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Studies on the professionalisation of armed forces often focus on the institutionalisation of military academies and schools. For 19th-century Colombia, this heuristic path is challenging to follow as such educational institutions were short-lived or nonexistent. Hence, there is a need to explore alternative avenues to trace how artillery officers, integral to the most technical and complex branch of armies, were trained and attained expertise in handling gunpowder mixtures and operating the cannons of the period. This research relies on reports from the Secretary of War and Navy, utilising a prosopographic method to trace the trajectories of several artillerymen in the New Granadian army from the 1820s to the early 1860s. It is concluded that these officers achieved a degree of expertise and professionalism in weapon handling through years of service, study of manuals, and basic knowledge disseminated by veteran artillerymen, gunsmiths, and powder makers, who were responsible for cannons in various theatres of operations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Victims have become increasingly important in the contemporary social movement. They are the protagonists of many mobilizations, demands reparations from the State, works in state agencies, and so on. This article is about the treatment in Congress of Law 27.372, commonly known as the Victims' Law, whose objective is to modify the role of the victim in the criminal process. I will focus on the debate on the law, based on the presentations made by different crime victims, experts and officials during the treatment of the law, considering three topics of discussion that are relevant to understanding the world of victims. The first of these is about the opposition between experience and expert knowledge, the other two analyze the difference between revenge and the search for justice, and criminal policy as a moral issue. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biblios is the property of University of Pittsburgh, University Library System and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of CLIVATGE is the property of Universitat de Barcelona - Facultat d'Economia i Empresa and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Metodología de la Investigación Social is the property of Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Sociologicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Several investigations have warned that the exercise of some professions can have modulating effects on the brain structure and cognitive functioning. The results of an exploratory cross-sectional study referring to the modifications on specific processes between experts in Architecture (N = 41, age: X = 39, SD = 10) and in Psychology (N = 40, age: X = 35, SD = 7) are presented. The general objective was to contribute to the determination of differential cognitive profiles. The architects showed better performance on tasks that involve the retention and manipulation of visuospatial information. No significant differences were found in solving verbal tasks. These results suggest that experience in architecture could lead to improved behavioral performance in cognitive processes corresponding to visuospatial working memory. The scope of the present exploration and the necessary instances for the validation of these observations are discussed. New studies are suggested that integrate longitudinal monitoring and neuroimaging technologies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Hojas y Hablas is the property of Fundacion Universitaria Monserrate - Unimonserrate and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Iberoamericana de Ciencia, Tecnologia y Sociedad is the property of Centro de Estudios sobre Ciencia, Desarrollo y Educacion Superior and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Atacameños is the property of Estudios Atacamenos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The independent regulator is an institution distant from the legal tradition shared by France and Colombia. The adoption of this institution in Colombia has raised difficulties which were associated with the influence of french law. Nevertheless, France has managed to overcome the legal challenges posed by the institution and the French legal system adequately protects the independence of the regulator. This demonstrates that the institution is not incompatible with the common legal culture. To consolidate the independence of the regulator in Colombia it is relevant to analyze the French system and to moderate the influence of another colombian tradition: presidentialism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Austral de Ciencias Sociales is the property of Facultad de Filosofia y Humanidades, Intituto de Ciencias Sociales, Universidad Austral de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article explains what is the Stock Exchange of Agricultural and Livestock Products of Chile, its relevant aspects, their present situation and the challenges ahead. Currently Factoring far exceeds the REPO, a situation that can be reversed by hiring expertise in the fields of agriculture, livestock and salmon farming. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Filosofía UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Comprehending instructions is a frequent task in everyday life. A set of instructions consists of a series of steps that indicate how to produce a final state. In cognitive terms, following a set of instructions implies building an internal representation of the procedure depicted in the message, with the aim of reaching the final state accurately and fast. There fore, comprehending instructions is intrinsically associated with executing them efficiently. Whereas previous research on the area has focused mainly on traditional indicators of comprehension, such as reading times and recall, this study incorporates measures of the actual execution (i.e., the time spent to perform the instruction and the error rate) in addition to more traditional processing measures. Additionally, this study analyzes the potential effects of both cognitive and design features on comprehension. A core aspect in the study of processing instruc tions is to determine which factors are more effec tive in helping users to achieve consistent and reproducible results. This experiment examined the effect of the presentation format of the instructions, and individual factors such as expertise and verbal and visuo-spatial work ing memory capacity on comprehending and executing a set of instructions. Dependent variables were the mean time to study the instruc tions, the mean time to assembly the objects, and the percentage of errors during assembly. Seventy-two advanced (fourth-year) college students, half in scientific-technical fields, and the other half in humanities, participated voluntarily. All participants completed an experimental assembly task which required building Lego objects. Each one consisted of nine experimental trials of five-steps instructions in one of the three presentation formats (pictorial only, verbal only, or combined verbal and pictorial information assigned randomly), followed by verbal (Letter Number Sequencing, WAIS-III and Reading Span), and visuo-spatial (Spatial Span, WMS-R and Mazes, AWMA) working memory tests. Each individual session lasted about an hour. Three ANCOVAS were conducted to examine the effect of presentation format and expertise on study time, execution time and error rates (%). Verbal and visuo-spatial working memory capacity measures were included as co-variables. The presentation format had effects both on the time to study and the time to perform the instructions: verbal only presentations were processed slower than presentations including pictures (image only or multimedia), and were slower than multimedia in assembly. Expertise, on the other hand, had its effect on execution errors, favoring students of scientific and technical background, partialing out individual differences such as working memory capacity. There was a tendency for students with higher verbal working memory to process instruc tions faster, and for those with higher visuo-spatial working memory to assembly objects more precis ely. Overall, these results suggest that images are more effective in representing procedural instructions, since the pictorial and multimedia formats seemed to facilitate the comprehension of the instru ction. Results also suggest that the combined format of sentences and pictures enhanced efficiency during assembly, as evidenced by the faster execution time observed in the multimedia condition. This pattern of results is in line with the multi media advantage and the efficacy of images found with other text types, while extending it to procedural instructions. Additionally, visuo-spatial working memory and expertise seemed to influence the execution of the instructions. Verbal working memory capacity also seemed to be in volved when studying and processing the instruct ions, regardless of the presentation format, but not when executing the procedure. In conclusion, in order to maximize their efficiency, the format in which the instructions will be presented as well as the cognitive characteristics (i.e., working memory capacity and expertise level) of the potential users should be incorporated into the design of procedural instructions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article forms part of a research study aimed at defining academic visibility from a gender perspective. A theoretical model based on three variables is considered: participation, expertise and power as manifested through the three academic functions of teaching, research and management. Specific results regarding academic expertise as a component of visibility are provided. A qualitative methodology based on in-depth interviews of 22 faculty members from two universities in Spain was used. The main findings show that academic expertise constitutes a visibility factor for teaching faculty and has important implications for the academic development of female teachers. The results reveal that expertise is a factor of academic visibility. From the gender perspective, having expertise enhances prestige in research, but does not contribute to narrowing the gender gap between academic achievements at the university level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper analyzes the interactions between courts, experts and interest groups present in the sentence C 355/2006, through which abortion is partially decriminalized in Colombia. A detailed review of this paper allows to track the role that interest groups and social movements have in the mobilization of expert discourses in the high courts as a strategy to influence their decisions. The use of disciplines and fields of knowledge is articulated to the general structure of the sentence as literary technology that makes visible the role of the court as administrator of justice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Research on Mindfulness often focuses on the benefits to the patient, but analyzing its definition we can see the similarities that can be found with relational Rogerian skills (Rogers, 1951). In this study, the relationship between constructivist therapists years of experience and the rising of their mindfulness capacity is analyzed. We administered the scale MAAS (Brown & Ryan, 2003) to constructivist psychotherapists. 15 of theme were novice (less than 5 years of experience) and 22 of them were expert (over 8 years of experience). Comparing the results of both groups allow us to state that expert constructivist psychotherapists have more capacity of mindfulness than novices. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Previous studies suggest the relevance of the relation between the expertise and the calibration or confidence defined as the discrepancy between the subjective estimation of success and the person's actual or objective success in a series of tasks. The overconfidence bias is defined as the predominance of the subjective estimation of success over the objective success. Three hypotheses are tested in this study: 1) mathematics non-expert participants fall into the overconfidence bias; 2) mathematics expert participants also fall into the overconfidence bias; and 3) mathematics expert participants fall into the overconfidence bias less than the non-expert ones. The experimental evidence of this study was consistent with the three hypotheses. It is concluded that the expertise does not explain the biases of the calibration or confidence. A theoretical account that poses a strong relation between the calibration distortions and the metacognitive processing is presented and justified. It is postulated that the calibration or confidence understood as the product of a complex mental processing involves the critical participation of recursive or metacognitive processing in the subjective estimation configuration of success. It is assumed that the expertise affects more the cognitive processes responsible for the objective success than the metacognitive processes responsible for the quality of the subjective estimation of success. The mathematics expertise optimizes the objective success and improves the quality of the subjective estimation of success, but does not eliminate the overconfidence bias. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The social, as a plane of thought and action, has been central to political thought and political programs since the mid-nineteenth century. This paper argues that, while themes of society and concerns with social cohesion and social justice are still significant in political argument, the social is no longer a key zone, target and objective of strategies of government. The rise of the language of globalization indicates that economic relations are no longer easily understood as organized across a single bounded national economy. Community has become a new spatialization of government: heterogeneous, plural, linking individuals, families and others into contesting cultural assemblies of identities and allegiances. Divisions among the subjects of government are coded in new ways; neither the included nor the excluded are governed as social citizens. Non-social strategies are deployed for the management of expert authority. Antipolitical motifs such as associationism and communitarianism which do not seek to govern through society are on the rise in political thought. The paper suggests some ways of diagnosing and analyzing these novel territorializations of political thought and action. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]