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Doping through increasing [Hb] increases physical performance in sport. Therefore, no cross-country skiers with [Hb] values above 160 and 175 g/l for women and men, respectively, may start in competitions. Even plasma expanders have been used, possibly for lowering a high [Hb] but this procedure may not increase physical performance. There are methods available for detecting the use of erythropoietin but not reinfusion of erythrocytes to increase [Hb]. To make it more difficult to increase [Hb] by different unethical methods we suggest that the [Hb] in endurance athletes is determined both during the training and the competition season to establish individual [Hb] mean values and range. Since endurance training at altitude does not increase [Hb] after return to sea level, an occasional increased [Hb] is suspicious. In such a case complementary doping tests may be used.

Insulin resistance is an important mechanism in the development of the insulin resistance syndrome and type 2 diabetes. Although treatment has hitherto been confined to metformin or non-pharmacological measures, efforts are now being made to discover new drugs active against insulin resistance, so-called insulin sensitisers, for instance among the thiazolidinedione group. These are beginning to be tested in larger clinical trials where they have manifested effects not only on glucose metabolism but also on other cardiovascular risk factors such as hyperlipidaemia, defective fibrinolysis, and hypertension. However, adverse reactions to one of these drugs, troglitazone, include severe hepatic effects in certain cases. Accordingly, registration of the product has been stopped for use in Europe, but not in the USA and Japan. It is likely to take some time before thiazolidinediones will be introduced for clinical use in this country, though research and development continue.

The study had two main purposes: to develop further a specific patient care process model and to develop a curriculum approach based on the model. These two problem areas depend on other problems, which have to be solved when a vocation develops and moves into academic setting. It is important to form a new foundation of knowledge and to educate a first generation to be able to command this new knowledge. The science of care is in the preparadigmatic phase and is about to enter into the normal scientific period. The medical paradigm is confronted today with the phase in which it must look for new possibilities, in other words, with a revolutionary phase. Therefore one can assume that the concepts of nursing science and those of medical science are not completely in agreement with each other.

The purpose of this article is to describe the function of the motivation research within caring science as well as to study the caritas motive as the basic motive of caring science. As a basic motive is understood a phenomenon, e.g. caring, as a finished whole, which defines its structure and gives it its real character. The task of the systematic caring science is to study the basic motive of caring. The caritas motive can, from the point of view of the ideal history, be seen as one of the basic motives of caring. The caritas motive is formed on the basis of the responsibility the nurse is prepared to take for the patient. Does the caritas motive have a chance, a task in today's caring? Altogether 81 students in the initial phase of their specialized studies were asked this question. The answers given by the students show a desirability profile which outlines more holistic and caritative caring. The students believe in the chance of the caritas motive. Although 73% of the students stated they had found an expression to the caritas motive, before all hope and love. We have got a chance to affect the trends within caring through our consciousness of the basic motive of caring.