Search

From a relational perspective of the community, we explore the relationships that allowed sustaining life in spaces of proximity during the Covid-19 pandemic in Chile. From a qualitative methodology and the study of cases, one in Concepción and the other in Talca, it is observed that in the face of the rupture of daily life, community relationships are reconfigured to adapt to the new scenario. This plasticity allows them to adapt their production of relational goods to meet needs arising in the crisis and, thus, their action replaces and/or complements state and mercantile actions that diminish their protagonism. Finally, these multiple relationships and the goods they produce can be understood as a social sphere with its own meaning: the community. This plays a central role in the satisfaction of individual and collective needs and the reproduction of life, particularly in contexts of crisis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This study investigated the impact of gamification in the Gloria Gorelik Educational Unit (UE), of Basic General Education in Ecuador. Participants were 30 third-year students who used tablets and digital learning lessons to learn mathematics through gamified activities. The study included gamified conditions with competitive, adaptive and collaborative activities, which were integrated into the EU curricular plans under study. The results indicate that this strategy contributed to improving student performance. Four different types of gamified learning activities were implemented: competitive, collaborative, adaptive, and problem-based. It was observed that students showed preferences for different types of gamification, which highlights the importance of adapting strategies to individual needs. The results mainly showed the superiority of the competitive gamification activity, compared to other activities. The lowest results were obtained for problem-based learning. Likewise, it was concluded that gamification alone does not guarantee an increase in academic performance, but rather the key to success lies in the careful combination of game elements to achieve an effective balance in the educational process. contributed to improving student performance. Four different types of gamified learning activities were implemented: competitive, collaborative, adaptive, and problem-based. It was observed that students showed preferences for different types of gamification, which highlights the importance of adapting strategies to individual needs. The results mainly showed the superiority of the competitive gamification activity, compared to other activities. The lowest results were obtained for problem-based learning. Likewise, it was concluded that gamification alone does not guarantee an increase in academic performance, but rather the key to success lies in the careful combination of game elements to achieve an effective balance in the educational process. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents the enactive approach as an alternative to the dominant computationalist paradigm in cognitive science. It highlights the interest in applying this approach to social interaction, proposing a new operational definition of social interaction that emphasizes the cognitive agency of individuals and the need for jointly regulated action. The article seeks to serve as an advanced introduction to these recent developments and provides a synthesis of the most important ideas and developments within the theoretical framework of the enactive approach. The enactive approach and its application in the study of social, individual, and sub-individual phenomena are discussed, as well as the relationship between adaptivity and meaning-making in autonomous systems. The autonomy of the interaction process in multi-agent systems is also explored, and the problem of "cognitive gap" in enactive research is discussed. Furthermore, the importance of social interaction is discussed, and it is proposed that cognition is a prerequisite for sociability. It is argued that cognition is not limited to direct engagement but can also involve issues unrelated to physiological or environmental events. It is proposed that cognition consists of the adaptive preservation of a dynamic network of autonomous sensorimotor structures sustained by continuous interactions with the environment and the body. The importance of mutual interaction between cognitive agents in a multi-agent system for the constitution of social meaning is also discussed. It is argued that the coordination of movements and the regulation of structural coupling are key elements in participatory meaning-making. The concept of sociocognitive interaction is proposed as the co-regulated sensorimotor coupling between at least two cognitive agents, in which the regulation of each agent is oriented towards aspects of mutual coupling. It is mentioned that the definition of sociocognitive interaction should include both co-regulated and enculturated interactions. It is concluded that the enactive approach, which combines structural and phenomenological research, can incorporate anthropology as a central discipline. [Extracted from the article]

Introduction: The use of artificial intelligence (AI) in education has been the subject of increasing attention in recent years. AI has been used to improve personalized learning, feedback, and student assessment. However, there are also challenges and limitations. The aim of this study was to identify the main trends and areas of application of artificial intelligence in education, as well as to analyze the benefits and limitations of its use in this field. Methods: A systematic review was carried out on the use of artificial intelligence in education, using a literature search research methodology with five stages, based on the Scopus query and the tool for analyzing results with VOSviewer. Results: Numerous studies investigating the use of AI in education were found. The results suggest that AI can significantly improve personalized learning by providing activity recommendations and feedback tailored to the individual needs of each student. Conclusions. Despite the advantages of using AI in education, there are also challenges and limitations that need to be addressed, such as the quality of data used by AI, the need for training for educators and students, and concerns about the privacy and security of student data. It is important to continue evaluating the effects of AI use in education to ensure its effective and responsible use. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: intellectual disability implies special needs in the individuals who suffer from it and constitutes a health problem that affects patients, family members and the community because it generates a great impact on health and social systems. Objective: compile updated information on intellectual disability, types, characteristics and causes, among other aspects of interest for professionals who care for people with intellectual disabilities. Methods: a bibliographic study was carried out for which 43 publications available in Google Scholar were reviewed, all after 2015 (19 journal articles, 13 websites, five textbooks, three theses and three regulatory documents). Development: the information obtained was organized as follows: generalities, some historical considerations, definition of intellectual disability, classification, characteristics of the different degrees of intellectual disability, psychological characteristics, particularities of personality formation, characteristics of the emotional sphere volitional and interventions. Conclusions: people who present difficulties in the intellectual sphere should receive individualized attention, the importance of intervening in the training of people with this disability was evident in order to achieve their insertion into the family and social context, as well as their independence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Teoría de la Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bajo Palabra: Journal of Philosophy is the property of Bajo Palabra: Journal of Philosophy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article analyzes the trends and challenges of the asylum system in Mexico, which has experienced a significant increase in requests for refugee status since 2011. The high volume of requests has posed a challenge for the Mexican asylum system, which seeks to protect the human rights of individuals in need of international protection. The article examines the legal figures of asylum and humanitarian visitor cards, as well as the figures of asylum seekers and individuals recognized as refugees in relation to the functioning of the asylum system. It highlights the increase in the number of asylum requests in Mexico from 2013 to 2021, with a peak in 2022, due to factors such as the arrival of more migrants, greater dissemination of the legal pathway to obtain permanent residency, and migration policies in the United States and Mexico. Honduras is the country with the most requests, followed by El Salvador, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Venezuela, Cuba, and Haiti. The Mexican asylum system is more favorable and open than that of the United States. The increase in the granting of humanitarian visitor cards is mentioned, especially to Haitian, Honduran, Cuban, and Venezuelan migrants. The article raises the possibility that some applicants may be unaware of the option to apply for these cards and highlights their importance for the integration of asylum seekers. The obstacles and slowness of the asylum system in Mexico are also mentioned, as well as the pressure from the United States on Mexico to contain migration northward. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of HETS Online Journal is the property of Hispanic Educational Technology Services, Inc. (HETS) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article focuses on the treatment gap, which refers to the discrepancy in the proportion of the population in need of services and the proportion that receives them. Currently, in Mexico, but also worldwide, most individuals in need of mental health services receive no treatment. The authors focus on the treatment of mental disorders among children and adolescents because most mental disorders arise during these periods of life. The article discusses barriers to receiving and delivering services among people in need. The paper underscores the importance of providing treatments that are scalable (can reach large numbers of people) and have reach (can extend to groups that are often neglected in mental health care). Multiple treatment delivery models are identified and three of them are illustrated in detail: task shifting, edutainment and best-buy interventions. These and other models permit reaching more individuals in need of mental health services and reducing the treatment gap in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article "Hegel and Modern Natural Law" analyzes the relationship between Hegel and modern natural law. The author argues that the study of Hegel has focused on three types of works: those dedicated to the study of specific concepts by the author, those that analyze stages of Hegelian thought in contrast to natural law, and those that interpret the connection between Hegel and modern natural law. The author argues that for Hegel, the State is not just an organization of power, but the spirit of a people that is reflected in their religion, morality, constitution, and political laws. Furthermore, Hegel's critique of natural law and his rejection of metaphysical-legal figures used to legitimize the State are highlighted. The text analyzes the system of needs of individuals in civil society and the intervention of the State to maintain political order. The division of estates and corporations in civil society is mentioned, as well as the transition from civil society to the State. The concept of ethicality and morality in Hegel is also addressed, and how ethicality is the foundation of the state order. The text emphasizes the difference between objective and subjective morality, and how ethicality surpasses both. [Extracted from the article]

Copyright of Acta Universitaria is the property of Universidad de Guanajuato/Acta Universitaria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Hachetetepé: Revista Científica de Educación y Comunicación is the property of Universidad de Cadiz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Didasc@lia: Didáctica y Educación is the property of Universitaria de Las Tunas, Centro de Estudios de Didactica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This text analyzes videos that have erotized situations linked to COVID-19, in which the use of gloves, masks, alcohol gel, or protective gear have represented the context of the pandemic, and that are referred to here as "pornography of confinement." The aim of this article is to explore the characteristics of this type of pornography and analyze the links between such videos and demands upon the biopolitical subject, who is to be responsible for their own health. Approximately twenty-seven videos from the website Pornhub were reviewed, with special attention to ten that were entitled The Cleanest Porn Ever. All these materials aim to promote "safe sex" based on social distancing, viewing pornography, or learning hygienic techniques to avoid infection. Diverse theories, news stories, and data on this topic were used in the analysis. Among the key findings, pornography of confinement reflects the liberal subjectivity, as the individuals represented are not interested in strengthening social ties or participating in cultural change but rather in attending to their own immediate and individual needs. Finally, it is concluded that reality is simplified in this type of pornography by connecting people with "positive" emotions, discarding the potential for change that entails ties to the collective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Academia & Derecho is the property of Universidad Libre - Seccional Cucuta and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Arquitectura (1657-0308) is the property of Universidad Catolica de Columbia, Facultad de Arquitectura and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The research analyzed from the philosophical perspective of Hayek's constructivist rationalism, the constructivist foundations of banking secrecy, framing it as a protection mechanism of the financial system, a system that, although it appears as a spontaneous order due to the need of various individuals to have a savings and financing mechanism, currently subject to certain rules of the game and specific supervision by government authorities, is considered a constructed order that seeks, in relation to banking secrecy, to safeguard information on individuals' savings in order that they can count on a patrimonial support. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Toldo de Astier is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Teoría de la Educación. Revista Interuniversitaria is the property of Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Social Review (2695-9755) is the property of Eagora Science and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Sociología Histórica is the property of Servicio de Publicaciones de la Universidad de Murcia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Systematic reviews and meta-analyses are helpful methodological alternatives that combine, discuss, and assess the quality of the best available evidence through adequate and exhaustive searches of the literature. In the last decade, there has been an increase in systematic reviews and meta-analyses in nursing research. This article intends to reflect on the contributions of systematic reviews and meta-analyses to nursing education, research, and practice. Synthesizing the evidence through high-quality systematic reviews and meta-analyses adds to the disciplinary development of nursing; therefore, students and professionals in the field should be encouraged to employ these methodological tools in education and research and implement the results of these methods in clinical practice for making better decisions regarding the individual needs of patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Evaluation is a process that is a part of the country's education system. This applies in educational institutions to understand the strengths and weaknesses that educational actors present in order to improve the quality of education. The evaluation of the quality of the professional performance of teachers of Portoviejo Educational Unit of Informatics is the subject of this research. A sample of 30 teachers was taken from the basic education and high school section and the survey technique was used for data collection. It was concluded that this educational centre has acceptable managerial performance and pedagogical practices with small lacks in aspects such as the use of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in the classroom, community-related activities and methodology for working with students with special and individual needs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present research study aims to determine the main strategic priorities of Ibero-American banks by analyzing their missions and corporate visions. The sample of this qualitative research study consists of 39 Ibero-American banks that are considered the most important banks in their respective countries. The missions and visions for each bank were obtained from their official websites. The results reveal that Ibero-American banks prioritize the economic development of their respective locations and that the totality of their focus is on their customers, centralizing all processes on them. It is concluded that among Ibero-American banks' priorities are, as seen through corporate visions and missions, economic development as their corporate aim, focused on the needs of their individual and corporate customers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To summarize and analyze the evidence of the association between Covid-19 and climatic factors. Materials and methods. We used the Cochrane rapid review methodology. An academic database and preprints were examined with the searches restricted from January 1 to April 27. Titles and abstracts were reviewed by two researchers and full texts were reviewed by the five authors. Results. We identified 354 articles, 26 met the established eligibility criteria. Of these, 20 reported an inverse association. When evaluating their quality, nine were qualified with moderate validity, this is because they adjusted for covariates in the analysis, but they are ecological studies. Conclusions. Despite homogeneity of results, climatic factors explained a small percentage of Covid-19 incidence variability. Future studies need to include individual risk factors and longer period of data to capture trend or seasonality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article presents a review of the current process of inclusion of Afrodescendant students at the Universidad Santo Tomás (USTA), Bogota. It is based on the idea that the cultural dimension must be cornerstone in the inclusion of Afro-descendant students to understand their identity, avoid discrimination and racism, and ensure that the inclusion goes beyond economic benefits and allows the incorporation of knowledge of this community in higher education institutions. A qualitative methodology was implemented, in which institutional documents were reviewed and testimonies were collected from interviews that were later channeled under the categories of 'racial discrimination / racism', 'Afrodescendant identity' and 'inclusion'. It was found that, except for the discount policy, to date there are no documents or practices explicitly oriented to the inclusion of the Afro-descendant community in USTA Bogota; however, there is openness from the different instances to build them. Likewise, the interviews revealed differences regarding the concept of 'Afro-descendant' and events of racism were voiced that did not have any record or support. It is concluded that there is a need for an institutional agreement on what means to be Afro-descendant and to generated strategies that go beyond quotas or discounts, and favor the identification and attention to symbolic interactions that could produce scenarios of racial discrimination. Inclusion policies for Afrodescendants should respond both to individual needs and to the openness of the University to interact with the historical and cultural contribution of this community. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compulsory isolation produced by the Covid-19 pandemic has evidenced the need to be able to recreate or generate a social link, not only to enjoy physical well-being, but also mental well-being is really such: a necessity. Faced with the «new normality», the Peruvian government implemented measures for the reincorporation of individual recreational activities, so the need arises to analyze the socio-spatial inequalities to access a quality public recreational space near the place of residence, the use and frequency depending on the before, during and after quarantine, and the public policies that are being implemented for the proper use of public recreational spaces in Metropolitan Lima, which were evaluated through a virtual survey. It is concluded that it is necessary to provide quality spaces that ensure safe and equitable use that meet social and individual needs and avoid displacement in search of suitable spaces in other places, thus avoiding the increase of contagions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Educación y Humanismo is the property of Universidad Simon Bolivar and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Interuniversitaria de Formación del Profesorado is the property of Asociacion Universitaria de Formacion del Profesorado (AUFOP) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article aims to analyze the relationship between leisure and work in the performance of musicians in the city of Sao Paulo, Brazil, under the prism of the concept of serious leisure. Serious leisure is defined as activities practiced by hobbyists and volunteers. For such individuals these activities are immensely important and rewarding, and in some cases it can mean the beginning of a career focused on the acquisition and expression of special skills, knowledge and experiences. This concept is also defined by the perseverance that participants must possess to overcome the eventual moments of difficulty related to the development of serious leisure and the personal and social benefits that accompany this practice such as self-realization, self-enrichment, feeling of belonging and social interaction. When the skills and knowledge acquired allow participants to be considered "serious", in some cases, to the extent that the opportunities appear, some of these participants can leave amateur status, becoming professionals. The specific objectives of this research: a) investigate the reasons that led these musicians to transform this activity, initially considered a leisure activity, into a professional exercise; b) understand how the six fundamental characteristics of the serious leisure system are presented in the performance of the musicians. The methodology used was a qualitative research, in a case study understanding it as the appropriate method to determine the unique characteristics of individuals from institutions or communities. The research has an exploratory character that combines bibliographical and field approaches. The bibliographical dimension includes scientific articles, books and other publications on the concept of serious leisure. As a field research, it was used an in loco investigations with semistructured interviews conducted with musicians who perform in the city of Sao Paulo. The results of this research indicate that the pleasure provided by the music, as well as the remuneration obtained through it, are the factors that most influenced the interviewees in the choice of music as a profession. It is also concluded that the relationship established between artistic content and music is evident since music as art refers mainly to the subjectivity of people, translating feelings, expressing desires and expressing ideas. Ideas as destiny, predestination, innate talent, contribute to forming in people the conception that a musician, as well as artists from other similar activities, was already born 'knowing' that activity and, therefore, they are unique and special people. From this vision, due the fact that the artist work with a 'special language', in this case music, is evident its projection before society as a whole. The data reinforce that leisure is characterized by the result of a free choice that cannot be subjected to any lucrative, utilitarian or ideological purpose. It must be marked by the search for a state of satisfaction, taking as an end in itself, responding to individual needs, facing the obligations imposed by society. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Patients suffering from severe mental disorder present a mixed complexity of clinical and social needs which can be reliably evaluated through the Camberwell Assessment of Needs (CAN). In his study, several social, personal and clinical variables will be examined as predictive factors of the detected needs of these patients. Methodology: A sample of 518 patients included in a program of Severe Mental Disorder and treated at two centers in Barcelona was assessed with the CAN. Descriptive statistics and Poisson and negative binomial regression models were applied to identify predictive factors of needs. Results: The average number of needs was 5.1 (4 met and 1.1 unmet needs), figures similar to those found in European cities (Epsilon study). The more often reported needs were symptoms of anxiety or psychological discomfort, psychotic symptoms, problems in the home care, lack of social contact, medical and eating problems. Factors associated to higher number of needs were low socio- economic class, older age, worse overall performance and presence of psychotic disorder. Conclusions: Needs detected through CAN in patients suffering from severe mental illness, can be predicted by a set of variables including age, socio-economic class, overall performance and presence of psychotic disorder. These findings might be useful to plan the provision of services and strategies to satisfy the needs of patients with serious mental disorder. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today general education is aimed at all children except those who have "special needs". The tendency toward "inclusion" (eliminating special education in favor of general education) is strong and seems irresistible insofar as it fits in well with social ideas and pedagogies in vogue. This article proposes considering the opposite. It is argued that all children (and more generally, all human beings) have special needs. The cognitive differences (which include the affective emotions and cognitive motor skills) constitute the strength of humanity, maybe in a parallel way to how the diversity of species constitutes the strength of the biosphere and its various ecospheres. Each human capacity in some area shares incapacities in others and vice versa. It is proposed that in the future there will be no special education because all education will be just that. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We may define Modular Parenteral Nutrition (MPN) as parenteral nutrition (PN) mixtures obtained from adding different macronutrients to standard formulations (SPN) both binary (amino acids and glucose) and ternary (amino acids, lipids, and glucose). Objectives: The aim of this study is to demonstrate that PN formulations may be adapted to individual needs of each patient and workload may be reduced by using MPN. Material and methods: Case-control retrospective study of PN prepared during the first semester of the years 1995, 2000, and 2005. PN are categorized in: standard (SPN) —given without manipulation—, individualized (IPN), and modular parenteral nutrition (MPN). The protocols are compared at the different periods, and the volume of transferred fluid is related with total prepared volume in order to calculate the workload. The Chi squared and student's t tests with a significance level of p <0.05 are used. Results: In 1995, virtually only individualized formulations were used. In the year 2000, SPN and MPN were introduced as maintenance formulas as well as those for moderate stress. Finally, in the year 2005, the modular concept has been introduced for severe stress and/or immunomodulatory formulas. As a result of these changes, we observe in the protocol a decrease in IPN due to progressive introduction of MPN. In 1995, MPN represented 2.6% of all elaborations, increasing up to 64.7% in 2000, and to 74.7% in 2005. This fact has resulted in a decrease in transferred volume through the volumetric elaboration system. In 1995, 87.3% of the total volume was transferred, in the year 2000 34.3%, and finally in 2005 only 20.6% (the differences between the three periods are statistically significant; p < 0.05). In the year 2005, 543 IPN were elaborated, of which 169 (31.1%) were for patients with liver encephalopathy or non-dialyzed acute renal failure. The following ingredients have been added to MPN during that same period: glutamine, fish oil lipid emulsions lipídicas, structured lipids, olive-pattern lipids, polyionic solutions, and specific micronutrients. Discussion: MPN allows for adapting PN formulas to a wide range of clinical situations, although individualized formulations still are irreplaceable for some pathologies. The use of MPN is associated with a decrease in individualized formulas that reflects in lower workload. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]