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BISTÅNDSHANDLÄGGARENS RESPEKT FÖR DEN ENSKILDE – ETT ÖNSKETÄNKANDE? Författare: Francisco Mauricio De Leon Gonzalez, Maria Huynh Mälardalens Högskola Akademin för hälsa, vård och välfärd Socionomprogrammet Examensarbete inom socialt arbete, 15 högskolepoäng Vårtermin 2020 Sammanfattning Syftet med studien är att beskriva biståndshandläggarnas handlingsutrymme och uppmärksamma dilemman som kan uppstå under biståndshandläggningen med äldre som har en demenssjukdom samt hur biståndshandläggarna uppfattar sitt handlingsutrymme. Författarna till studien önskade även belysa självbestämmanderättens roll under handläggningsprocessen mellan en biståndshandläggare och en äldre som har en demenssjukdom. För att besvara studiens syfte och frågeställningar använde sig författarna av en kvalitativ metod och genomförde sex semistrukturerade intervjuer. De semistrukturerade intervjuerna genomfördes bland fyra kommuner med sammanlagt sju biståndshandläggare inom äldreomsorgen som arbetar eller tidigare har arbetat med det. Författarna valde dessa informanter via ett målinriktat urval och använde de teoretiska perspektiven gräsrotsbyråkrati och konsekvensetik/utilitarismen. Resultatet visar att biståndshandläggare har skilda uppfattningar angående sitt handlingsutrymme och inställningar gentemot självbestämmanderätten. Olika dilemman kan uppstå i relation till den enskildes självbestämmanderätt och biståndshandläggarens handlingsutrymme, som biståndshandläggarna förhåller sig till på olika sätt. Vissa förhållningssätt riskerar att förbise den enskildes självbestämmanderätt mer än andra, i vilket anhöriga kan användas som stöd under biståndshandläggningen. BISTÅNDSHANDLÄGGARENS RESPEKT FÖR DEN ENSKILDE – ETT ÖNSKETÄNKANDE? Authors: Francisco Mauricio De Leon Gonzalez, Maria Huynh Mälardalen University School of Health, Care and Social Welfare The Social Work Program Thesis in Social Work, 15 credits Spring term 2020 Abstract The aim of this study has been to describe care managers’ discretion and pay attention to dilemmas that can arise during the need assessment with an elderly who has dementia and how the care managers perceive their discretion. The authors of the study wished to illustrate the role of right to self-determination during the need’s assessment between a care manager and an elderly who has dementia. To answer the aim of this study as well as the research questions, a qualitative method with six semi-structured interviews has been carried out. The semi-structured interviews were held with seven care managers from elderly care who work or have previously worked with it, from four different municipalities. The authors chose the interviewees through a target selection and has used the theoretical perspectives of street-level-bureaucracy and consequence ethics/utilitarianism. The result indicates that the care manager has different perceptions regarding their discretion and attitudes towards the right to self-determination. Different dilemmas can arise in relation to the individuals´ right to self-determination and the care managers´ discretion, which the care managers´ relate to in different ways. Certain approaches risks disregarding the individual’s right to self-determination more than others, in which the individual’s relatives can be utilized as support during the need’s assessment.

Olfaction plays a dominant role in the mate-finding and host selection behaviors of the codling moth (Cydia pomonella), an important pest of apple, pear and walnut orchards. Antennal transcriptome analysis (Bengtsson et al. 2012, Walker et al. 2016) revealed a number of abundantly expressed genes related to the moth olfactory system, including those encoding the olfactory receptors (ORs) CpomOR1, CpomOR3 and CpomOR6a, which belong to the putative pheromone receptor (PR) lineage, and the co-receptor (CpomOrco). Using heterologous expression, in both human embryonic kidney (HEK293T) cells and in Drosophila olfactory sensory neurons, coupled with calcium imaging and electrophysiological recording, respectively, we characterize the basic physiological and pharmacological properties of these receptors and demonstrate that they form functional ionotropic receptor channels.

The last two decades have seen considerable research effort dedicated to understanding the molecular basis of insect olfaction. There are, however, many knowledge gaps, especially when it comes to how insects detect different olfactory stimuli from the environment. In this thesis I aim to deepen our understanding of the detection of social and environmental cues in two insect species. Codling moth, Cydia pomonella, is the foremost pest of apple. Following an initial identification of the chemoreceptors in male and female antennae, we provided an extensive annotation, transcript abundance quantification and repertoire completion of each of the three main chemoreceptor gene families. These results evidenced the importance of the candidate pheromone receptors (PRs), OR1, OR6 and OR3. Then, by heterologous expression in Drosophila melanogaster flies we functionally characterized some of these receptors. These experiments demonstrated that CpomOR3 is highly specific and sensitive toward pear ester, a strong kairomone and pheromone synergist of codling moth, which had not previously been found in apples. These results inspired a refined analysis of apple headspace which demonstrated the presence of this kairomone in apples. Furthermore, we show a putative microbial origin of this compound. We also characterized CpomOR6 as the receptor of the pheromone antagonist codlemone acetate, and CpomOR19 as a receptor tuned to indanones. Additionally, we provide a step-by-step description of the protocol to produce and characterize insect ORs and PRs through heterologous expression in D. melanogaster. Finally, we identified chemoreceptors from three tortricids and predict their function based on our results from codling moth. In addition, we investigated the common fruit fly D. melanogaster. In this species, an olfactory gene, OR69a, is expressed as two alternatively spliced variants: OR69aA and OR69aB. Through means of single sensillum recordings (SSRs) we characterized the non-overlapping response of both variants, showing that OR69aA responds to several plant compounds, while OR69aB detects a novel, long-range female-produced pheromone. Together our results show that insects possess elegant ways to detect species-specific signals and the habitat cues that interact with those signals.

Mutualistic relationships between insects and microorganisms have been widely described for bacterial symbionts associated with sap feeding insects and fungi associated with bark beetles. Recently, the importance and widespread distribution of mutualistic yeasts in plant-insect interactions has been demonstrated. Several examples with Drosophila melanogaster among other insects have shown the ability of the insect to survive in a diet based on yeast consumption only. Moreover, yeasts have shown the ability of suppressing pathogens that might hamper the development of the insects. From the point of view of the yeasts, the main benefit of the mutualism is the facilitation of processes such as outbreeding and spreading offered by contact with insects. Understanding the functions and key elements in yeast-insect interactions could lead to the development of better pest management strategies, for example by exploiting the attraction of insects to yeasts to lure them into entomopathogenic viruses. In this review, I present an overview of the current knowledge in yeast-insect interactions, highlighting what has been studied to date and what research gaps remain to be addressed.