptions of the iconography, the donor’s status, garments, gender and symbolic gifts, in order to place the royal donors in Vä church in their contemporary context and elucidate the significance of donor images of the time.

AIMS - This study describes five groups of gamblers and changes in their gambling involvement and gambling problems over four years with a particular focus on whether gambling problems among men and women develop differently within the five groups. DESIGN - The study sample is a subset of participants from the Swedish Longitudinal Gambling Study (Swelogs). Six different clusters of past-year gambling, based on frequency of participation in the nine most common forms of gambling in Sweden (lotteries, horses, number games, sports games, bingo, poker, slot machines, casino games or TV contests) were identified in Two-Way Cluster Analysis after the first wave of data collection in 2008/09. There were 2,508 individuals identified in EP1 (n=5,012) who then also participated in waves EP2 and EP3 and were selected for the present analysis. METHODS - Statistical analysis was done in SPSS 22.0 using Pearson’s Chi-Square test of Independence (or Fisher’s Exact test when the requirements or expected frequency were not met for Pearson’s Test), Mann-Whitney U-test and logistic regression. P-values below 0.05 were regarded as significant. RESULTS - Gambling remains gendered in Sweden. Even though the clusters are based on gambling activities, there are differences between men and women within the clusters as regards the gambling participation patterns. CONCLUSIONS - Men and women gamble differently, but they may still be equals in their total experience of gambling and in relation to how their gambling problems develop. All differences need to be taken into consideration when preventive actions or messages are created.

I undersökning efter undersökning har larmrapporter beskrivit svenska elevers försämrade kunskaper i framförallt matematik. På landets högskolor har detta blivit ett växande problem eftersom många kurser kräver förkunskaper i matematik för att en student skall kunna tillgodogöra sig kursinnehållet. Särskilt de tekniska högskolorna har upplevt ”kunskapsraset” som problematiskt. Mot bakgrund av detta påbörjades för 10 år sedan en omarbetning av Tekniskt basår på Chalmers tekniska högskola. Bland annat gjordes kurserna i matematik mer omfattande och teoretiska moment infördes. En rekommenderad nivågruppering genomfördes där extra stödåtgärder sattes in för att stödja mer svagpresterande studenter. Förändringsarbetet resulterade i att andelen studenter som klarade samtliga kurser ökade signifikant, antal avhopp från programmet minskade och att basårsstudenterna i genomsnitt klarade sig bättre i sina fortsatta studier än de som kom direkt från gymnasiet. Författaren beskriver i artikeln hur ovanstående förändringsarbete gick till.

Christoffer Harlang og Albert Algreen-Petersen (red.) Om bygningskulturens transformation GEKKO Publishing 2015, 547 sider.

Title in English: Archangels in Byzantine dress in Danish frescos. The combination of archangels with Christ in Majesty 1100-1150. – Archangels in combination with Christ in Majesty (Majestas Domini) are found in the apses of about a dozen churches in Mediaeval Denmark. The motif is known from the first half of the 12th century in the workshops of Fjenneslev/Finja, Kirke Hyllinge, Vä, and Jørlunde. The archangels appear beside Christ and the Virgin Mary, and also flanking the Deesis. When both archangels and John the Baptist appear with Christ in Majesty the motif tends to merge into a representation of the Deesis. The archangels’ special garments – with patterned and decorated silk fabrics, jewels, pearls, and red shoes – and their staffs and globes all display a dependence on Byzantine models. The author demonstrates this with a number of Byzantine parallels to the Danish examples. How the influences may have reached Denmark is explained by the historically known connections through crusades, pilgrimages, royal contacts and trade routes via the Baltic to Ruthenia (Rus) and Constantinople. As far as church murals are concerned, perhaps, the iconographical impact of the Schism between the pope in Rome and the patriarch in Constantinople of 1054 was slow to reach 12th century Denmark.

There has been an increasing focus on customer safety in tourism in recent years. Tour operators have emphasised the necessity of better communication between guides and tourists, especially in intercultural encounters. This article discusses tour guides’ perceptions and experiences of safety communication with their international customers in programme services in Finnish Lapland. The theoretical background relates to the concept of intercultural safety communication that encompasses giving and interpreting safety instructions in an intercultural encounter where the guide and the customers come from different cultural backgrounds. The research data was collected through an online questionnaire and was supplemented by ten semi-structured thematic interviews. The qualitative research method was selected to meet the objectives set for the project. The main research question was how tour guides experience intercultural communication in the safety context. According to the guides, cultural (or other) differences can be recognised when communicating safety instructions. Factors such as the age, gender and attitudes of the communication parties seem to have the biggest impact on how instructions are followed. The guides also seem to be aware of cultural differences in this context. The results show that more training, both culture-specific but also culture-sensitive, is needed in order to achieve broader understanding of effective intercultural safety communication.

I såväl skollag som högskolelag kan man läsa att ”Utbildningen ska vila på vetenskaplig grund och beprövad erfarenhet”. Men hur ska egentligen denna föreskrift tolkas? Vad avser vi med att en undervisning vilar på vetenskaplig grund?

In 2014 the first cohort of (a newly designed group of teachers) ”primary teachers with a specialization in extended school education” graduated from Swedish universities. In addition to the traditional formal qualifications as leisure pedagogues their degree also includes the competency to teach practical/aesthetical subjects in compulsory school up to year six. The newly designed teachers thus have to relate to dual professional identities and try to maintain balance between their work in the traditional socially oriented recreation centers against their teaching in a goal- and results-driven school. In this article we study a group of 40 new teachers before and after graduation, trying to get hold of how they perceive and negotiate their professional identities and how they orient themselves in the professional landscape. The results show that the graduates try to balance their own ideals and professional intentions against traditional professional identities and labor market conditions.