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Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Astrolabio: Nueva Época is the property of Revista Astrolabio Nueva Epoca del Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios sobre Cultura y Sociedad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

More than a decade since the outbreak of the revolution in 2011, Libya remains mired in a political crisis and institutionally fragmented, having been the scene of two civil wars. This paper looks at the interrelationship between the national and international dimensions of the conflict to illustrate how the various rival political elites project an image of the country to the outside world (branding) in order to boost their national and international legitimacy, obtain material support and strengthen their bargaining position in the peace processes. To that end, it studies the discourses of the Libyan political elites in three periods: the first Libyan civil war (2011) and the transition phase, the second civil war (2014-2020) and the failed attempt to hold presidential elections in 2021. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper examines the European Union (EU) response to three conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa region and shines a spotlight on the degree of division among its member states and on the management of these divisions. It concludes that the EU's desire to be seen as an international actor varies according to the confrontation; it is stronger in the Arab-Israeli conflict, but weaker in the Sahara. Domestic protest and politicisation in the EU affect the fragmentation of positions and the frequency of obstructionist stances. The EU manages the divisions differently in each conflict, with strategies that vary according to the level of ambition or the desire to ensure the sides note the existence of a European position. The paper highlights the growing interaction between the different regional flashpoints and makes the case for a systemic and multilevel approach. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos is the property of Taller de Estudios Internacionales Mediterraneos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Chilena de Derecho y Ciencia Política is the property of Revista Chilena de Derecho y Ciencia Política and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Saber, Ciencia y Libertas is the property of Saber, Ciencia y Libertad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The paper aims at detecting the presence of what is known as a global democratic device, which consists of a set of heterogeneous (normative, theoretical, ethical, political) elements that working together produce a global subject whose highest social aspiration is life in democracy. This democratic subject is conceived as condition of possibility and effect of what is defined as global liberal government. These theoretical assumptions are put in play in the analysis of the United Nations (UN) and North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) discourses that accompanied the 2011 intervention in Libya. Through them the text seeks to analyze how normative elements like the Responsibility to Protect, theoretical ones like the Democratic Peace Thesis and moral ones like the particular and persistent use of the signifier "freedom" and their relation with democracy, were put together in the construction of the democratic subject. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Reflexión Politica is the property of Universidad Autonoma de Bucaramanga, UNAB and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article addresses the emergence and evolution of cross-border relations between two guerrilla movements in the Andean area of 1980s: the Colombian Movimiento 19 de Abril (M-19) and the Ecuadorean Alfaro Vive Carajo (AVC). Based on the triangulation of interviews, testimonies of former militants and secondary sources, it traces the process by which these relations emerged from previous links made by M-19 leaders in Ecuador, the establishment of a transnational clandestine network of Ecuadorian militants, its contribution to foundation of AVC and the consolidation of cross-border links between the two organizations. Furthermore, the article examines the evolution of these relations through the exchange of resources and militants, military formation in Muammar Gaddafi's Libya, and the coordination of joint actions in Ecuador until the establishment of the transnational guerrilla coalition known as Batallón América and its effects on the ties between both insurgent movements. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Analisis Politico is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista UNISCI is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article addresses the current situation in Libya from a perspective that takes as its reference the importance of energy resources as a recurrent element in the political instability and configuration of the Libyan state in its recent history. For this it deals, first of all, with the debate on the importance of economic factors in explaining the roots of the conflict. Secondly, it analyses the current disposition of the various centres of power in relation to the control of the country's sources of wealth; and, to conclude, it reveals the challenge the fight to control hydrocarbons poses to the achievement of a political process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

After the immolation of young Mohamed Bouazizi, a series of protests in several States of North Africa began that forced the fall of the authoritarian regimes in Tunisia, Libya and Egypt. Authorities who temporarily took the power organized electoral processes aimed to democratize its institutions and allow the development of new constitutional texts after recognizing several rights and liberties to citizens. This study analyses and compares, from a legal perspective, the electoral rules used in the processes of democratic transition in the above mentioned countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Anuario Español de Derecho Internacional is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Navarra, S.A. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The international conflict in Libya became one of the bloodiest symbols of the struggle for the establishment of democratic systems in countries anchored in unilateral dictatorships in the Arab spring. The Libyan conflict occupied also numerous covers of newspapers in Spain and, for the first time, feels that there is some unanimity in the informative treatment on a war that soon became an international conflict. The study reveals the news treatment of this chapter of political transition which become to international issue. The main results show that media treatment and his speech were aimed at the protection and defence of the civilian population, and that neutrality approach was the general trend to reflect clashes between insurgents and forces gadafistas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The actions of the European Parliament with respect to the internal crisis in Libya and the international interventions carried out in the country in 2011 contradict the widely-held perception of the European Union's passivity concerning the events of the Arab Spring. Previously, the Parliament had been the Brussels institution that had been relatively the most critical of Muamar el Gadafi's regime. In the context of the violent repression of the protests in that year, the EU took on a role as an effective moral platform and showed great consensus in calling for international intervention based on the doctrine of the «responsibility to protect». This confirms the hypothesis that the parlamentarisation of international relations encourages the introduction of regulatory elements far from the traditional premises and prescriptions of realism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Internacionales is the property of Instituto de Estudios Internacionales de la Universidad de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article deals with the US participation in the intervention in Libya and affirms that Washington has played a fundamental role there. Making use of the discourse analysis and some concepts of Michel Foucault's perspective on biopolitical liberal government, it aims to carry out a comparative exercise between the American policy towards Iraq in 2003, and that towards Libya. It asserts that it is at the level of discourse where some points of contact between the Obama administration Foreign Policy and that of Bush's can be established, for both of them have sustained their policies on the liberal resort to universality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the recent rebellion and subsequent intervention in Libya, in connection with the so-called “just war theory". Specifically, it analyses the relationship between the just war theory and the right of rebellion, as well as the legitimacy of humanitarian intervention. The article simultaneously highlights the complexity of the just war theory and he difficulty of applying it in practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the role of the Prosecutor's Office in applying the complementarity principle throughout its preliminary examinations during the first ten years of the International Criminal Court. It underlies the important role that the ICC has started playing within the International Community, the need for a different strategy for each of the situations under analysis by the ICC Office of the Prosecutor, and the significant role of the preliminary examinations to strengthen national courts and rule of law in the states concerned. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Humania del Sur: Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Africanos y Asiáticos is the property of Humania del Sur. Estudios Latinoamericanos Africanos y Asiaticos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Humania del Sur: Revista de Estudios Latinoamericanos, Africanos y Asiáticos is the property of Humania del Sur. Estudios Latinoamericanos Africanos y Asiaticos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Espacio, Tiempo y Forma: Serie V, Historia Contemporánea is the property of Editorial UNED and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: La 41a escuadrilla de escoltas participa en la Operación EUNAVFORMED SOPHIA de lucha contra el tráfico ilegal de personas en el Mediterráneo desde octubre 2015. En esta misión es fundamental la labor de la Enfermería Militar prestando asistencia sanitaria a todas las personas que son rescatadas del mar, llevando a cabo tanto asistencia a pacientes críticos, como atención al parto, cuidados de atención primaria o evacuaciones, tanto por vía aérea como marítima. Objetivos: Mostrar la labor desarrollada por Enfermería durante la asistencia a migrantes rescatados del mar, a bordo de las Fragatas Clase Santa Maria en el desarrollo de la Operación SOPHIA. Patologías más frecuentes y más graves. Influencia de factores externos. Mostrar el alistamiento del buque para poder desarrollar su labor de asistencia sanitaria a migrantes durante Eventos SOLAS (Safety Of Life At Sea). Alistamiento del pañol de torpedos como Enfermería SOLAS. Alistamiento del buque para protocolo NBQ. Mostrar el procedimiento realizado desde que se recibe el aviso de avistamiento de una embarcación, hasta la transferencia a tierra de los migrantes rescatados. La importancia del trabajo en equipo: médico-enfermero-auxiliares-camilleros y su formación. Material y Método: método descriptivo. Información obtenida por los Oficiales Enfermeros participantes en la Operación SOPHIA a bordo de las Fragatas Canarias, Numancia, Reina Sofía, Navarra y Victoria desde octubre 2015 a septiembre. Resultados: Más de 13.000 personas rescatadas en 24 meses de misión. 1.560 asistencias sanitarias realizadas. 4 fallecidos a bordo de los buques. 2 nacimientos a bordo de los buques. Conclusiones: Si bien el objetivo de la Operación SOPHIA es la lucha contra el tráfico ilegal de personas, el rescate de náufragos en el Mediterráneo hace que el personal sanitario a bordo de los buques sea uno de los pilares fundamentales de la operación, sin el cual la misión no podría desarrollarse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]