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Copyright of Salud, Ciencia y Tecnología is the property of Fundacion Salud, Ciencia y Tecnologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prolegómenos Derechos y Valores is the property of Prolegomenos Derechos y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Bioetica is the property of Universidad El Bosque and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The health policy of Primo de Rivera elaborated a regulatory legal body to protect the needy classes that attended to their needs; the increase in health activity led to the creation of a large number of care institutions as well as professional health professionals involved in its development. Objectives: the research aims to analyze the practical application of the municipal Health and Welfare Regulations of the city of 1928 and, on the other hand, its impact on the social life of the underprivileged class. Method: a historical research based on the literature review was carried out. Documentary sources: documentary catalogs of libraries and documentary archives, electronic databases, catalogs of magazines specializing in history and other online sources. Descriptors used: midwife, practitioner, doctor, pharmacist, census of the poor. Results: documents from studies based on primary sources were included in the analysis and the results are presented in 4 sections: The Municipal Regulation of 1928, Pharmacists and medicines for poor patients, Doctors and practitioners and Midwives, midwives and childbirth teachers. Conclusion: the Regulation is applied long before its publication and health care is constantly exercised by all the professionals that comprise it; the number of practitioners is equal to that of doctors in this period; the City Council is responsible for paying pharmaceuticals for poor patients to pharmacists and is distributed by quarters; With regard to doctors, and since 1924, sufficient places have been created for the demand of the poor, which will increase, as well as possible substitutes; the creation of the dental clinic for the poor in the Santo Hospital in 1930 is included; in 1928 and 1929 there are 4 matrons for the four districts of the city, following the legislation; In 1930 the municipal midwives received an annual salary increase from 720 to 900 pesetas from the town council. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study shows the disputes around the right to health. It begins in 2008, year in which health was declared an autonomous fundamental right by the Constitutional Court. It ends in 2015, the moment in which the Statutory Health Law is enacted. The research was carried out through the documentary analysis of sources from the archives of Congress, the Constitutional Court, the press and academic texts. Likewise, semi-structured interviews with key actors in the conflict and categories of analysis related to the conception of the right to health were conducted and implemented. From this, advances in the jurisprudence of law were evidenced; the dichotomy of a State that guarantees health as a fundamental right and at the same time defender of the market; positions of the actors that transit between the defense of a cost-effective system and groups inclined to defend health as a fundamental right in charge of the State. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Nuevo Foro Penal is the property of Universidad EAFIT and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Derecho Constitucional is the property of Centro de Estudios Politicos y Constitucionales and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Typhoid fever is a disease that maintains a social character throughout the 20th century, related to wars and economic inequalities. It was the subject of a legislative response from the State, which from the end of the 19th century until 1930, systematized science against typhoid fevers and their vaccination in the form of large campaigns whose result was the progressive decrease in incidence, morbidity and mortality until its eradication practice. The research that concerns us refers to a sociohistorical and legislative study of the disease until the late 20s of the 20th in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Access to health is one of the basic pillars of the Spanish welfare state. Since the late 1970s, legislative changes introduced have modified both access conditions and the degree of state coverage of pharmaceutical products. Since the late 1970s, legislative changes have been introduced that have modified both the conditions of access and the degree of state coverage of pharmaceutical products. The pharmaceutical co-payment system established in Spain has undergone recent substantial changes in both drug coverage and the economic contribution to access them. This research aims to know the implications of these reforms in the population and determine the most affected profiles. The approach to the object of study has been made following a methodological pluralism. Main legislative changes and data sources related to the access to pharmaceutical products were analyzed. Results confirm the lack of progressivity of the legal reforms concerning the health co-payment. Furthermore, they show an increase in the difficulties of access to prescribed medicines for the most vulnerable people, in this case, women and those households with lower income. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The objective of this study is to prepare a "Concept Map on Health and Intellectual Property in Central America and the Dominican Republic" in order to help identify the main access barriers to health, especially medicines, and to guide state authorities toward actions to improve the efficiency and effectiveness of policies. Methods. The report "Concept Map on Public Health and Intellectual Property, Regional Perspective: Central America and the Dominican Republic" was analyzed. Then the knowledge generation and management methodology was applied and a search strategy was identified to recover the information for preparation of the concept maps. Results. The legal framework and institutional structure, as well as policies, programs, plans, and strategies for health and intellectual property, were identified. A set of barriers that hinder access to medicines was also identified, as well as solutions to overcome them. Conclusions. In Central America and the Dominican Republic, health strategies, policies, programs, and plans are in place, but unfortunately their scope and degree of dissemination is uneven. This, together with social and economic factors, explains why health inequity persists between and within countries. The identified barriers to access to medicines included the expansion and strengthening of the rights of pharmaceutical patent-holders, problems with implementing the flexibilities of the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, pricing policies, and strict regulatory standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To carry out a reflection on the oral health policies of oral health in the Argentine Republic. Methods: Oral health policies, their pertinence and relevance in the context of the national health system, current legislation, and epidemiological background in Argentina are analyzed. Special mention is made to the characteristics of dentistry in a federal country and its particular social, geographical, economic and institutional conditions. Conclusion: Recommendations and lines of action are proposed with the premise of constituting oral health as a State policy. It is concluded that it is a priority to achieve joint participation of all political, social, economic, academic and health service providers to optimize oral health care for all its inhabitants, with an emphasis on the most vulnerable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Organ transplantation represents one of the most successful chapters in the history of world health. This therapeutic practice is no longer associated, as once, with the risk of the procedure, but with the opportunity to offer a new life to the recipient. The transplant depends on the acceptance of the donation of organs that, by involving aspects related to life and death, implies ethical dilemmas that stimulate the formulation of norms in this regard. This study aimed to reflect on the evolution of Brazilian legislation that regulates the National Transplant System in regard to the donation-transplant process, focusing on the bioethical aspects associated with the subject. It was identified that the understanding of health legislation encourages action based on fundamental rights and human dignity by the health professional. From this perspective, it is essential that health professionals possess, in addition to technical knowledge, legal knowledge and understanding of existing norms and their evolution, in order to guarantee the fundamental rights of people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Compare World Health Organization (WHO) guidelines for contraception in a human rights framework with the existing regulatory frameworks of Bolivia, Colombia, and Uruguay and evaluate which aspects of those regulations need to be developed. Methods. A systematic analysis was based on the WHO analytical framework "Ensuring human rights in the provision of contraceptive information and services: Guidance and recommendations" to determine whether the legislation of Bolivia, Colombia, and Uruguay contain general references to the population, specific references to adolescents, or do not refer to the topic. To this end, 36 documents related to contraception were analyzed: 9 from Bolivia, 15 from Colombia, and 12 from Uruguay. Results. It was confirmed that each country's legislation complies with several WHO recommendations. The three countries have strengths in nondiscrimination and in opportunity for informed decision-making, and have weaknesses in accessibility, quality, and accountability. Acceptability is a strength in Colombia and Bolivia, and confidentiality is a strength in Bolivia and Uruguay. Colombia has weaknesses in availability, confidentiality, and participation. Conclusions. Comparison of national legislation with WHO guidance helps to see the strengths and weaknesses of national regulatory frameworks and to see opportunities to improve regulations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective was to determine the perceptions of different actors of the Colombian health system regarding the problems of the system behind the crisis. A qualitative study was carried out on the basis of semi-structured and in-depth interviews with forty health sector agents in Bogotá, Cali, Ibagué, Espinal, and Calima-Darién. The results showed that corruption, breach of regulations, and conflicts of interests between various actors in the system weaken the legitimacy of the system, shatter the cooperation and cohesion of the actors, and strengthen private interests. Regulatory pollution, a temporary inconsistency of regulations, and incomplete information generate uncertainty, confusion, and disintegration within the system. This, in turn, contributes to the development of a regulatory crisis regarding which it is urgent to recover collective and concerted decision-making spaces to promote dialogue and the overcoming of rentier individualistic interests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In 2009, with the implementation of the National Hospital Pharmacy Model, Mexico began regulating single-dose drugs. The repackaging of oral drugs is fundamental and critical and should be standardized by Mexican health legislation to enable quality drugs to be dispensed. Data is required on stability, compatibility, drug interactions, containers, and repackaging methods, in order to establish a new expiration date. The literature on health regulations applicable to repackaging was analyzed, revealing major conceptual imprecisions since there is no legislation in Mexico that regulates repackaging; rather, everything is carried out according to pharmacists' recommendations and criteria. The conclusion is that the regulations need to be rewritten to establish minimum single-dose oral drug criteria for dispensing hospitals--regulations that cover infrastructure, equipment, and professionals complying with good practices in oral drug repackaging. A proposal is offered to implement an official Mexican standard that regulates single-dose repackaging and unifies concepts, criteria, and means of verification, while the pharmaceutical industry would be responsible for the technology and resources for single-dose drug packaging designed for the health sector. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. The objective of this study is to analyze the legal framework for health and intellectual property in Cuba and its impacton people’s access to health resources and on the roles of different social actors. Methods. The methods used were those developed by the Pan American Health Organization to implement the project of the Conceptual Map on Public Health and Intellectual Property. Results. Information retrieved specifically on the legal framework for the National Health System, the Intellectual Property System and the strengthening of the country's biopharmaceutical industry—and on the framework's development over time—was processed and analyzed to generate Cuba’s Conceptual Map on Public Health and Intellectual Property. Conclusions. Analysis of Cuba’s adaptation of its legal framework and assessment of the interaction between the social actors involved show how the political will that has prevailed over several decades has had a positive impact on people’s access to health resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biologic drugs for various diseases are close to the expiration of their patents. Pharmaceutical companies have began to develop biosimilars, which are formed from different production processes that makes these drugs a similar mechanisms of action, but without being identical to them. The global law are taking different approaches in order to the regulation of biosimilars and in Colombia, recently regulated by Decree 1782 of 2014, which aims to respond to this need. However, it is necessary that we as physicians assume a critical position regarding the differences between biologics and biosimilars, knowing its mechanism of action, efficacy, safety and immunogenicity, in order to the new legislation aims to preserve these principles, and to prevent the approval of drugs that do not meet quality standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this work we analyze the access to health services that Mexican immigrants have in the United States and Mexico. We bring up an analysis of the kind of attention, access, rights and restrictions that people have in both countries through a review of the legal and institutional framework, as well as the literature on the subject. This with the purpose of arguing that current health policies, focused on the territoriality of health rights, create a double exclusion for populations of immigrants. On the one hand, the United States migratory policies derive in a progressively more restrictive access; on the other, it is shown how the Mexican health system does not provide real access due to structural, resource, and design limitations. Finally, we explore access alternatives available to immigrants given the current context, establishing several general recommendations for a better inclusion in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: to explore the healthcare provided for medical emergencies to patients with inconsistencies in their affiliation with the General System of Social Health Security (GSSHS) in various Health Providing Institutions (HPI) of Medellin in 2012. Methodology: we conducted a qualitative study using Grounded Theory. Twenty semi-structured interviews were applied to healthcare professionals working at emergency departments and to patients with inconsistencies in their GSSHS affiliation. Results: there is non-compliance with the regulations governing the provision of emergency services, which turns the administrative processes into barriers preventing access to the system and for providing healthcare in medical emergencies; this ultimately results in a lack of comprehensive healthcare. Conclussion: It is therefore necessary that the GSSHS monitoring organizations ensure compliance with the current regulations. Likewise, a change in the legislation is required to bridge the legal gaps as well as a transformation in the way in which the citizens affiliate with the health system. Such transformation should also guarantee universal access and comprehensive care and must be independent from the stability of work relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Coal is a sedimentary rock, which is used in the world, to generate large amount of energy required for the operation of the industries. The extraction process, generates powders with different contents of minerals, of which, some are harmful to health, that is why in 1969 in the United States, was created a law that seeks to protect miners. This law, also known as the Coal Act, had a positive impact on the health of the miners and it is important to note the decline in lung diseases since its inception, however, it is also important to analyze that there are other factors that interfere with the possible development of pneumoconiosis, however major changes have been generated since the existence of the law, everything is not attributable to it. The 1969 Act, set a precedent of the importance of the good working conditions for miners, and that has made that day after day the government and people in charge are more aware of this and look for the improvement of the circumstances surrounding the mines and its workers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. Evaluate the capacity of the federal legal framework to govern financing of health institutions in the public sector through innovative schemes --otherwise known as functional integration--, enabling them to purchase and sell health services to and from other public providers as a strategy to improve their performance. Materials and methods. Based on indicators of normative alignment with respect to functional integration across public health provider and governance institutions, content analysis was undertaken of national health programs and relevant laws and guidelines for financial coordination. Results. Significant progress was identified in the implementation of agreements for the coordination of public institutions. While the legal framework provides for a National Health System and a health sector, gaps and contradictions limit their scope. The General Register of Health is also moving forward, yet it lacks the necessary legal foundation to become a compre- hensive tool for integration. The medical service exchange agreements are also moving forward based on tariffs and shared guidelines. However, there is a lack of incentives to promote the expansion of these agreements. Conclusions. It is recommended to update the legal framework for the coordination of the National Health System, ensuring a more harmonious and general focus to provide functional integration with the needed impulse. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Avances en Enfermería is the property of Editorial Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In 2002, Brazil became the first country in the region to implement pictorial health warning labels on cigarette packages. Since the adoption of the FCTC/ WHO in 2005, nine more countries adopted pictorial labels and six passed legislation that is pending of implementation. The message content and the picture style vary across countries. Seventeen countries have banned brand descriptors and nine require a qualitative label with information on constituents and emissions. Since 2005, important progress has been achieved in the region. However, countries that have ratified the FCTC have not yet implemented all the recommendations of Article 11 Guidelines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)