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Copyright of Revista de Estudios Cooperativos is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economía Creativa is the property of Centro de Diseno y Comunicacion, S.C. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In this research, a diagnosis of the social enterprise ASOSERCAGEPROCE is made, from its strengths to its organizational weaknesses that favor or affect sustainable development in the areas where its projects. This study obeys the interpretive paradigm with the case study method, using focus group techniques using the qualitative approach, direct observation of the activities carried out by ASOSERCAGEPROCE in the communities where the project was implemented, as well as the open interview to the beneficiaries of the activities carried out by the company. The results of the investigation were determined with the variables Organizational Strengthening and Sustainable Development, resulting in an action plan that contemplates the development of capacities and the improvement of the organizational structure, concluding that the projects executed by ASOSERCAGEPROCE have elements that guarantee sustainability. after its completion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Economía, Sociedad y Territorio is the property of El Colegio Mexiquense and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Gerenciales is the property of Universidad ICESI and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose. Discuss, theoretically and practically, the state of the art of social entrepreneurship during the Covid-19 pandemic and its implications for sustainable business management, identifying related studies and proposing new research approaches. Methodology. Through the systematic review of literature and bibliometric techniques, the academic productivity of the discipline is analyzed during the years 2020 to 2022. Findings. New lines of research focused on the sustainable administration of social entrepreneurship are proposed, considering the redefinition of the role of the social entrepreneur, the role of social and governmental organizations, the influence of social entrepreneurship ecosystems, as well as the generation of methodologies for identification of new participants in the phenomenon of social entrepreneurship. Originality. Academic productivity during the recent pandemic is analyzed, leading to new questions to be resolved, with theoretical and practical implications to update the understanding and sustainable management of social entrepreneurship. Conclusions and limitations. The research derives from the analysis of theoretical criteria, which makes it necessary to analyze and validate the lines suggested empirically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Signos is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Cooperativos is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The objective of this article is to determine the environmental factors that contribute to the existence of social enterprises in Mexico. The study makes use of information from various secondary sources collecting different indicators about that country. The data is analyzed through the use of the Logistic Regression techniques and the results allow us to corroborate a positive and significant effect of access to education and the ease of undertaking in the existence of social enterprises. Consequently, the study is an approach to the panorama that Mexico has about Social Entrepreneurship and Social Enterprise. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Universidad & Empresa is the property of Colegio Mayor de Nuestra Senora del Rosario and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Crónica Tributaria is the property of Instituto de Estudios Fiscales, Ministerio de Hacienda y Funcion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Cooperativos is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Balanced scorecard for the management of social impact in inclusive employment organizations The challenges presented by social organizations in terms of measurement and visibility of social impact are increasing. The progressive demands of the communities, the market and the public-private cooperation, require greater efforts to achieve efficacy and efficiency of social action. Given the multiple weaknesses in strategic planning and the nonexistent or inadequate measurement and control systems, that allow to know and to manage the results effectively, it is necessary to propose management tools tailored to the characteristics, resources and capabilities of these organizations. According to these challenges, the main objective of the present study is to develop an instrument for managing the social impact of organizations or projects whose mission is to promote inclusive employment. This tool is based on an adaptation of the Strategic Map and the Balanced Scorecard (BSC), methodologies for strategic planning and management control, proposed by the authors Kaplan and Norton (1996, 2004). These methodologies are considered extremely useful and relevant, not only because they have been validated in the conventional enterprise, but also because they are versatile, flexible and capable of being applied to any type of organization. The BSC, specifically, proposes financial and nonfinancial indicators in order to evaluate, through four perspectives (financial, customer, internal processes and learning and growth), the fulfillment of the value proposition of an organization in its different stakeholders. Thus, this instrument is also potentially applicable in the social organizations under study in order to manage and to control the fulfillment of their social objectives associated with various groups such as: beneficiaries, donors, government and employees, among others. Additionally, this study establishes three specific objectives: a) To propose an adaptation of theoretical concepts related to the BSC according to the characteristics of the social enterprise, b) To define the pillars of strategic planning for social organizations or projects working for labor inclusion and c) To define a set of indicators (of results and impact) that, associated with the strategic objectives, serves as a guide for the measurement and management of social value. Within this research, descriptive and practical, an analysis of the strategic planning of two social entities/projects, whose mission is to improve the labor insertion of groups at risk of exclusion, was carried out. These two organizations, specifically, develop their mission through training processes, labor intermediation, accompaniment or promotion of entrepreneurship. Taking into consideration this analysis and the review of other recognized approaches, methodologies and criteria for evaluating social performance, the first approximation of the tool object of study (strategic map and BSC) was developed. The methodology used in this project included five stages, namely: a) the homologation of BSC concepts, b) the design of a Strategic Map, c) the analysis and definition of indicators, d) the development of the BSC and e) the validation and adjustment. In order to define the indicators that would conform the BSC, an analysis matrix was used, with which, the indicators from different models and standards of social evaluation and the indicators proposed by the organizations were compiled, contrasted and analyzed. Afterwards, through a process of weighing, valuing and prioritizing, the most relevant indicators were selected to be included into the tool. It is necessary to clarify, that the validation stage consisted in the presentation of the initial model (Strategic Map and BSC) to two Valencian social entities that work for inclusive employment (different from the initial organizations with which the design was made) and, additionally, the conducting of group interviews with the managers of these organizations. This stage was orientated to assess both the relevance of the indicators and the possibility of implementation (in a short term), according to the level of "complexity" that each entity would experience. The main techniques used during the stages of the study were literature review, documentary analysis and semi-structured interview. Even when the qualitative approach prevailed, numerical data analysis (valuation and weighing) was also performed in order to prioritize the indicators that would be part of the BSC. As a main result of the project, a proposal for a Balanced Scorecard (BSC) was generated, with a high potential of implementation in the studied organizations. This tool included a set of 54 indicators, quantitative and qualitative, associated with 21 strategic objectives, mostly common in organizations that work for inclusive employment. In general terms, the validation results of the model suggested that both the Strategic Map and the proposed BSC, are useful tools and highly adaptable to social entities that work for inclusive employment. However, the interviewed organizations suggested that the implementation should be carried out in a planned and gradual way, considering the resources and internal capacities of each entity. Thus, the tool was organized in three levels or stages of implementation so that the indicators could be adopted gradually according to measurement difficulties and associated costs. The levels were the following: Level I: This is the basic version of the BSC. It includes 23 indicators that are easy to measure, since most organizations have the necessary data and information. It includes the "minimums" for elementary monitoring of strategic objectives. Level II: This intermediate level of the BSC, adds 20 indicators that require an "additional effort" to be measured, for example, conducting surveys, data analysis, reviewing external sources, etc. Level III: This level, which represents the advanced version of the BSC, adds to the tool 11 indicators (impact or intangible), which require the use of qualitative techniques and the involvement of advanced measurement methods. After presenting and evaluating the tool with organizations, it was also concluded that its adoption could result in various benefits for social entities, not only for the planning and controlling tasks, but also for the communicative and accountability duties. Nevertheless, it is necessary to advise that it is not entirely possible to "generalize" the model completely, even in organizations that have an almost identical mission (promotion of inclusive employment). Although there is evidence of the adaptability of the objectives and indicators within some perspectives of the BSC, it is found that others could vary (or not apply) depending on the operation model of each entity and its own work. Therefore, it is recommended that before the implementation of the tool, the organization should make a review and, if necessary, an adaptation of the strategic map and its objectives, as well as, an assessment of the indicators, since these could be modified in accordance with the needs and priorities of a particular entity. The developed planning and monitoring instrument is sufficiently explanatory and flexible so that managers can adapt it according to their expectations, resources and capabilities. The main value of this proposal is that, in addition to being based on a practical and proven planning and controlling methodology, it extracts and compiles other criteria proposed by recognized social evaluation approaches. The designed instrument includes a set of results and impact indicators that complement each other and contribute to a more comprehensive way to decision making in the social enterprise. The effectiveness and potential success of this BSC lies in the prioritization and selection of those indicators that are capable of adequately summarizing the organization's management, the change model and, specially, the generation of value for each stakeholder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic and financial crisis of 2008 caused a significant mistrust to the capitalist system. After the crisis, different initiatives of capital investors emerged to direct their investments to organizations and projects that would have a social and / or environmental impact. Among management scholars and practitioners such investments are known as impact investments. Impact investments represent a new financing formula for projects that have a social and / or environmental impact, as well as an economic return. Investors who provide financial resources to these types of projects tend to prioritize social or environmental impact, to economic profitability. That is, they are willing to obtain a lower return in comparison with a conventional investment, as long as they can compensate for it with the achievement of a measurable social and / or environmental impact. The impact investment market, like any other market, is a combination of capital demand to finance impact generating projects, impact capital supply, and intermediaries that help connect supply and demand. Currently, the impact investment market has developed significantly in countries such as the United States and Canada, as well as some European countries, such as the United Kingdom, The Netherlands and Denmark. These countries have been pioneers in the use of this financing formula for social projects. Given the growing importance of the impact investment market among practitioners, as well as an increasing interest towards this phenomenon among scholars, this study is aimed to research the concept of impact investment, and puts forward a twofold objective. First, the study aims to perform a descriptive analysis of the concept and characteristics of impact investments, as well as the main existing research lines. Second, the authors present a case of the application of impact investments to finance the growth of a social enterprise. Specifically, the authors have used the descriptive single case study method. In order to select the exemplary case for the single case study, the purposeful sampling technique is applied, which is considered especially suitable for the objectives of construction and extension of theory. Specifically, the authors have looked for a social enterprise that, on the one hand, has a clear social impact in the core of its main activity, and on the other hand, aims to economic sustainability instead of philanthropy. To choose the unique case the database of 519 social enterprises prepared by the Generalitat de Catalunya has been scrutinized. More than 50% of the social enterprises in this database are work inclusion companies, so this sector has been chosen as the most representative and important for the social and solidarity economy of Catalonia. In the preliminary analysis the study has excluded non-profit organizations whose main reason for including people with disabilities was purely philanthropic and not aligned with the main business. As a result, only one was chosen because of its relevant impact on the local and international community - a design studio La Casa de Carlota (LCDC). During its five years of existence, this social enterprise has grown from a newborn start-up, to a company with a broad customer base and a subsidiary in Latin America. LCDC has reached the breakeven point in 2017, and is now in the phase of expansion. During these years, the funding strategy has been changing according to the needs of the enterprise. Although there are certain similarities with a conventional start-up, the financing strategy has always been marked by its purpose of creating social impact. In particular, the enterprise avoided conventional investors that would look for economic profit maximization, and would turn to investors that prioritize its social impact. As the results the enterprise turned to impact investors, who did not seek short-term financial profitability, but rather prioritized creation of social impact and long-term economic sustainability. In the case of LCDC, impact investors were two non-profit foundations. The study shows that the funding process was not an easy task for the enterprise. First, there were difficulties to measure the social impact generated. According to its founders, the impact generated by the inclusion in the work team of people with intellectual disabilities is evident, but they do not have tools to quantify this impact. In this sense, they consider that this lack of resources for measuring social impact can be an important obstacle for social enterprises to receive financing from impact investors. Second, investment strategies of impact investors, like foundations, are characterized by being conservative and cautious. This fact had a negative impact on LCDC, because these foundations do not usually make large capital injections at once, but instead distribute them over a period of time. This fact affected LCDC's growth strategy. There were, however, positive features in choosing impact investors as well. An interesting singularity of the impact investment was the relationship between the investor and the social enterprise. In this sense, LCDC treated its investors not only as financing providers, but as partners, linking investors in the main activity of the company, taking advantage of their experience, and treating them as team members. Finally, the intermediary platform between LCDC and the investment foundations was of great importance so that the company could be financed through impact investors. In the case of LCDC, it was the Ship2B platform, which not only helped to connect the two agents, but also helped in the development of the action plan, the estimation of the value of the company, and the contribution of technical knowledge to the project. The study has some limitations. First, it only presents a single case study, which limits the generalizability of its results. The choice of this methodology was conditioned by the objectives of the study, which is to analyze a sample case of a funding strategy of a social enterprise through impact investors. However, more quantitative research should be done to contrast the results of the qualitative study. Second, the specific case of a social enterprise of work inclusion has been chosen. A cross-case comparative analysis that would include social enterprises from various industries is needed to shed more light on the nature of impact investment industry. The study has important implications for both scholars and practitioners, because it helps to understand the nature of impact investments and sheds light on this new ecosystem. Social enterprises and impact investors occupy an important place in the economies of both developed and developing countries, and academic researchers have to pay more attention to this new type of economy. We contribute to the existing academic research by presenting an analysis of a case of the use of this financing instrument in the growth of a company with social impact, dedicated to design and communication. In 2016, the company closed a funding round with several impact investors. The analysis of this experience has shown that the alignment of objectives around the generation of social impact, was a key factor for the understanding between the two. However, the lack of tools to measure the social impact and caution of investors were factors that conditioned the growth of the company. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of International Journal of Organizations / Revista Internacional de Organizaciones (RIO) is the property of Analisi Social i Organitzativa grup de recerca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Telos is the property of Revista Telos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Scientific literature about Social Enterprises has become more relevant during the last years in Spain; even if it is not the same level of discussion as in other European countries in which the concept enjoys greater recognition and development. Although some examples of social enterprises can be identified in Spain since the fifteenth century, it is not until the last decade when the concept gained more popularity. The objective of this paper is to analyze the reality of social enterprises in Spain and propose a typology of the Spanish social enterprise. To do so, EMES ideal definition of Social Enterprise has been taken as a reference to look at Spanish Social Enterprise in four socioeconomic realities: Social Economy, Third Sector of Social Action, Solidarity Economy and Social Entrepreneurship. In order to achieve this objective, the work and methodology previously developed by the ICSEM Project is used as a starting point. The project aims to compare Social Enterprise models and their respective institutionalisation' processes across the world. In our case, although we will also include the dimensions of the EMES' ideal type of Social Enterprise, we will focus in Spain and use a different theoretical approach, more related to the socioeconomic framework in the target territory of study. A literature review has been developed, focused on analyzing and describing the concept of social enterprise internationally and nationally. As a result, two main ideas have been identified: 1) There is no agreement on the definition of social enterprises at both levels. This is a consequence of the number and diversity of entities and business' organizations that co-exist under this concept, although different motivations and characteristics can be distinguished among them. 2) Taking into account the different conceptualizations of social enterprises, some authors (e.g. Dees & Anderson, 2006; Defourny & Nyssens, 2012) distinguish among two major schools of thought: the European and the Anglo-Saxon. These two schools use different approaches to study the social enterprise reality. The European school distinguish between social economy and solidarity economy approaches, whereas the Anglo-Saxon school uses the income generation approach (or Third Sector of Social Action) and the social entrepreneurship one. Second, as result of our analysis, a matrix is proposed. The columns of the matrix are the indicators of the three dimensions (social, governmental and economic) of EMES' ideal type of social entreprise definition. The files in the matrix correspond to the different Spanish socioeconomic realities and the social enterprises that exist in them. According to the obtained results, the following conclusions can be extracted. Firstly, social enterprises that are embedded in the market social economy, clearly fulfill the criteria from the economic and social dimensions. The governance criteria will depend of the ownership type of these organizations. Cooperatives, by its nature, adopt a participative and democratic decision making process, and in the case ofWISE (Work Integration Social Entreprise) and CEE (in Spanish Centros Especiales deEmpleo), governance will depend on their managers' intentions, which is not strange, taking into consideration their particular characteristics and their workers situation. The Spanish Law of Social Economy (2011) refers in its preamble to the Charter of Principles of the social economy from CEP-CMAFi, and in this same sense, Monzón (2006) considers intern democracy to be a conclusive variable in order to include a non-for-profit organization into the Social Economy. Therefore, when considering social enterprises from the Social Economy' perspective, the governance criteria is the decisive one, besides the limitation of profits. However, and secondly, from the solidarity economy, debate on social change, the construction of alternative economic models, alternatives to capitalism or ways of combating poverty and social exclusion are the central focus of thought and reflection. Social enterprise is conceived as part of a social movement including organizations and activities that generate a solidarity and alternative thought and practice. Thus, besides the importance of the social and governance dimensions, when analyzed within the context of solidarity economy, is its social transformation mission, understood as a political implication, or the search for an economic and social paradigm change, what makes the difference in social enterprises. Thirdly, organizations that emerge from the Third Sector of Social Action are characterized by their high compliance with the criteria of social dimension and governance. The economic indicators are met with lower intensity, depending on their market orientation extent. The fulfillment of the social dimension is justified by two characteristics: their clear orientation towards the general interest (as they are organizations of general interest by definition), and by being under the principle of non-distribution of benefits. The governance criteria and its democratic character is met by associations (because of their associative nature). In the case of foundations, it will depend on the will of its managers. And fourthly, social enterprises from the social entrepreneurship sector are conceived as a business to resolve a social problem as a purpose. The main difference from the rest of social enterprises is that their market orientation (their identity as a business) is really strong and this make the difference when comparing with the rest. The fulfillment of the social dimension will depend on the extent to which the social objective is accomplished, as the ownership type does not guarantee it, and there is no limitation for profit sharing. The fulfillment of the governance dimension, as well as the social dimension, will depend on the will of the entrepreneurs, since nothing prevents the decision from being based on the capital ownership. Our analysis led to the recognition of different models of social enterprise in Spain depending on the socio-economic reality it is studied from, with continuities and ruptures. Each model emphasizes a particular aspect of the social enterprise and represents the way it looks at it and the priorities it implicitly proposes for its development. The concept, in that sense, from a methodological point of view, should go hand in hand with the reality that wants to represent. It is essential to introduce a dynamic character to the concept, if the latter is to define the former. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Desarrollo Gerencial is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar (USB) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Entrepreneurship and entrepreneurs are fashionable concepts in Spain. Governments and various public authorities promote initiatives that seek to boost, recognise or support entrepreneurs. This paper seeks to clarify the situation of entrepreneurship in Spain, particularly social entrepreneurship. It distinguishes between models of entrepreneurship and social entrepreneurship, led by social enterprises and social economy organisations, which have different characteristics to traditional business enterprises. It undertakes a critical analysis of the impact, consequences and opportunities afforded by legislative reforms (national and some regional) in supporting or stimulating entrepreneurs and the impact of these reforms on social economy entities, the principal architects of social entrepreneurship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There are a growing number of social enterprises in Spain. Like any other organization, they must be managed efficiently. However, few studies have analyzed the direction of this type of business and, to a lesser extent, how they manage their human resources. This paper focuses on how Spanish social enterprises manage their human resources by using a case study methodology. The results confirm that social companies do follow human resources practices but, due to the strong social component that moves and attracts workers to contribute to their missions, these practices differ from those made by non social enterprises. Therefore, it is necessary to prevent the escape of talent from social companies by applying ethical and social responsible human resources practices, and by managing volunteers in accordance with their social characteristics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to analyze the mechanisms by which an indigenous social enterprise contributes to a rural community's sustainable develop- ment and improves the quality of life of its inhabitants. The work follows a qualitative methodology and uses the case study as a research technique. The theoretical framework deployed to identify the nature of the dynamics involved is social entrepreneurship, as a means of fighting poverty and changing patterns of socio-economic exclusion. The research suggests that social enterprise uses four main mechanisms to promote rural sustainable development in the community where it operates: innovation in the ex-ploitation methods of natural resources, labor as a source of quality of life, bonding and development of local suppliers; and the equitable sharing of benefits between the economic, social and environmental dimensions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biblios is the property of University of Pittsburgh, University Library System and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The social, economic and political changes that have occurred in Europe have led to an increase in precarious living conditions; at the same time, public institutions tend to devolve into civil society part of its responsibility for access to social rights. The traditional institutional actors as State, market and family, seem to have failed in reacting to changing social needs, so civil society has been reorganized in search of a solution. In the current economic systems, in front of the " outsourcing of domestic tasks" and "privatization of public functions", are springing up social enterprises, including work integration ones. The following pages will analyze the phenomenon of social exclusion as well as the characteristics of work integration social enterprises. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The economic, financial and identity crisis, with its serious social, political and cultural consequences for broad swathes of society, particularly young people, women and those at risk of social exclusion, is an opportunity for social economy enterprises in general and cooperatives in particular to be the agents of change. This article shows that solidarity entrepreneurship is one of the ways of creating jobs and achieving an alternative socio-economic development model that include and improve social welfare, particularly among men and women who are excluded from the labour market; that the alliance between the academic, government, community and enterprise spheres is bearing fruit by creating jobs for graduates and boosting the development of local communities; and that the most suitable formula for associative entrepreneurship is through the different forms of enterprise that the social/solidarity economy offers. The solidarity enterprise sector is found to have become a means to guarantee opportunities and new alternatives to improve the quality of life for a large section of society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In November 2011 the European Commission presented a new proposal required by the Single Market Act in its 'Social Business Initiative -- Creating a favourable climate for social enterprises communication'. The background to this initiative is the evolution that has led the EU to recognize the various forms of enterprise and support the ecosystem that each of them needs in order to conduct its business and contribute to sustainable economic development and cohesion. This article analyzes the economic and social environment out of which this initiative grew and the international context in relation to social business. Finally, it looks at the still-developing concept of these businesses and their links with the social economy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes a theoretical framework for analyzing the relationship between the social economy and the welfare state in order, from this perspective, to approach the social economy's involvement in the area of dependant care and relate it to current debates on the social economy concept. The first part reviews the main theoretical proposals that have addressed the study of this relationship through international comparative studies. The second part traces the main lines of change that welfare states are adopting and the consequent rebalancing between the social economy and the public sector in each system, with a view to setting out the main coordinates where the new conceptual challenges of the Social Economy present themselves. The article ends with a number of conclusions and considerations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Considering the theoretical contributions of the field of development and social economy, it seeks to answer the research question: How does social entrepreneurship is an option to generate local development in an Indigenous community? To this end we used a qualitative methodology, identifying the case under study, in the indigenous community of San lldefonso in Amealco, Queretaro, Mexico. Empirical evidence established that, based on proposed projects from the community, it is possible to create social enterprises, which are based on three pillars: the generation of economic and social development, protection of natural environment and respect for the human. Such characteristics are the basis for the development of the community, which has enabled the creation of a comprehensive project which has built generating companies in the sectors of industrial, commercial and service sectors; providing jobs and economic and social improvements. We conclude that it is possible to trigger economic and social development in the community from the creation of social enterprises, provided that there is a commitment by its members. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fair trade (FT) organizations have been quite early taken as examples of social enterprises (SE) and have contributed to the shaping of the SE concept. The goal of this article is to examine more deeply, both at a conceptual and at an empirical level, to what extent FT organizations can be considered as social enterprises. First, we introduce different theoretical frameworks of SE and examine FT in the context of each of these frameworks. In a second step, we use an empirical study on fair trade social enterprises (FTSEs) across four European countries to illustrate and deepen the links between FT and SE, focusing on the goals and the governance structures of FTSEs. It appears that all FTSEs combine in some way economic, social and sometimes also political goals. FTSEs are thus in line with the "hybrid goal" nature of SEs. FTSEs' governance is also quite specific and often innovative in terms of organizational architecture and stakeholders' involvement. Some FTSEs are closer to the European - participatory - approach to social enterprise, while others are closer to US - individual - approaches. Finally, the governance structures of FTSEs seem to reflect quite well their mix of goals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Sociales (13159518) is the property of Revista de Ciencias Sociales de la Universidad del Zulia Venezuela and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Academia: Revista Latinoamericana de Administración is the property of Emerald Publishing Limited and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)