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The resurgence of psychedelic medicine has pointed out the therapeutic benefits of psilocybin, but considered few aspects outside of its neurobiological effects and psychiatric symptomatology. The mazatec "velada" is a traditional healing practice through the use of psilocybin mushrooms. In this work, we analyze its symbolic elements, and we understand them under the extended cognition proposals and a re-signified placebo effect. We argue that beliefs about the sacredness of mushrooms, the active role of the patient, the representation of the shaman, and the physical spaces and acts in the ceremony, constitute symbolic elements influencing the pharmacological effects of psilocybin and the well-being of the patient. The "velada" provides guidelines for incorporating extra-cerebral cognitive elements into current psychedelic medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Over the past two decades, a wide array of research has been conducted to elucidate the therapeutic effects of psilocybin on the human body and mind. One of the purposes of this article is to show no exclusive opposition between science and spirituality. For this purpose, it is important to reflect critically on the conceptual frameworks used (psychedelics, hallucinogens, entheogens, neurotropics, among others) but also on the role played by the psychoactive compounds involved in the evolutionary process, in this case, the psilocybin fungi. This research aims to inform, based on a bibliographic analysis, about the role that the fungi Psilocybe spp. have had in the evolution of humankind and to carry out a critical analysis of their cultural uses. One of the specific topics is to examine the role that the ritual and therapeutic uses of psilocybin mushrooms may have played in the development of language. For example, the cultural significance of songs, prayers, and incantations is expressed in the ritual and/or ceremonial use of language, which is seen as a means of contacting ancestors and sacred entities. This research aims to argue that the consumption of psilocybin mushrooms may have contributed to "expanding" the mind of our ancestors by exerting selective pressure on the evolution of human thought. Finally, we will explain some of the therapeutic potential that psilocybin has to treat various mental disorders through rituals, psychotherapies, and psychiatric treatments, among others. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Hallucinogens include a heterogeneous group of substances that cause changes in sensory perception, thought, and consciousness. In recent years, there has been increasing interest in the therapeutic potential of various hallucinogenic drugs. We present a literature review of the use of hallucinogens (LSD, psilocybin, and ketamine) in the treatment and prevention of headaches. Thus, we conducted a search (with no time limit) of the Web of Sciences, Scopus, and Pubmed databases, in addition to a manual search in the references of the articles. Results confirm the efficacy of LSD, especially in prophylaxis, ketamine could be useful to abort acute attacks, and psilocybin has been shown to be effective in both aspects. Available studies have been conducted mainly in patients with migraine and cluster headaches, among other types of headache disorders. Several methodological limitations are noted that may make it difficult to generalize the results. The need for future research in this emerging topic is suggested. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this research was to evaluate didactic material for food security with the participation of rural women from three areas in the municipality of Pasto. Semi-structured surveys were applied to determine factors that influence learning during training workshops by using didactic material on food security. This was tested at four different times using a two-factor (didactic material and time) experimental design. The most influential factors observed in the learning process were sociological, psychological and emotional. In terms of time, learning about food security was significant in the long term. Participatory adjustments were made to the materials to strengthen food sovereignty issues important for the region. It was concluded that the didactic material had a positive influence on the training of rural women. The didactic material was considered innovative because it generated motivation for cultural respect principles and because it rescued local values and traditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cannabis sativa has now experienced an increasing interest in the study of its components since it is attributed therapeutic properties in the treatment of diseases. In Colombia and specifically in the Cauca Department, Cannabis products are marketed both for non-medicinal and therapeutic purposes. Consequently, it is necessary to analyze these products in such a way that the composition of the products and their possible effect on health can be known. The analysis of the components of these products was carried out using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and mass spectrometry (MS), in such a way that they allowed the identification of the main cannabinoid species; Δ9-tetra hydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), cannabigerol (CBG). The separation of the analytes was carried out by means of the implementation of a reverse phase C18 analytical column, isocratic elution 1 mL/min, system pressure 800 PSI, a mixture of acetonitrile ACN and phosphate buffer (KHPO4) in relation 65/35 as mobile phase, injection volume of 10 μL, analysis time of 15 min, and detection at 220 nm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]