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The political discourse has undergone a change in the past decades, both in Sweden and in most of the Western world. This development has been described by several news agencies in Sweden as the political climate becoming "harder". Previous research shows that the power of journalists has increased with mediatization. During the 2000s, the right-wing populist party Sweden Democrats has also been invited to parliament, which may have contributed to this change. Populism is closely linked to polarization, and strong polarization is a threat to democracy. This study deals with the subjects of media convergence and populism by analyzing two political debates produced by SVT in 2006 and 2022. The purpose of the study is to contribute knowledge on how the political debates have changed during the 2000s, and in what way. This is done by analyzing the final debates on SVT from 2006 and 2022 and the actors participating, where the role of journalists is a central component. The theoretical framework used in the study is those that deal with rhetoric, populism and media convergence. The method used is pragmadialectics, which is a newer form of rhetorical method combined with an analysis schema for televised debates. The results of the study suggest that the Sweden Democrats' entry into parliament has contributed to populist tendencies in Swedish politics and increased polarization. The study also indicates that another consequence of the Sweden Democrats' participation in the final debate is an intensification of media convergence. The results also show that journalists receive a stronger power position in the debate in 2022 than they did in the 2006 debate, partly through camera angles but also their authority in the debate itself. Det politiska samtalet har genomgått en förändring de senaste årtionden, såväl i Sverige som i stora delar av västvärlden. Denna utveckling har beskrivits av fler nyhetsbyråer i Sverige som att det politiska klimatet “hårdnat”. Tidigare forskning visar att journalisternas makt har ökat, i takt med medialiseringen. År 2010 röstades det högerpopulistiska partiet Sverigedemokraterna in i riksdagen, vilket kan ha bidragit till denna förändring. Populism är nära sammankopplat med polarisering och en stark polarisering är ett hot mot demokratin. Denna studie behandlar ämnena medialisering och populism genom att analysera två slutdebatter producerade av SVT år 2006 respektive 2022. Syftet med studien är att bidra med kunskap om hur de politiska debatterna förändrats under 2000-talet, och på vilket sätt. Detta genom att analysera slutdebatterna på SVT från år 2006 och 2022 samt de aktörer som deltar, där journalisternas roll är en central komponent. Det teoretiska ramverk som använts i studien är sådana som behandlar retorik, populism och medialisering. Metoden som använts är pragmadialektik, vilket är en nyare form av retorisk metod som kombineras med ett analysschema för tv-sända debatter. Studiens resultat tyder på att Sverigedemokraternas inträde i riksdagen bidragit till populistiska tendenser inom svensk politik och en ökad polarisering. Studien indikerar också på att en annan konsekvens av Sverigedemokraternas deltagande i slutdebatten är en intensifiering av medialiseringen. Resultatet visar dessutom att journalister erhåller en starkare maktposition i debatten år 2022 än de gjorde under debatten 2006, dels genom hur de porträtteras genom kameravinklar men också hur auktoritärt de agerar under de olika debatterna.

The mediatization of society has gradually led to an increasingly prominent presence of music in our daily lives, a process which Tobias Pontara and Ulrik Volgsten refer to as musicalization. One media platform that has experienced rapid growth in recent years is TikTok, which, with its one billion users, has become a hub for music discovery and distribution. TikTok's interface fosters a participatory culture, where users actively engage in musical challenges and memes. In this paper, I examine musical memes as a phenomenon and explore their influence on society's musicalization process. By examining TikTok's user interface and its self-promotion strategies, it becomes apparent that the platform aims to establish itself as a contemporary music medium. The app's features actively encourage users to utilize music and dances as a tool for storytelling and community-building. TikTok's rise in the media landscape has led to a mediatization process where other media adapt to TikTok's logic, and due to music being such a central part of the platform, it contributes to an increased presence of music in our day-to-day lives.

The process of secularization has brought significant changes to the religious landscape in Sweden. The influence of the dominant Lutheran Church has diminished, paving the way for individual belief systems such as Satanism. Secularization has made the mediatization of religion possible, which in turn has anticipated changes in the public representation of religion. Media has played a crucial part in the public representation of Satanism in Sweden, mainly during the 1990s, which created the phenomenon Satanic panic. The Satanic panic spread through media outlets which reported crimes such as church and graveyard vandalisms and connected them to satanists. The panic was in some cases based on actual incidents; however, the cases were often merely rumors. This study examines how Satanism is portrayed in daily press and Religion education textbooks for Upper Secondary school in Sweden. Further, this study analyzes the change in the portrayal in these text types from 1980 to 2020 and investigates whether the secularization process in Sweden has contributed to the potential change. The reason for including textbooks in the study is to compare them to the daily press in order to discover potential differences in their portrayal of the religious movement, which provides a pedagogical aspect as well.

The aim of this study is to examine how two Sunni Muslim social media influencers depict and represent Shia Islam through their YouTube videos. To aid the research two questions were formulated: 1. How are Shia Islam and Shia Muslims represented by Imran Ibn Mansur and Mohammed Hijab? 2. How can these representations be interpreted according to the theory of Othering? To answer the questions and the purpose of this study a qualitative method of argumentative analysis was used. Their display of Shia Islam is examined according to Edward Said’s theory of Othering together with discourse analysis. A table was also used to organize the statements and arguments that were used by the influencers. The interpretations of the influencers’ discourse also studied how it can affect young Muslims’ views on Shia Islam. Their YouTube comments are used to back up the influencers’ claims and argument about Shia Islam. The study shows that Ibn Mansur’s view of Shia Islam is based on the Salafist school of thought, where he believes Shia Muslims are non-Muslims and apostates. Hijab’s view of Shia Islam differs in the sense it is not as extreme as Ibn Mansur but still amplifies the general and questionable view of Shias as being the “Other” foreign and deviant followers of Islam. Their respective view of Shia Islam was widely supported by their viewers, who were sharing strong opinionated statements about the Shias. This study shows that Ibn Mansur’s and Hijab’s views and presentations of Shia Islam and Shia Muslims are very critical, even hostile, which could enhance young Muslims’ view of Shia Islam as an inadequate and unreliable branch of Islam, and in some cases a religion separate from Islam.

Syftet med den här etnografin är att undersöka hur medialiseringen påverkar stadslivet i Malmö, särskilt ur ett tidsligt perspektiv. Föremål för studien är de tidsliga maktrelationer och linjära rytmer – som arbete och konsumtion – som medialiseringen ger upphov till i det urbana rummet. Fältarbetet har genomförts i stadsdelarna Seved, Centrum, Frihamnen och Möllevången i Malmö. Studien innehåller också en reflexiv del om erfarenheterna av att bära smart klocka under fyra år. Etnografins viktigaste upptäckt är att medialiseringen gör rumsligheter och tidsligheter abstrakta och föremål för konflikt. Det här skapar en nu typ av linjära rytmer: spekulativa rytmer. Det är en ny typ av linjära rytmer som är instabila, saknar kronologisk ordning och befinner sig i ständig förändring. Potentiellt kan vilken plats som helst vara vilken annan plats som helst och vilken tid som helst, vilken annan tid som helst. Utgången av de här konflikterna är en konsekvens att de inblandade parternas respektive styrkeförhållande i varje situation. Etnografin bidrar med ett tidsligt perspektiv på medialisering och ett ökat tidsligt förstående av samhället vi lever i. The purpose of this ethnographic study is to examine how mediatization affects urban life in the city of Malmö, with particular emphasis aspects of temporality. The object of study are the temporal power-relations and linear rhythms, such as patterns of work and consumption which are engendered by the mediatization of urban space. The fieldwork in this inquiry was conducted in the city center of Malmö as well as in the districts of “Seved”, “Frihamnen” and “Möllevången”. The study also includes a reflexive component that relates the author’s own experience of wearing a smart watch for the duration of four years. The most significant finding in this ethnography is that mediatization turns spatiality and temporality into abstractions and into sources of conflict. This in turn creates a new type of linear speculative rhythms which are unstable, lacking in chronological order and that exist in a constant state of change. This gives rise to a transformation whereby every place can potentially be turned into every other place and every point in time can be turned into every other. The outcomes of conflicts in this process are determined by the respective power relations and positions held by the parties involved in every respective situation. This ethnography provides a temporal perspective on mediatization and contributes to improving an understanding of the temporal aspects of the society in which we live.

In the beginning of 2021 the documentary “The selected children” was aired in one of the public Swedish television channels. In the film we follow the filmmaker as he returns to his elementary school that he left almost three decades ago. His memories where positive but the film depicts abuse with a focus on the leadership and a rope swing . The ensuing media debate was influenced by the fact that the school was, and still are, a waldorf school (Steiner school) and the cult concept was frequently used. This bachelor thesis aimed to find the underlying reasons for the media usage of the cult concept in this context and further how and why a description of a school in the past became a novelty in the present. The perspective is religion sociology and medialization. The purpose is to understand how and why the cult concept is used in nationwide written news media, narrowed down to 11 articles published in Aftonbladet, Dagens ETC, DN, Expressen, GP, SvD och SVT nyheter during May and June 2021. I used a qualitative content analysis method combined with an abductive reasoning. The theory used was in the field of cults, NRM and medialization with an emphasis on media logic also described as media modus operandi. The result shows that the cult concept is used to describe and frame the extreme characteristics of the school. There is a connection between the school and other waldorf schools both in the description of the schools as cults related to abuse and abnormality but the main reason is the foundation in relation to the waldorf pedagogy and anthroposophy. The media uses a very narrow number of sources describing the school, waldorf schools and the anthroposophic movement. The descriptions are made in the present as if the film was depicting the present school as well. As such the sources alongside the framing language constructs the news value in line with the media logic. In conclusion I argue that the findings show that media uses the cult as a description aswell as a news story in line with the theory, describing how the news are storytellers as they have developed into the entertainment industry.

The aim of this study is to investigate how religious symbols have been used in marketing historically and how the use of religion in advertising may reflect different conceptions of religiosity. In this study, we look at which religions are used in marketing, whether it is possible to see a change in usage over time, and what it is about the religious symbols that makes them favorable to use in advertising. Three newspapers have been selected for this study because they represent three different types of newspapers during the period November 1901 to November 1906. The evening paper Aftonbladet, the morning paper Svenska Dagbladet and the weekly magazine Idun. For the collection of advertisements, I have used the concept of banal religion from mediatization theory, which together with mediatization constitutes our framework for interpretation of the collected material. The advertisements where then compiled and analyzed through multimodal discourse analysis. The results show that there are several different religious symbols in the advertisements from different traditions. It is also possible to observe small changes over time during the study's focus period. In an analysis of the material, several different reasons have also emerged why religion in advertising acts as an effective sales tool, including by highlighting properties valued by the present society.

Hur resonerar allsvenska klubbar om medialiseringens inflytelse och vilken roll har covid-19spelat i den utvecklingen? Ur ett konstruktivistiskt perspektiv har jag utfört kvalitativa intervjuermed kommunikationsansvariga från sju olika allsvenska klubbar. Med ett institutionellt teoretisktperspektiv söker studien belysa medialiseringens inflytelse på svensk elitfotboll i en covid-19kontext. Intervjupersonernas upplevelser visar att mediernas relevans ökar inom allvenskan.Pandemin har accelererat medialiseringsprocessen, där klubbarnas kommunikation tillsupportrar, sponsorer och intressenter idag är genomsyrad av medier. Jag argumenterar även föratt klubbarnas karaktär, funktion och struktur har ändrats som en konsekvens av covid-19.Klubbarna agerar idag både som underhållningsbolag, vinstdrivande företag och idrottsförening.Studien belyser allsvenska klubbars speciella situation i den moderna fotbollen. Där de dels slåssmed internationella giganter och samtidigt drivs av lokala arbetskrafter. How does football clubs in Sweden's highest league reason about mediatizations influence andwhat role has covid-19 played in this development? I have conducted qualitative interviews froma constructivist perspective with communication managers from seven clubs. With aninstitutional theoretical perspective, this study has the ambition to show mediatization's influenceon Swedish elite football in a covid-19 context. The interviewees experience that the relevance ofmedia has increased. Which is a consequence of change in the society on one hand and covid-19on the other hand. The pandemic has accelerated the mediatization process, where the club'scommunication with supporters, sponsors and other stakeholders have been influenced by themedia. I argue that the clubs have changed character, function and structure as a consequence ofcovid-19. Today they act both as an entertainment company, commercialized company and alsoa sports association. The study demonstrates swedish football clubs' special situation in relationto modern football. Where they partly compete with international gigants while still being drivenby a local workforce.

The religious landscape in Sweden has changed in recent years as a result of secularization processes, individualization, and migration. This has led to religion occupying new places in society and one such place is media. The visibility of religion in the media creates space for debate about what role religion should play in different context, which in this thesis applies to school. Since 2018, there has been a debate in the media regarding the being or non-being of independent confessional schools. This bachelor thesis aims to examine the arguments that appear in the criticism versus the defense of independent confessional schools in debate articles in Sweden. Debate articles from the Swedish newspapers Svenska Dagbladet, Dagens Nyheter, Aftonbladet and Expressen are examined with qualitative text analysis. The result shows that the most common arguments among those who want to ban independent confessional schools are: religious indoctrination, segregation, and extremism. From the other side of the debate are the ones who defend independent confessional schools and the most common arguments from this side are: freedom of religion, corresponds to the Swedish curriculum, and integration. Further, an additional aim is to analyze how the debate can be understood using the theoretical concepts of narrative, institutional and cultural transformation processes in mediatization theory. The analysis shows that there are signs of these transformation processes in the debate articles. Many of the debate articles on the ban side are structured according to media logics where one perspective is set against another to provoke reactions from the readers, which expresses the narrative transformation process. The institutional transformation process is reflected in how actors from different institutions communicate in the debate, where political actors control the debate and religious actors adapt accordingly. The cultural transformation process is made visible by seeing how the debate relates to the surrounding society which is characterized by secular norms on one hand and increased religious diversity on the other.

The purpose of this essay is to analyse the Twitter posts from former president Donald Trump, specifically the posts that contain religious themes such as references to a religion or a deity. The first question asked in this essay is about how Donald Trump expresses himself about religion on Twitter. The second question is about how these posts can be interpreted from the mediatization theory. The method used to answer these questions is a qualitive text-analysis which means that different, recurring themes and terms were identified to analyse the deeper meaning of the contents of a text and to ascertain if there is a pattern. This was accomplished by finding posts on Donald Trumps Twitter account that contained religious terms and references and then those posts were interpreted from the perspective of the mediatization theory. The mediatization theory is a theory that states that media plays a pivotal role in how events are processed by society, by framing events in certain ways, by lending legitimacy to sources, by amplifying certain information related to the event and by how different forms of media can have a co-structuring function on how something is perceived in different social dynamics. The conclusion in this essay is that Trump is shown to express himself about religion in his tweets that causes his message to be mediatized, namely by using religion to push a Us vs Them type of narrative, by using religion to frame himself as the hero or defender of the USA and his opponents as the villains in that narrative and by using his Twitter account to co-structure that narrative.

The aim of this thesis is to study Iranian women's struggle against the mandatory veil, based on Nancy Fraser's (1990) theory on subaltern counterpublics and Mia Lövheim's (2012) use of Stig Hjarvard’s theory on mediatization of religion. Specifically, how the Iranian-exile Masih Alinejad's Twitter can be seen as an alternative sphere in which she creates a mediatized subaltern counterpublic for marginalized women. The research questions are as follows:(1) How is Iran and the compulsory hijab portrayed in the selected material? (2) Can this portrayal be seen as a mediatized subaltern counterpublic? The material consists of 100 tweets from the campaign #WhiteWednesdays. By using a qualitative method with an abductive approach, I found four themes in the material. Research question (1) showed that Iran is portrayed as a stratified society where men are superior to women and that the public sphere constitutes problems regarding women's rights. The mandatory veil is presented as the most visible symbol of gender apartheid and religious dictatorship. Research question (2)showed that, based on subaltern counterpublics and mediatization, societies (especially with religious authority) exclude women from speaking in authorized discourse, which contributes to a search for alternative spheres. The study’s chosen theories proved to be a good fit for capturing, describing and explaining how Alinejad creates a mediatized subaltern counterpublic - via new digital media - for marginalized women whom have been excluded from the authorized and official capacity of the country. The results further showed how Alinejad participated in the mediated public sphere as an independent agent who engaged in religious issues from a position of authority. She continues to use the #WhiteWednesdays campaign as a space to perform activism against the regime's veil policy.

Female religiosity has during the last couple of decades become a subject of interest within sociology of religion. Womens’ way of negotiating their Christian identities, in relation to traditional understandings of them, are particularly interesting in the field of mediatization, where different forms of digital media have been shown to provide new possibilities for female religiosity to become visible. The purpose of this bachelor thesis is to explore this further by examining how female religiosity - visible through digital media - can challenge traditional structures of authority in christianity. This study is based on the instagram account feministpastorn, run by pastor Esther Kazen, which exemplifies how digital media opens up new spaces for women to negotiate their christian faith in relation to their feministic values. To explore this further these following research questions were formulated; 1) How does Esther Kazen relate her christian faith to her feministic values on her instagram account feministpastorn?; and 2) In what way can feministpastorn be viewed as an example of shifting authority, from a traditional (male) Christian authority to a - by a female Christian actor - newly established one? To answer these questions, the theory of mediatization, as a theory of religious change made possible by different forms of media, with a focus on a change in religious authority, was implemented in the analysis. Based on qualitative research this study shows how female religiosity can make possible a shift in religious authority by allowing women to establish their own authority, in relation to traditional structures of authority within Christian institutions. Hence, the digital medium can be seen as a platform where women can build a new position of authority in relation to existing traditional structures of authority. This study shows how feministpastorn undermines traditional authority through criticism and attempts to build a new authority by 1) appealing to the audience with humility; 2) highlighting herself, in opposition to identified problematics; and 3) using her traditional authoritative role, as pastor in Equmeniakyrkan, to enhance a new kind of authority in contrast to traditional structures of Christian authority, made possible by the digital medium instagram.

This essay aims to identify and illustrate, in relation to Stig Hjarvards (2013) theory of mediatization, the factors for defection that Swedish news media portray as decisive for women leaving Jehovah´s witnesses. The material consist of six news articles collected from four different news media who all published stories about women which defected from Jehovah´s witnesses. The method of the essay is a transversal text analysis and the program Open Code 4.03 has been used to assess the results. The process of coding was abductive which means, inthis essay, that the categories used in Open Code was mainly created based on the presented previous research on religious defection but also by a thoroughly reading of the articles. This genereted in five overall themes: family, external factors, organizational, world view and mental health. The factors for defection that is brought up by the articles is categorized in these themes. The result was then analyzed based on Hjarvards (2013) theory of mediatization and his explanations to it by these three metaphors of media; media as conduits, media as languages and journalism on media. The analyzed results indicated, among other things, factors for defection regarding deprivation of freedom, prohibition within the movement and unequal conditions for men and women. The results also showed medias aim to enforce factors connected to love and sex to create entertainment value. According to my interpretation of Hjarvards (2013) theory the results shows news medias desire to be an institution that criticalexamines religious organizations that do not fit in with secular norms of Swedish society.

This study examines Swedish party leaders’ strategies in political campaign interviews to both answer the journalist’s question and deliver own messages. The material studied consists of eight fifty minutes long interviews, each with one Swedish party leader, broadcast in the channels of the Swedish public service company Sveriges television in a series of episodes called “Val 2014 #dinröst” in the weeks before the 2014 elections. The answering turns, where the politicians both answer the question given by the journalist and give messages which the question has not explicitly asked for, were analyzed using conversation analysis. Two main findings are the “message post-expansion” and the “message embedding”, two features of the politicians’ answering turns in which they deliver own messages, sometimes with help of a “transitional phrase”. The study is theory generating in the sense that it contributes with these features. The study indicates that the Swedish party leader interview format gives the politicians possibilities to express themselves rather freely. Questions asked by the journalists set the topics but journalists seem to expect the politicians to do more than answering the question, as well as the politicians themselves seem to feel expected to present their positions after answering the question. A conclusion is also that the party leader considers her or his task in the party leader interview as two-sided: she or he shall both follow the Q-A turn-taking organization and deliver own messages. At a macro level, the study suggests that media logic has made party leaders develop strategies to maximize their usage of the party leader interview as a communication channel, and that the features of the “budskapspostinskott” and the “budskapsinbäddning” indicate that mediatization of politics is advanced. In addition, the results make it reasonable to suggest that the journalist and the party leader, from an institutionalistic perspective of mediatization of politics, can have different logics but at the same time have at least one common aim: to provide as many people as possible with a basis to take a stand on the day of the election. With this view, the journalist and the party leader co-work to contribute to a sustainable democracy. The profession dimension of media logic can, thus, in addition to scrutinizing the party leader, include helping the party leader reach the audience with understandable and clear messages. Finally, the actions of the party leaders in “Val 2014 #dinröst” can be understood as indicating that mediatization of politics has reached so far that message construction has become a natural part of the politics dimension of political logic. The construction of political messages can be said to have been triggered by media logic but, in the light of this study, have become included into the dimension of political logic which embraces the work of winning voters and gaining support for political ideas. Den här studien undersöker svenska partiledares strategier för att i partiledarintervjuer både svara på journalistens fråga och föra fram egna budskap som journalisten inte explicit bett om att få. Empirin består av de åtta knappt femtio minuter långa partiledarintervjuerna i Sveriges televisions program ”Val 2014 #dinröst” som direktsändes under valrörelsen inför de allmänna valen i Sverige den 17 september 2014. De svarsturer i vilka politikerna både svarar på frågan och utnyttjar sin tur till att leverera egna budskap analyserades med hjälp av konversationsanalys. Studien är teorigenererande så till vida att den presenterar budskapspostinskott och budskapsinbäddningar, två konstruktioner i politikernas svarsturer som de använder för att leverera egna budskap, ibland med hjälp av en övergångsfras. Studiens slutsatser är att partiledarna i det programformat som studerats får tala relativt fritt – partiledarna kan sägas ta sig en proaktiv roll, och deras budskapspostinskott och budskapsinbäddningar tycks för både journalist och politiker ingå som en naturlig del i programformatet. En slutsats är också att partiledaren ser sig ha ett tudelat uppdrag i partiledarintervjun – att både följa frågasvarturtagningsordningen och föra fram egna budskap. På en makronivå anför studien att det är medielogiken som har gjort att partiledarna har utvecklat strategier för att maximalt kunna nyttja partiledarintervjun som kanal, och att studiens budskapspostsinskott och budskapsinbäddningar kan ses som ett indicium på att mediatization av politiken är mycket långtgående. Därutöver konstateras att journalist och partiledare utifrån ett institutionalistiskt mediatization-perspektiv kan utgå från olika logik och samtidigt ha åtminstone ett gemensamt mål: att hålla ett begripligt och levande samtal för att så många tittare som möjligt ska tillhandahållas underlag för att ta ställning på valdagen. På så sätt kan de sägas tillsammans bidra till en hållbar demokrati. Professionsdimensionen av medielogiken kan utifrån det förda resonemanget gå ut på att journalisten, utöver att granska politikern kritiskt, ska hjälpa politikern att nå ut med sina budskap på ett lättfattligt sätt. Det föreslår den här studien. Till sist kan partiledarnas ageranden i ”Val 2014 #dinröst” sägas tyda på att mediatization av politiken har gått så långt att budskapsformulering har blivit en naturlig del i politics-dimensionen av politiken. Budskapsformulering kan sägas ha triggats av medielogiken men bör i ljuset av den här studien inte längre ses som en effekt av medielogiken som står vid sidan av politikens politics-dimension utan som en numera naturlig och självklar införlivad del av den dimension av politiken som handlar om att få väljarstöd och vinna gehör för olika frågor.

This thesis focuses on representations of school problems in Swedish local newspapers and how these can be understood in terms of discourses about “the good school”. The thesis also focuses on how these discourses are manifested among and resisted by school professionals, and on the potential consequences for schools. Representations of school problems are seen as expressions of power as they produce and reproduce values. These values, which can be referred to in terms of discourses, affect both school practices and individuals attending or working at schools. The theoretical starting point is a Foucauldian perspective on governing. The main elements adopted are Foucault’s understanding of power and the relationship between power and knowledge; how people are positioned as subjects; and how we are governed by representations of problems. The analytical approach adopted draws on Carol Bacchi’s “What’s the problem represented to be” (WPR) approach. Two empirical studies were conducted: a media study and an interview study. Four main problem representations could be distinguished: “the school is breaking the law”; “the working environment at the school is poor”; “the school does not listen to the students”; and “the school does not measure up to other schools”. Out of these problem representations, “the schools is breaking the law” and “the working environment at the school is poor” were the most predominant representations. Using the problem representations and their underlying assumptions as a starting point, four main discourses on “the good school” were identified: the legal discourse, the caring discourse, the democratic discourse; and the market discourse. Regarding effects of the discourses, an overall reflection is that students are positioned as active subjects with significant influence in nearly all of the discourses identified in the media study, with the exception of the caring discourse. As evident by both the embrace of and the resistance against the discourses, the dominant discourses in both the media study and the interview study are the legal discourse and the caring discourse. It is concluded that there is a discursive struggle between these discourses as to whether “the good school” is a school “in the name of the law” or “in the sense of caring”. This discursive struggle may result in possibilities for resistance against one discourse on behalf of the other.

In the autumn of 2017 the #metoo-movement came to change a whole world. In Sweden, many #metoo-movements started, one of which was #vardeljus. #vardeljus means “Let there be light”, and was a movement of anonymous women in The Church of Sweden. The women wanted to illustrate how women have been sexually harassed in the organization. #vardeljus was also a blog with the same name, where the women shared their stories. In this essay, I have studied how the #vardeljus-movement highlighted existing gender structures in The Church of Sweden, and whether or not the movement contributed to an authority displacement. In relation to this, I examined in what way the theory of mediaziation could be useful in the study of these topics. In the making of this study, I have mainly relied on the theory of mediaziation as the main theory. In addition I have also benefited from ideas found in the theory of authority displacement as well as from adding a gender perspective. The text material of my choice was the #vardeljus-movement, publicated in the newspaper Kyrkans tidning, and a selection from the associated blog with same name - #vardeljus. The method of this study has been a systematic text analysis, wherein I have placed my text material in categories. These categories were power, gender structure, sexually harassment and authority displacement. The study found that the #vardeljus-movement illustrated gender structures in The Church of Sweden. These were expressed through sexually harassment, and abuse of power from authorities in the church. Another result of the study was that the movement started a process of an authority displacement, where previously silent stories were heard. In relation to these conclusions, the theory of mediaziation has been used to analyse how these gender structures and authority displacements are presented in the #vardeljus-movement, and how new medias are provided to these conclusions.

The purpose in this paper is to examine in which extent students in the Swedish gymnasium use film and tv (with a special focus on the Norwegian youth series SKAM) as a resource to create religious meaning and interpretation of life in the aspects of their view on e.g. knowledge, society, cosmology and theology. To examine this I have used a web survey which were completed by 139 pupils from different programs in the grades 1 to 3. As goes for theory I have used Stig Hjarvards thoughts about meditiazation and banal religion. This study has shown that students, whatever they are male, female, “traditional” believers or non-believers, uses film and tv in a high degree when it comes to create religious meaning and interpretation of life. I have also been able to prove that popular culture in the form of film and television has a much greater presence in the students’ life than many kinds of “traditional” religious practices. Quite interesting is that both women and believers seems to rely on film and tv in a higher frequency than the other two groups when it comes to these kinds of questions. This is interesting because the result is somewhat different from earlier research. All in all, the result of this study confirms e.g. Mia Lövheim’s thoughts that young people are not less religious today than they were before, but instead have developed a more “detraditionalized” form of religiosity. And also that “traditional” religious authorities today have lost its monopoly on the religious minds of the youth through mediatization and that media and popular culture now must be seen as a religious authority by itself.

Previous research has been done in the field of Political Communication, aimed to show a deeper understanding of how social media affects the public opinion. Less studies have been made aimed to understand how youth federation communicates with potential voters. We are therefore interested in gaining a deeper understanding of what three Swedish youth federations publish on their Instagram accounts to attract potential voters during the early stages of the election year 2018. The aim of this report is to examine and analyze how three of the biggest youth federations in Sweden communicates with potential voters though the social media platform Instagram during the first three months of 2018. Through a qualitative image analysis supplemented by informant interviews, we have been able to study which communication strategies the youth federations used when they published pictures on Instagram during the limited period of January 1 until March 3, 2018. Our findings suggest that the variation of the published material depends on what political marketing orientation the federation belongs to. We hope that our study can contribute with useful understandings into further research.

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur skandaler där statliga myndigheter är inblandade skapas i relation mellan tryckta medier och myndigheters egna uttalanden. Detta görs utifrån ett diskursteoretiskt perspektiv genom att undersöka vilka diskurser som konstrueras och fungerar konstituerande i skandalernas utveckling. Utöver den kritiska diskursteorin tar vi även hjälp av teorier om intryckshantering och medialisering för att analysera empirin genom en kritisk diskursanalys. Metodvalet har gjorts på grund av dess anknytning till det kritiska diskursteoretiska perspektivet som ser diskurser och sociala praktiker som ömsesidigt konstituerande och konstituerade. Den empiri som analyserats är hämtad från de svenska dags- och kvällstidningarna Dagens Industri, Dagens Nyheter och Aftonbladet samt Transportstyrelsens och Pensionsmyndighetens egna uttalanden från respektive myndighets webbsida. Det huvudsakliga resultatet av studien var att myndigheter tenderar att svara efter den rapportering som sker i tryckta medier och anpassa sin kommunikation därefter. De tryckta medierna har därigenom makten att utmana och sätta diskursen kring det normbrott som skandalen innebär. En diskurs som myndigheterna därmed tvingas bemöta och utmana för att undvika att den egna verksamheten uppfattas som avvikande i förhållande till denna diskurs. The purpose of this paper is to investigate how scandals involving government agencies are created in relation to print media and authorities’ own statements. This is done from a discourse theoretical perspective by investigating the discourses that are constituted and functioning in the development of scandals. In addition to the critical discourse theory, we also use theories of impression management and medialization to analyze the material through a critical discourse analysis. The choice of critical discourse analysis as the methodology has been made because of its connection to the critical discourse theory, which sees discourses and social practices as mutually constitutive and constitutional. The analyzed material has been taken from the Swedish daily and evening newspapers Dagens Industri, Dagens nyheter and Aftonbladet, and Swedish Transport Agency’s (Transportstyrelsen) and Pension Authority’s (Pensionsmyndigheten) own statements from the respective authorities website. The main result of the study was that authorities tend to respond to the reporting in print media and then adjust their communication accordingly. The printed media thus have the power to challenge and discourage the norm violation that the scandal implies. A discourse that the authorities are therefore forced to respond to and challenge to avoid their own activities being perceived as deviating in relation to this discourse.

This study has examined the content of the Swedish Church's posts on the social network media Facebook and Instagram. The posts were published during September to November 2017, which is about 90 posts. I have also analysed if the posts could be seen as marketing in this particular media form. Rational Choice Theory has served as an overall theory in which I assumed that people make rational decisions in the choosing of their religion. Therefore, I see the content on these sites as a supply of the Swedish church religiosity that people can base their decisions on. Through an inductive approach, themes have been searched for in the posts and analysed through text condensation. The result of the study is that there are six types of published content, grief management, church operation, divinity, entertainment, religious history and informative posts about the Swedish church election that took place in September 2017. These posts can be seen as marketing because the focus in marketing has shifted from emphasis on the product to the consumer. The purpose is now to provide consumers with information that they can base their decisions on. Therefore, when people use the information on these sites in order to make a rational choice of their religion, the post can be seen as marketing of the Swedish Church, but not in cases when people read the post in other purposes.

Denna artikel redovisar en enkätstudie utförd bland svenska tonåringar i åldern 17-18 år. Studien syftar till att kartlägga deras användning av fiktion i olika medieformer i kontexterna skola och fritid. Studien har en kvantitativ ansats och fokuserar på aspekterna medieringstyp, kön och studieinriktning. Resultaten visar att även om deltagarna läser skönlitteratur, tillbringar de mycket mer tid med fiktion i andra medieformer, såsom datorspel, tv-serier och film. Könsskillnader syns i att män spelar datorspel och kvinnor läser skönlitteratur i större utsträckning. Det finns få framträdande skillnader mellan elevgrupper med olika studieinriktning. Istället visar resultaten att skillnader i medieanvändning framför allt ska beaktas på individnivå, och att stora skillnader kan finnas inom samma skolklass. Resultaten diskuteras utifrån ett medieekologiskt och ett medialiseringsperspektiv i relation till utbildningssammanhang. This article reports on a questionnaire study conducted among Swedish teenagers aged 17-18. The study aims to map out their use of fictional texts through various media forms in the two contexts school and recreational time. The study, which has a quantitative approach, focuses on mediation, gender, and study orientation, when exploring the media habits of Swedish teenagers. The results show that although the participants read fiction, they spend much more time using fictional texts in other media forms, such as computer games, TV-series, and films. Gender differences are visible in that men play computer games and women read literature to a greater extent. There are few prominent differences concerning the choice of educational programme. Instead, the results show that divergence should be considered on an individual level, and that large differences in media use can occur within the same school class. The results are discussed from a media ecological as well as a mediatization perspective, and in relation to an educational context.

This thesis analyses discourses on health and wellbeing in three Swedish lifestyle magazines for women, Amelia, Tara and M-magasin, and how readers of these magazines reflect on and negotiate the values and identities presented in them. The aim of the thesis is to contribute to increased knowledge about mediatized religion, directed to women by commercial women's magazines on a secular market, and how this religion is presented, perceived and used as a resource for women's wellbeing, lifestyle and identity. The study is a qualitative case study combining a content analysis of what is referred to as the wellbeing discourses of the three magazines, and a reception study. This design was selected to combine a media centred and a consumer oriented perspective. Inspired by Nancy T. Ammerman, the magazines’ and the readers’ discursive understanding of religion and spirituality was approached through the concept of everyday religion. The magazines and the readers associated religion with institutional religion and a collective experience. Spirituality was related to non-institutional religion and individually chosen meaning-making elements from both non-institutional and institutional religion. This individualistic spirituality was, thus, still connected to institutional religion. This religion can, on an individual as well as structural level, be connected to a global holistic consumption spirituality and a standardization and homogenization of contemporary religion where practises like yoga and meditation occupied a prominent position. The understanding of religion and spirituality presented through the magazines’ wellbeing discourses, can be seen as “glossy-feminism”, a feminism that grows out of a neo-liberal self-help paradigm, and a feminisation of wellbeing in contemporary western society. Wellbeing is depicted as a female concern that legitimates the reader's attention to her own body as the primary tool to achieve control over her own life and social relationships, and for gender equality in society. This strategy is connected to female caring practice in traditional gender positions. The thesis draws on theories of deregulation of religion, the mediatization and individualisation of religion, and contributes to a deeper understanding of how these shape contemporary religious change. Through focusing the understudied area of commercial women's magazines, it contributes with new knowledge to the field of research on media as a primary source of peoples’ encounter with religion. Impact of Religion

This dissertation investigates the mediation of art on Swedish television during the 1950s and 1960s. The aim is to examine how the new medium of television was put to use in the dissemination and promotion of contemporary and modernist art during this time. The primary research question concerns the significance and consequences of television as a media form for the practices of art popularization and art education. The introduction of the new medium coincided with the post-war emergence of the welfare state and ambitions of governmental and non-governmental organizations and initiatives to make modern art an integral part of modern society. This dissertation investigates the role and significance of television in these endeavours from the point of view of Sveriges Radio/TV, by focusing on the actors involved as well as the form and content of arts programming at the time. The study makes use of mediatization theory and the concept of remediation, in order to capture and analyse the dynamics as well as the conflicts between television and art at the time. The study uses the method of media-specific genre analysis, inspired by cultural theory, asserting that arts programming is a cultural category made up of practices and processes and interwoven with ideological structures and power relationships. The dissertation is divided into three chapters investigating different aspects of the phenomenon of art on TV during the specific historical period. The dissertation shows how the 1950s and 1960s witnessed great hopes for television as a way of disseminating art and educating the public on matters of art, aspirations closely connected to notions of art distribution as a way to achieve cultural democratization. First and foremost, however, the close study of the practices of arts programming shows how the relationship between television and art at the time was also characterized by problems and conflict. Using the terminology of mediatization theory, it is possible to speak of conflicts between distinct logics. These conflicts can further be understood on several levels, adhering to the twin logics of remediation: transparent immediacy and hypermediacy. The actors involved all shared a view of television as the great medium of the future when it came to disseminating and promoting art to the wider public. However, they also shared notions of television’s limitations when it came to the matter of ”doing justice” to a work of art when broadcast. This was first and foremost considered to be purely a matter of technical limitations, such as the lack of colour and the small screen size. It is however also evident that the actors’ view of their task and that of the medium with regard to arts programming, to represent works of art to the viewers as honestly as possible, delimited the form and content of shows and programming. On another level, the conflict between art and television was a matter of art’s supposedly critical and societal value. According to the actors, art was considered something other than regular programming, in the sense that art constituted different ways of seeing and perceiving the world. The function and importance of arts programming, then, was considered to be in the ways it differed from regular programming, making possible to educate the TV-viewing public in critical thinking towards the manipulation of media as well as providing ways of developing the form and aesthetics of the television medium.

Den här uppsatsen undersökte hur medielogiken uttrycks i Rädda Barnens och Sverige för UNHCR:s videomaterial under flyktingkrisen september 2015. Då majoriteten av den medialiseringsrelaterade forskningen i Sverige har intresserat sig för partiledardebatter och politisk kommunikation finns det en kunskapslucka kring hur medielogiken formar andra sfärer i samhället. Denna studie avsåg att genom semiotisk analys och mulitmodal analys undersöka videomaterial i dessa två ideella organisationer, för att identifiera mediernas berättartekniker i dem. Sammanlagt analyserades fyra videoklipp i två ideella organisationers Facebook-sidor under september 2015 utifrån teorin om semiotik och medielogik. Två tydliga teman i videoklippen framträdde ur resultatet. Dessa benämnde vi som Flyktingkrisen som empati och Flyktingkrisen som verklighet. Ur dessa framkom fyra underteman. Dessa benämnde vi som dramatisering, dokumentering, reklamformat och nyhetsformat. Studiens resultat visade även att medielogiken personifiering förekommer starkt i samtliga av våra studieobjekt. Utifrån detta resultat kunde vi dra slutsatser kring genom vilka stereotyper personifieringen framkom i. Vår studie bidrar därmed till forskningsfältet med kunskap om stereotyper av flyktingar. I tidigare forskning av Ylva Brune (1998) urskiljs två sorters stereotyper av flyktingar: offer eller hot. Vidare menar Urban Ericsson (2001) att stereotypen den duktige flyktingen tenderar att förekomma i media endast på individnivå. I vårt material fann vi att en flykting gestaltades annorlunda än de stereotyper vi fann i vår tidigare forskning. Vi valde att kalla den här kategorin flyktingen som målmedveten då denne är fast besluten att ta sig fram trots omständigheterna. Vi fann även en icke tidigare dokumenterad framställning av flyktingar som likartad publiken när det gäller välfärdsbakgrund. The aim of this paper was to examine how media logic’s are expressed in Save the children’s and Sweden for UNHCR’s video material during the migrant crisis. Since the majority of the mediatization research in the Swedish context has focused on the party leaders and political communication, there is a lack of awareness regarding how media logic shapes other spheres in the community. This study’s objective was to examine video material through semiotic and multimodal analysis, to identify media logics. In total four videos from two nonprofit organizations, that were published in September 2015, were analyzed based on the understanding of media logics. Two distinctive themes appeared in the results. These were titled migrant crisis as empathy and migrant crisis as reality. From these, four subthemes appeared. These were titled dramatization, documentation, advertising formats and news format. The result shows that personalization occurs strongly in all of our study. Our study contributes to the research field with knowledge about stereotypes of refugees. We found a new kind of stereotype that we have chosen to call the determined refugee. The choice of name for this category is based on our interpretation of a refugee as determined to survive. In addition to the study’s contribution of how the representation of refugees among nonprofit organizations now take a new form, we also found a not previously documented representation of refugees like the crowd when it comes to the welfare background. Our study contributes to knowledge about how mediatization is expressed in strategic communication.

Since 2007 the American sitcom the Big Bang Theory has spread throughout the world. With its twenty million watchers it is one of the most popular sitcoms of our time. The starting point for this essay is that the humourus series with the more or less geeky main characters is more than just entertainment - it is a part of the mediatization of religion. This means that media is affecting the recipients’ view on religion in general and the personal religion. As we watch TV, we get socialized into how to act in our every day life. In this case, it is about religion depicted as entertainment. Through a film analysis of a number of selected scenes from the first three seasons of the series, this essay stresses the representation of the religious traditions Judaism, Christianity, Hinduism and religion in general. On the basis of etnocentrism, exitocism and a differentiation between religious praxis and religious beliefs my conclution is that Jews are portrayed in a very ”modern” and secular way, Christians are narrow-minded and quite stupid and Hindus are doing strange rituals and believe in very unreasonable phenomena. Religion in general is portrayed as something accepted but it should be rational and religous practice has its own time and place.

Syftet med studien är att belysa de kollektiva representationer dvs. kollektivt accepterade utsagor som återspeglas genom lokalmedias publiceringar om förorten i en mellanstor svensk stad. Studien ämnar också belysa vilken typ av nyheter som publiceras om förorten. Studien antar ett kritiskt diskursivt angreppssätt och urvalet består i 7 debattartiklar, 7 ledarartiklar och 5 debattinlägg från Nerikes Allehanda som sedan analyseras. Det baseras också på en översikt av 309 nyhetsartiklar publicerade mellan 2006-2015. Studien visar att lokalmedia producerar en bild av förorten som otrygg. Invånarna i förorten beskrivs inte sällan som icke-reflekterande, passiva och moraliskt avvikande. Studien argumenterar för att media skapar och upprätthåller en moralisk differentiering i gestaltningen av den andre och en dikotomi kring förorten., The aim of this study is to analyse local media’s narratives about the suburb in a Swedish middle-sized city. This in order to show the collective representations (collectively accepted narrations) about the suburbs. The study also shows which kind of news about the suburb the local media is publishing. The methodology is influenced by the critical discourse analysis, CDA and the sample is based on 5 debate articles, 7 letters to the newspaper and 7 leaders. It’s also based on an appraisal of 309 news articles distributed between 2006 and 2015. The study displays that the local media creates an image of the suburb as an unsafe place. The inhabitants are often styled as passive, non-reflecting and morally deviated. The study argues that the local media is creating and sustaining a moral diversity when labeling “the others”. It also argues that the local media is enforcing a dichotomization of the suburb.

This thesis focuses on sibling interaction and children’s everyday media practices in their homes. Ten sibling pairs, aged four to nine years, have been followed in their homes during a six-month period with media ethnographic methods. The data mainly consist of video recorded sibling interactions. The thesis draws on sociocultural theories, cultural sociological perspectives and insights from social interaction research. The analyses are grounded in the social interaction and meaning making acts that take place in media activities in the home settings. However they also extend to a broader societal context, in order to show how social structure and social action are constantly interwoven in children’s lives. The thesis documents how the media represent an important part of the child's everyday culture. Media create key reference frames and common platforms for the children’s games and play activities. The siblings use media and various artifacts to negotiate, challenge or assume desirable positions. Media artefacts can also be used as a way to present oneself. The younger siblings progressively work their way into the older siblings’ media landscapes, and the elder siblings become guides or role models in handling video games, music, and YouTube activities. In addition to purely practical skills when it comes to handling the technical equipment, the older siblings also mediate local taste hierarchies, norms, and values. The thesis also describes how children are social actors who interpret and reinterpret the constant ongoing movements in the media landscape. Moreover, the thesis highlights how consumption is closely linked to media practices. Mobiles, games consoles and membership on virtual gaming sites become highly valued phenomena and status markers in children’s media worlds. Detta arbete undersöker hur syskon samspelar och skapar mening och social ordning inom ramen för olika mediepraktiker. Med hjälp av medieetnografiska metoder har 14 barn i åldrarna fyra till nio år (tio olika syskonkonstellationer) följts i hemmiljö under en halvårsperiod. Materialet består främst av videoinspelad interaktion. Avhandlingen bygger på sociokulturella och kultursociologiska perspektiv, där individen ses som en aktiv, meningsskapande och samspelande aktör som påverkar och påverkas av sin sociala och kulturella kontext. Analysen är i huvudsak relaterad till de handlingar som äger rum i lokalt situerade aktiviteter och undersöker vad syskonen gör med medier i olika verksamheter, men visar även hur samhällelig kontext och barns aktörskap är parallella aspekter i barns liv. Avhandlingen synliggör hur medier utgör en stor och viktig del av barns vardagskultur. Medier är självklara referensramar och skapar gemensamma plattformar för barnens samtal och lekar. Syskonen använder medier och olika artefakter för att förhandla, utmana eller fördela positioner. Småsyskonen tar sig successivt in i de äldre syskonens medielandskap, medan de äldre ofta blir ledstjärnor eller ger sig själva tolkningsföreträde. Vidare visas hur kunskapsförmedling är ett väsentligt inslag mellan syskon. Utöver rent praktiska färdigheter i hur de tekniska apparaterna ska hanteras, förhandlas även smak, normer, värderingar och tillgång till symboliskt kapital. Spel, musik, TV, YouTube och medieartefakter används som resurser för självpresentation. Analyserna pekar på barnens aktörskap; barnen tolkar, omtolkar, utmanar och förhandlar innebörder och föreställningar om vad som är kultur för barn. Avhandlingen belyser även hur konsumtion intimt hänger samman med mediepraktiker. Mobiler, spelkonsoler och medlemskap på virtuella spelsidor blir åtråvärda artefakter och statusmarkörer i barnens medievärldar.

Total amount of words: 15 269. In this essay, the purpose is to examine the personalization of Swedish national coaches during international championships in the Swedish tabloids. Research shows that a leader nowadays is representative for her organization. Therefore it could be assumed that the way the national coach is portrayed can have some kind of effect on the public opinion about the team as a unit and their sport federation in total. This essay is a quantitative study of the sport tabloids Sportbladet och SPORT-Expressen during three international championships: Euro 2012 in football, WC 2013 in ice hockey and Euro 2014 in handball. We have studied the coverage of the national coaches Erik Hamrén, Pär Mårts and Ola Lindgren/Staffan Olsson in contrast to the coverage of their teams in total. The main results are that the national coaches are mentioned in every second article that is written about the national teams during the championships. They are mainly portrayed in a neutral way, even though the coverage of them is affected by the results in the matches. In the absolute majority of the articles, the national coaches are described without any personal attributes.

The period 1945–1960 was characterized in Swedish history by the rapidacceleration of state-led social reform. As part of this, there was a general feeling that film should be pressed into use for educational purposes. This article examines the activities of two public committees, the Committeefor Public Information (Kommittén för social upplysning, 1946–9) and the Committee for Public Information Films (Kommittén för social upplysningsfilm,1950–9). The two committees’ remit was to produce films that focused on social reform. This begs an important question. How did the use of film affect the official audiovisual information put out by the Swedish state in the period 1945–60? To better understand the conflict between official public information and the rules of the commercial film market, two different logics are considered, both defined by three variables: resources (small versus large), content (objective versus entertainment), andorganization (state/corporativism–private versus the market). The conceptof mediatization is used to understand how official public information was affected by the rules and rationale of the commercial film industry. The results indicate that there was a clear political agenda that drove the committees to make the film content in an attractive way, and the archival research shows how the committees obeyed these directions. Despite the turn in the popularization of film production, the committees took a clear standagainst trying their hand at pure entertainment. Instead, they preferred theideals of the British documentary tradition. The up shot was a compromise between the two logics. As for resources, the state logic was the determining factor here, and the committees never got much money, certainly not compared to the commercial film market. As for their organization, the committees were never able have their own rules and preferences, since the logic of the market was too strong.The analysis shows that state-controlled audiovisual information is best characterized as finding a middle way between the logic of official public information and the logic of the commercial film market. The committees’ momentum slackened in the second half of the 1950s, yet, even so, the results indicate that this should not be interpreted as a lack of faith in the audiovisual form as a force to be reckoned with in public education. Insteadit merely reflects a shift in preference from film to television.

Purpose: The purpose of this thesis was to examine to which extant the politically governed organization, Swedish association of local authorities and local regions (SALAR), has been mediatized. Furthermore the purpose was to examine how SALAR being a Meta-organization affected the mediatization process. To accomplish this the thesis studied how SALAR organized themselves internally in order to form opinion through the media in one of their prioritized issues. A further purpose was to equalize SALAR’s mediatization process with the mediatization process for the whole political system. Method: This is a qualitative study which the gathered material has been collected through two types of methods, semi structured interviews and field observations. Material: A total of eight interviews were made distributed over three departments inside SALAR. Furthermore four observations were made to supplement the interviews. Findings: The general findings of this study shows that SALAR has been mediatized through organizing in way which signals adaptation to media logic. However, contrary too much of what the literature tells about political mediatization, SALAR adapts to media logic to be able to use the media as an arena for the messages and stories they want to tell. Which means that the adaption isn’t only forced but they are able to make the most of that adaption. SALAR from a Meta organizational perspective shows that it does not affect the actual mediatization process, only that using members as examples enforces the content, which later forms opinion. Concluding, no evidence can be found the supports the notion that SALAR’s mediatization process can be equalled to the meditization process for the whole political system. Sammanfattning Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen var att undersöka i vilken grad den politiskt styrda organisation SKL blivit medialiserad. Dessutom studera hur SKL i egenskap av att vara metaorganisation påverkar hur denna medialisering sker. För att åstadkomma detta undersöks hur SKL organiserar sig internt för att kunna bedriva medial opinionsbildning inom en av deras prioriterade verksamhetsfrågor, ökat bostadsbyggande. Därtill var ett ytterligare syfte att likställa SKL:s medialiseringsprocess mot medialiseringsprocesserna för hela det politiska systemet. Metod: Det här är en kvalitativ studie där insamling av det empiriska materialet har skett genom semi-strukturerade intervjuer och fältobservationer. Material: Totalt åtta intervjuer genomfördes. Fyra tycken från avdelningen för kommunikation, tre från avdelningen tillväxt och samhällsbyggnad och en från avdelningen VD-stab. Därtill har fyra observationer genomförts för att komplettera de intervjuer som gjorts. Resultat: Resultatet av undersökningen visar att SKL har blivit medialiserad utifrån två definierade medialiseringsfaser. Det betyder att SKL anpassar sig till medielogik för att kunna möta mediernas behov. Resultatet visar att denna anpassning görs för att kunna använda media som en arena för de budskap som man vill förmedla i opinionsbildande syften inom bostadsfrågan vilket skiljer sig från vad mycket av litteraturen om politisk medialisering säger. SKL som metaorganisationen har också inga stora problem med att hantera sina medlemmar in denna medialiseringsprocess och har heller ingen påverkan på hur den sker. Däremot kan SKL som metaorganisation förstärka sitt innehåll i de mediala produkter som produceras i syftet att vara opinionsbildande. Inga övertygande bevis kan dock inte göras för att se SKL:s medialisering som en representant för medialiseringen av det hela politiska systemet. Det här på grund av att SKL som organisationen har ett annat sätt att vara verksam på vilket gör att deras anpassning till medielogik inte med säkerhet går att säga är densamma som anda politiska institutionernas anpassning.

Denna uppsats granskar fem kommunala 1:1-satsningar, det vill säga projekt att ge en egen dator till varje elev. Syftet med uppsatsen är att jämföra beslutfattarnas visioner med elevernas upplevelser av det faktiska användandet. Utifrån detta är målet att identifiera hur stor vikt bilden av det medialiserade samhället hade vid beslutet av dessa satsningar och eventuellt fortsätter ha i det nuvarande användandet av tekniken. Frågeställningen fokuserar på hur stor roll bilden av det medialiserade samhället spelade i beslutsprocessen. Dessutom har ett par underfrågor formulerats för att tydliggöra arbetet. Uppsatsens teoretiska ramverk grundar sig främst i medialiseringsteorin och media literacy. Dessutom presenteras kommunikativa strategier, top-down och bottom-up samt Maslows behovstrappa för att ytterligare kunna problematisera de empiriska resultaten. Den metod som använts är kvalitativa samtalsintervjuer med både elever och beslutsfattare. Dessa har sedan transkriberats och analyserats utifrån de tidigare nämnda teorierna i tre analysteman; beslut, implementering och användning. Uppsatsen påvisar att det medialiserade samhället skapade ett upplevt måste för skolorna att följa med i teknikutvecklingen vilket underbyggde besluten för de flesta 1:1-satsningar. I och med ett beslut som med tydlighet anspelar på ett top-down-perspektiv skapas en ytlig instruktionsgrund till användarna. Tillgången till bara ett fåtal instruktioner skapade ett behov av att lärare och elever själva bildade sig en uppfattning om hur datorerna skulle användas på bästa sätt. Den nivå av mediekompetens som studien uppvisar indikerar även på att den i vissa fall är överskattad från beslutsfattarhåll. Detta har i sin tur lett till att det förändrade arbetssätt, som var beslutsfattarnas mål, främst syns genom ett utbyte av skrivdon från papper och penna till datorer hos eleverna.

Introduktion: Under 2011 till året därpå var två politiker, Carl Bildt (moderat utrikesminister) och Håkan Juholt (Socialdemokraternas partiledare), utsatta för mediedrev: Etiopiensvenskar-na och bostadsaffären. Juholt var som en svamp som sög upp all kritik medan Bildt framstod som teflon i jämförelse. Hur kommer det sig att Bildt klarade sig och fick sitta kvar som mi-nister, medan Juholt avgick? Problem: Vad är det som skiljer Bildt från Juholts retorik under mediedreven 2011 enligt sta-tusläran? Hur ramar journalisterna in debatten för Bildt respektive Juholt? Teori: Med statusläran (stasis theory) kan en sakfråga analyseras retoriskt genom ett av fyra status (”ställning”): fakta, definition, kvalitet eller procedur. Exempelvis, ett dödande kan handla om huruvida det ägt rum (fakta), om det var mord eller självförsvar (definition), om det var rätt (kvalitet) samt om frågan ska avgöras i annat forum (procedur). Fakta och proce-dur är starkast försvar, definition och kvalitet svagast. Metod: Kvalitativ retorisk analys av Bildt och Juholts medieframträdanden i tv och radio, där medierna anklagar och aktörerna försvarar sig i en dialogsituation. Resultat: Bildt använder mer eller mindre uteslutande ett bevisande (fakta) och överförande status (procedur). När ny information är motstridig, hävdar han att den ska beskrivas an-norlunda (definition). Juholt använder huvudsakligen ett kvalitativt status, ofta för att bedyra sin goda karaktär, även när han kunde valt ett mer lämpligt status. Flera fall har också upp-täckts där journalisterna ställt frågor som varit inramade (presupponerad) på ett tveksamt sätt, ofta på ett kvalitativt status. Diskussion: Bildt använder starkare status vilket får till följd att skandalen inte tenderar att utvecklas i lika hög utsträckning då frågor om moral och värderingar utesluts. Juholt har valt det svagaste statuset. Slutsatsen är att man inte ska välja en försvarsstrategi och hålla fast vid den, utan anpassa försvaret varefter som ny information blir tillgänglig och anklagelsernas karaktär förändras. Slutsatsen gäller reaktiv kriskommunikation, inte nödvändigtvis proaktiv. Dessutom föreslås tre nya analyskriterier till statusläran. Studien begränsas huvudsakligen av medievalet (radio och tv) eftersom bara en del av den medierade politiken fångas, liksom ty-pen av kris (etiska normbrott). Introduction: During 2011, two major Swedish politicians, Carl Bildt (right-wing foreign min-ister) and Håkan Juholt (leader of the Social Democrats), were set under siege during a so called ‘media hunt’: The Ethiopiaswedes and the residence affair. Juholt was like a sponge absorbing every bit of critique, whereas Bildt seemed like Teflon in comparison. How did Bildt manage to remain in power, while Juholt had to resign? Problem: What sets Bildt’s rhetoric apart from Juholt’s rhetoric during the media hunt under 2011 in relation to the stasis theory? How do the journalists frame the media discourse for Bildt and Juholt? Theory: A controversy can be analyzed rhetorically with one of four stases of the stasis theo-ry: fact, definition, quality or procedure. E.g., a killing has either occurred or not (fact), it may be defined as murder or self-defense (definition), there’s a question if it was the right thing to do (quality) and if the controversy should be judged in another forum (procedure). Fact and procedure is the strongest defense, definition and quality is the weakest. Method: Qualitative rhetorical analysis of Bildt’s and Juholt’s media appearances in TV and radio, where the media accuse and the politicians defend themselves in a dialogue situation. Results: Bildt uses more or less exclusively the stases of fact and procedure. When new in-formation is contradictory to fact, he claims that it should be described differently (stasis of definition). Juholt mostly uses a stasis of quality to assert his good moral character, even when he could’ve chosen a more appropriate stasis. A few cases where the journalists’ questions have been framed (presuppositioned) in a questionable manner have also been found, often in a qualitative stasis. Discussion: Bildt uses stronger stasis which prevents the scandal from evolving and therefore excludes questions about morals and values. Juholt uses a weaker stasis. The conclusion is that one shouldn’t select a rhetorical self-defense strategy and stick to it; rather, the defense should adapt to new information as well as changes in the type of accusation. This conclusion holds for reactive crisis communication, not necessarily proactive. Three new analytical criteria for the stasis theory are also offered. The study is primarily limited by the type of crisis (norm transgressions) and the choice of media (radio and TV) because only a part of the mediatized politics is captured.

In recent decades, the mass media have come to play an increasingly important role in society and culture. Media of every kind permeate not only our politics but our private lives as well. This development has had a great impact on the position of literature and the role of the author. The author now to a large extent has to make him/herself visible both in the literature s/he writes and in an intimate, sometimes symbiotic relationship with the media. The aim of this dissertation is to investigate the dynamic interplay between author, literature and mass media – here represented by newspapers, radio and television – that has manifested itself around the year 2000. In what ways do the media produce the image of the author? How does the author him/herself produce the image of a self through his/her writing and through participation in various media contexts? How do these images relate to one another, and what literary effects do they have on aesthetics and content? In what ways have critics and theorists reacted to this set of problems? These issues are discussed in relation to two authors who in Sweden, indeed throughout Scandinavia, should be regarded as pioneers when it comes to the mediatization of the author in the so-called postmodern era: Carina Rydberg and Stig Larsson. In the dissertation it is shown how they enter the media scene and in their literatures examine the border zone between life and text, fact and fiction, private and public, and how this is received. Chapter 1 analyzes the way Rydberg entered the public arena and presented an image of herself with Den högsta kasten 1997, and subsequently with Djävulsformeln 2000, which both caused intense debate in the media. In Chapter 2 the new kind of hybrid literature that these texts represent regarding fact and fiction is discussed from both a historical and a theoretical point of view. Chapter 3 focuses in turn on Larsson and how he since his debut in the 1970s and especially in Natta de mina from 1997 has explored the thin line between fact and fiction, private and public, at the same time as a biographical legend was constructed around him in the media. Chapter 4 adresses the questions: What are the consequences of the mediatization of Rydberg and Larsson on their authorships? What does it mean to play the biographical card in a media climate in which the categories of fact and fiction, private and public are dismantled? It is shown that issues of gender and cultural position affect mediatization and lead to different outcomes. The dissertation ends with an epilogue concerned with the ways Swedish authors in the beginning of the 21st century are ever more frequently abandoning the purely fictional genres in order to investigate the unstable relationship between fact and fiction. Avhandlingen ges ut av Gidlunds förlag. www.gidlunds.se Den kan köpas i välsorterade boklådor och i de flesta internetbokhandlar.