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Purpose: The purpose of this study is to identify problems and shortcomings in the process of building permits from the perspective of small house owners in Stockholm. The purpose of this study is also to present future improvements. Methods: The method for this study contains both literature study and a case study. The case study consisted of a digital survey and interviews with small house owners and with the municipality´s building permit department. The digital survey consisted of questions about previous experiences of the building permit process to then investigate where there are shortcomings and weaknesses. Results: The results gave a wider perspective of how the small house owners experience the building permit process and how the municipality works through challenges and improves the process. The digital survey showed that several were dissatisfied with the processing time and experienced it as a long period. The respondents also experienced it as a difficulty when it comes to submitting correct documents requested by the municipality and that there are high building permit fees. A concrete improvement measure is that Stockholm municipality clarifies the building permit process steps regarding processing times and other weaknesses that arise on the website. Conclusions: The conclusion of this work is that Stockholm municipality updates the website, so that applicants with less knowledge and experience regarding building permits can get a better idea and possibly follow the schedule and budget they planned for the project. To avoid damage caused by damp during the project, it is possible to undergo a so-called moisture safety design. Stockholm municipality can introduce more employees within the building permit department to be prepared for periods where there is high pressure in building permit matters.

Scania have set a goal to reduce 25% of its energy usages in the production to provide sustainable transport solution by 2025. Scania have studied their current production processes over the years for energy efficiency and have developed a tool named Machine Data Card - Energy Efficiency (MDC-EE) for a group of equipment (e.g., washing machine, machine tool). The developed MDC-EE for an equipment, consist of six levels and allows suppliers to grade their product according to Scania’s standard. This means that Scania can choose an energy efficient solution in the early procurement phase of a new equipment or facilities. We have studied two existing machines (i.e., a washing machine and a machine tool) at Scania with the energy efficiency method (i.e., MDC-EE) and propose improvements for energy efficiency. Later we evaluated the MDC-EE method and proposes improvement opportunities so the method can be generalised. A yearly saving of about 83 MWh can be achieved on the two machines by optimizing their operation time in relation to the real need in the process. Therefore, Scania has the possibility to save a large amount of energy, with little or no investment cost, if those improvements are implemented in machines like the examined units. We continued to focus on the improvement opportunities on Scania’s energy efficiency method and suggests new definitions for different MDC-EE by clarifying the existing MDC-EE levels. In addition, we introduced an energy classing so that an equipment can be assessed by considering both operation time and installed power for all MDC-EE levels. For the time being there is no information about which components should prioritized to increase the energy efficiency in a machine. If MDC-EE is used together with a weight factor, the correct components can be prioritized. As a recommendation, we suggested that Scania should continue working on a new method, based on the weighting factor, so that components can be prioritized in the initial stage of procurement.

Syfte och frågeställningar Denna studie har för avsikt att undersöka effekterna av ett sprintträningsprogram på 16 åriga fotbollsspelare. Frågeställningen är: Kommer ett träningsprogram i form av sprinter med tungt motstånd ge effekt på en 16 årig fotbollsspelares sprint- samt hoppförmåga? Metod 21 stycken manliga fotbollsspelare från en breddverksamhet på ungdomsnivå deltog. Studiedeltagarna delades slumpmässigt in i två lika stora grupper, där ena gruppen tilldelades och bli kontrollgrupp (KG) och den andra träningsgrupp (TG) som skulle utföra träningsprogrammet. Studien pågick under 8 veckor där vecka 1 och vecka 8 avsattes till för- och eftertester. Testerna som utfördes var 30-meter sprint, ”counter movement jump” (CMJ), ”squat jump” (SJ) samt ”standing long jump” (SLJ). TG utförde ett träningsprogram beståendes av resisted sprint trianing (RST) med väldigt tung belastning två gånger i veckan. Träningarna utfördes under ordinarie träningstid och pågick under en period på sex veckor vilket motsvarar 12 träningstillfällen totalt. KG deltog i den vanliga fotbollsträningen under samma period. Resultat Träningsprogrammet gav TG en signifikativ effekt på alla sprintintervaller förutom 0-20 meter (0-5m: p = 0,005; 0-10m: p = 0,009; 0-15m: p = 0,005; 0-20m: p = 0,074; 0-30m: p = 0,017). KG fick ingen signifikant effekt förutom på intervallen 0-5 meter då de försämrades signifikant (p = 0,024). På hopptesterna fick TG en signifikant förbättring på samtliga tester (SLJ: p = 0,032; SJ: p = 0,009; CMJ: p = 0,005). KG visades inte få någon signifikativ effekt på någon av de tre testerna. Slutsats Denna studie har visat att ett träningsprogram beståendes utav RST med väldigt tung belastning har en positiv effekt på både sprintförmågan och hoppförmågan hos fotbollsspelare på ungdomsnivå. Den kan däremot inte redogöra för hur träningsprogrammet bör utformas för att få en optimal effekt då mer forskning krävs kring ämnet.