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Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: Ecdysteroids present unique qualities within the plant and animal kingdoms. Their similarity to endogenous mammalian steroids allows them to present biological activity on skeletal muscle tissue. However, this molecule’s action mechanism remains to be fully understood. Method: A narrative review was carried out using the most relevant scientific evidence. Different databases such as Medline, Google Scholar, Scielo and Wiley were consulted. Works were included or excluded according to the author´s criterium. Results: Ecdysteroids’ activity, mostly that of ecdysterone, might be due to the interaction with Mas receptor, a transmembrane G-Protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR), and the subsequent indirect activation of β-Estrogen Receptor´s (β-ER) non-nuclear form. Said action mechanism induces the alternative pathway activation of the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System (RAAS), abolishing muscular degradation mechanism. Finally, through β-ER activation, the myostatin gene is supressed. This biological activity could provide ecdysteroids optimal pharmacological properties to prevent muscular protein degradation. These include tissue regeneration and repair. Conclusions: Due to its anticatabolic effects, Ec has shown great pharmacological properties that could make it work as an alternative treatment for degenerative muscle pathologies. Although investigations regarding Ec are still in progress, it has already been used by the sports’ industry and in several clinical trials that focus on the treatment of other diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Ciencias Médicas de Pinar del Río is the property of Editorial Ciencias Medicas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A triple negative breast cancer has a very heterogeneous clinical-pathological profile, as well as distinct histological, genomic, and immunological characteristics. As its name suggests, this neoplasm lacks receptors for estrogen, progesterone, and the so-called human epidermal growth factor receptor 2. As well as showing great intertumoral and intratumoral heterogeneity, it is difficult to classify this neoplasia and design personalized therapies. In this article, we discuss the histological and molecular classification of triple negative breast cancer, as well as the genomic variations associated with it. Individualized strategies and drugs can be developed based on these variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Usually sexual hormones have been linked to its role in reproduction and development of sexual secondary characteristics. This has changed in time, nowadays it is known that they are involved in development and maturation of muscle, bone in neuronal and cognitive processes, and even in bioenergetic processes through the control that are capable to exert over mitocondria the organelle that produces the bioenergetic coin in the body, adenosin tryphosphate (ATP). These mitochondrion are specially numerous in organs with high metabolism such as liver and heart, in the last one is where the experimental evidence has revealed that the presence or absence of estrogens, could have a big impact in its function. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Adult-type granulosa cell tumors belong to the group of sex cord and stromal neoplasms. Currently there are less than 100 cases reported in the testicular area, due to its unpredictable behavior and histological characteristics of malignancy. CLINICAL CASE: A 39-year-old male patient, with an increase in the volume of the left testicle, of two months of evolution, with rapid growth in recent weeks. The microscopic study revealed: diffuse tumor cells arranged predominantly in the form of sheets and isolated pseudotubular formations. Immunohistochemistry reported positivity for inhibin, and focal positivity for the estrogen and progesterone receptor, and negativity for inhibin, CD-117, sall4, and calretinin. The diagnosis of adult-type granulosa cell tumor confined to the testis was established, without the epididymis, rete testis, hilar fat, or spermatic cord. CONCLUSIONS: The testicular adult-type granulosa cell tumor is a rare alteration and little known among clinicians, pathologists and surgeons. Therefore, it is important to identify possible prognostic factors for tumor behavior and thus optimize diagnostic and treatment methods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Endometrioid stromal sarcoma is a rare tumor, representing 0.2% of malignant neoplasms of the uterus. Few cases of extrauterine endometrial stromal sarcoma, also called endometrioid stromal sarcomas, have been reported to date. CLINICAL CASE: 74-year-old woman, attended for abdominal pain of 5 days of progression. Medical history: hysterectomy and left salpingo-oophorectomy 30 years ago. The pathological anatomy study of the uterus was negative for malignancy; endometriosis was found in the ovary. The tomography reported a 23 x 21 cm mass, multicavitate, intra-abdominal, extending to the pelvic cavity, which was partially resected, in addi-tion to carrying out a colostomy. The patient was operated 20 days later, resecting the sigmoid colon segment, with a mass on the left lateral aspect, adhering to the urinary bladder and the left pelvic wall. Immunohistochemistry for S100 was focally positive. The diagnosis of sarcoma was established. The histological study of the colon reported a neoplasm related to endometriosis. Immunohistochemical studies for estrogen and progesterone receptors were positive in 80%, and for cyclin D1 in 40%; the CD10 marker was focally positive. With the results described, the diagnosis of low-grade extrauterine endometrial stromal sarcoma associated with colonic endometriosis was established. Actually the follow-up of the patient is satisfactory. CONCLUSIONS: The histological study is decisive to establish the diagnosis of endometrial stromal sarcoma. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Toxicología is the property of Asociacion Espanola de Toxicologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Medicina (Buenos Aires) is the property of Medicina (Buenos Aires) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phytoestrogens are a family of plant-derived components that present a steroid structure and can act in the estrogen receptor. They contain both estrogenic and antiestrogenic properties, depending on the tissue in which they act. The potential mechanisms by which phytoestrogens can affect cell activities have been divided into genomic and non-genomic effects. The former act through estrogen receptors, and the latter are mediated by cellular proteins. The active mechanism of soy isoflavones in bone may be beneficial, as they act by stimulating the activity of the osteoblasts. On the other hand, through the RANK-L/OPG system they bring about a decrease in osteoclast survival and activity. This article reviews in vitro studies, in animals and humans, that involve isoflavones and bone health to ascertain how these substances affect those postmenopausal women who use them in treatment or prevention of the climacteric syndrome. In general, the global assessment of human studies shows variability in the design, in the variety of isoflavone sources, in the time of the analysis and in the dose. In addition, the variability in the bioavailability and metabolism of isoflavones between the subjects must be considered. All this makes it difficult to obtain consistent conclusions. To sum up, some positive results justify the need for further research. From a clinical point of view, isoflavones are used in women with climacteric symptoms who cannot or do not wish to undergo hormone therapy. They would not be indicated for treating osteoporosis, but those women who use them at the right doses and time can expect a benefit in maintaining bone mass. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The tissue microarray (TMA) technique is based on making cylindrical cores from paraffin donor blocks and transfer to a single recipient block. The TMA has revolutionized the field of pathology for the possibility to evaluate multiple samples in one slide. There is no precedent of this subject in Cuba, so the objective of this research was to implement the TMA technique. The concordance of the results obtained by complete section and the TMA were evaluated for this purpose, in the evaluation of the estrogen receptors (ER), progesterone (PR) and epidermal growth factor type 2 (HER2) in samples of breast cancer. Forty-five paraffin-embedded samples from women diagnosed with breast cancer at the Institute of Oncology in 2012 were studied. Two TMA blocks were constructed, and subsequently the expression of markers ER, PR and HER2 was determined by immunohistochemistry, in the complete section of tissue and in the TMA. Kappa index was used for concordance analysis. A good concordance was obtained for all three markers (ER k=0.8272; PR k=0.793 and HER2 k=0.716). This study constitutes the first report on the TMA technique in Cuba and shows that it is a valuable tool, suggesting its potential use in translational research and clinical trials on vaccines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Adipose tissue is an important estrogen resource and they are involved in breast cancer development. Objective: To establish the relationship between adiposity percentage and the estrogen and progesterone receptors immunoreactive score in Mexican women with breast cancer. Methods: This is a transversal and analytical study. We identified breast cancer women with cancer histologic diagnosis. We calculated: adiposity percentage and immunoreactive score. We performed correlation analysis between adiposity percentage, body mass index, diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension, with estrogen and progesterone receptors in breast cancer samples. We perform logistic regression and Odds Ratio estimations. Results: We studied 43 patients with breast cancer and we observed association between adiposity percentage and estrogen and progesterone immnunoreactive score (rP 0.470; p 0.003 and rP 0.328; p 0.042, respectively). The most important risk factor in breast cancer positive to estrogen receptors was obesity (OR 19.1, IC95% 2.1 a 169.1, p 0.008), and previous obesity in breast cancer positive to progesterone receptors (OR 20.7, IC95% 2.3 a 185.9, p 0.007). Discussion: Adiposity percentage is an important risk factor to develop breast cancer positive to hormone receptors related with the risk of breast cancer positive to hormonal receptors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A factor that affects the reproductive capacity of sheep is the presence of estrogen receptors in the genital tract, where they regulate the expression of numerous genes involved in morphological and functional development Possibly the reproductive performance of different breeds of sheep could be determined by the differential expression of these receptors. In the present study, we evaluated comparatively level of estrogen teceptor expression in endometrial tissue ewe lambs high prolificacy (Texel) and standard prolificacy (Araucana) by immunohistochenical analysis. It is concluded that the level of estrogen receptor expression in stromal tissue, epithelial lining and endometrial glandular Texel Sheep is of greater intensity than in ewes Araucana, this difference in the expression level of these receptors could be related to tie increased prolificacy of Texel breed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Breast cancer is one of the major diseases in women and devote great economic and scientific efforts. The intention of continuing to find ways of better and early diagnosis, and improved prognosis. In the age ranges of increased risk for this disease have been described several triggers such as receptors: estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), and protein c-erbB-2. Biopses were used ductal and lobular breast cancer diagnostic routine, subjected to immunohistochemical antibodies to ER, PR and specifically anti c-erbB-2.The development was through HRP AEC and DAB commercial kit. Images were captured with Olympus CX31 microscope and digital camera and software built Micrometrics SE Premium 2011. The results allow observed positive reaction in red color in the samples developed with AEC and brown when used DAB in cells expressing the bearing and which are distributed equally at the site of pathology tissue affected. These techniques are protocolized by clinical use in diagnosing breast cancer, so its standardization and visualization are of extreme importance to the histopathology laboratory of integrated units of breast disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Reproductive performance of sheep varies between different races. Among the factors that affect the reproductive capacity, the level of expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the genital tract appears to have a relevant role. In the endometrium, oviduct and ovarian estrogen and progesterone regulate the expression of numerous proteins involved in morphofunctional development. Genetic factors such as race would be related to expression levels of these receptors. The Texel ewes have high fertility rates, are very prolific and have a high percentage of multiple births which could be related to the expression of these receptors in the reproductive tract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in the genital tract of ewes and Texel high prolificacy. The expression of the receptor protein of both receptors was detected by immunohistochemistry and the level of expression of the transcripts by Quantitative RT-PCR Real-Time. The results showed immunohistochemical expression of estrogen receptor mainly in areas of glandular and caruncular endometrium. It also highlights a lower expression of both receptors in ovarian tissue, epithelium of the oviduct and cervix. Expression of progesterone receptor immunohistochemical level is much lower with weaker signal in endometrium and ovaries. The expression level of transcripts remains the same distribution as immunohistochemical signals for both receptors. We conclude that both receptors are expressed in the reproductive system Texel ewes in a distribution similar to that tbund in other breeds of sheep, must be defined if the levels of expression are similar in different races. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Veterinaria is the property of Universidad Nacional del Nordeste and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The conventional technique (CT) using alcohol as a drying agent, is a useful method of histology and pathology in the laboratory. Recently, a new simplified method with acetone (TA) was designed in an attempt to reduce the processing time of the tissues (12 to 4 hours), the cost of reagents, and as an important factor to have an accurate and prompt diagnosis. This study compared the histological and immunohistochemical parameters in breast cancer, colon and kidney specimens treated with both methods. The sections were stained with H & E or Masson trichrome. Immunohistochemistry study with antibodies specific for the identification of cytokeratin AE I/AE3, the estrogen receptor and progesterone receptor was also carried out. Blind study was conducted by three specialists in morphology, who evaluated the nuclear staining, staining of the cytoplasm and friability or changes in tissue structure. The specificity and sensitivity of antibody binding were also evaluated. The values obtained tbr each parameter were statistically analyzed with Student t test. Our results show that the methods of CT and TA did not alter histological features as the pattern of staining, and tissue changes were detected, lmmunohistochemical positivity was similar for both methods. There was no statistical difference between TC and TA. Our results suggest that implementation of the TA did not alter the histological and immunohistochemical properties and could be a useful method for morphological analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This brief review summarizes the current state of the field for estrogen receptor actions in the cardiovascular system and the cardiovascular effects of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). It is organized into three parts: a short Introduction and overview of the current view of how estrogen works on blood vessels; a summary of the current status of clinical information regarding HRT and cardiovascular effects; and an update on state-of-the-art mouse models of estrogen action using estrogen receptor knockout mice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Whereas hormonal therapy (HT) may increase the risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) and stroke in menopausal women, epidemiological studies (protection in premenopausal women) suggest and experimental studies (prevention of fatty streak development in animals) demonstrate a major atheroprotective action of estradiol (E2). The understanding of the deleterious and beneficial effects of estrogens is thus required at both a cellular and molecular level. Both the endothelium and the immuno-inflammatory system play a key role in the development of fatty streak deposit as well as in the rupture of the atherosclerotic plaque. Whereas E2 favors an anti-inflammatory effect in vitro (cultured cells), it rather elicits a pro-inflammatory response in vivo at the level of several subpopulations of the immuno-inflammatory system, which could contribute to plaque destabilization. E2 promotes beneficial actions on the endothelium such as nitric oxide and prostacyclin production. E2 actions are essentially mediated by two molecular targets: estrogen receptor α (ER-α) and β (ER-β, but the former appears to mediate most of the actions of E2 on the endothelium and on the immune system. ER-α modulates target gene transcription through two activation functions (AF), AF-I and AF-2, even though signalling via ER-α located at the plasma membrane (responsible for membrane-initiated steroid signalling [MISS]/ [extra-genomic]) can also lead to an indirect effect on gene transcription. Recently, we demonstrated that ER-α AF-I is not required for the vasculoprotective actions of E2, whereas it is necessary for the effects of E2 on its reproductive targets. These results suggest that selective estrogen receptor modulators stimulating ER-α with minimal activation of ER-α AF-I could retain beneficial vascular actions, while minimizing the sexual effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Estrogen exerts pleiotropic functions on the cardiovascular system through binding to estrogen receptors (ERs). Traditionally, ERs have been recognized as transcription factors regulating the expression of target genes. In the past decades, however, numerous studies have revealed rapid actions of estrogen in different systems, especially in non-reproductive tissues such as the cardiovascular system. At this level, estrogen triggers rapid vasodilatation, exerts anti-inflammatory effects, regulates vascular cell growth and migration, and confers protection to cardiomyocytes. These so-called 'extranuclear actions' do not require gene expression or protein synthesis and are independent of the nuclear localization of ERs. Indeed, some of these actions are elicited by ERs residing at or near the plasma membrane. Through complex interactions with membrane-associated signaling molecules such as ion channels, G proteins and the tyrosine kinase c-Src, liganded extra-nuclear ERs lead to the activation of downstream cascades such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and phosphatidylinositol 3-OH kinase (PI3K). These cascades are responsible for important cardiovascular actions of estrogen, for instance, the activation of nitric oxide synthesis or the remodeling of the endothelial actin cytoskeleton. Moreover, these cascades play crucial roles in regulating the expression of target proteins implicated in cell proliferation, apoptosis, differentiation, movement and homeostasis. Recent advancements in the characterization of the molecular basis of the extranuclear signaling of estrogen help us to understand the biological functions of estrogen and would be beneficial in elucidating current controversies on estrogen's clinical efficacy in the cardiovascular system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The effects of nutrition on sheep reproduction have been studied by many authors. The interest has focused on the effects of diet quality in sheepin in which low plans n have low plane nutrition can cause abnormalities of the ovum or the embryo, luteal inadequancy and failure of the supply of progesterone to the uterus or failurein the mechanisms involved maternal of pregnancy. There are papers about the relation food-hormones, however, the existing information on endometrial steroid hormone receptors, which are essential for them to act, is very scarce. The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze the expression of estrogen receptor (ER) in endometrial cycle of sheep fed diet supplemented and normal diet. The expression of the receptor protein and the transcript were detected by immunohistochemical analysis and RT real-time PCR, respectively. The results showed immunohistochemical expression of RE in glandular and carunculares areas, especially in an intense inmunorreacción stromal cell nuclei and glandular epithelium. Detected increased expression of transcripts of RE in sheep fed a supplement with respect to not receiving a dietary supplement. We discuss the possible use of this information for application in breeding sheeps programs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The morphofuncional state of the genital tract of females ewes is determined by sexual hormones, those that act through specific receptors. These regulate the expression of numerous proteins that participate in the development of the endometrium. Possibly the reproductive performance of different races from ewes could be determined by the expression differential of the receptors. The objective of the present study was to analyze the presence of estrogen receptors (RE) and progesterone receptors(RP) in the endometrium of prepuberal and cycling ewes of the races Romney Mash and Araucana. The histhologic study of endometrium was made in cross sections of 5 mm stained with hematoxilina-eosin. The presence of both receptors is detect by immunohistochemical study using monoclonal antibodies. In addition we evaluated by Dot-blot the presence of receptors in total protein extracts obtained from endometrial tissue Inmunoreaction signal against both receptors in lambs was detected and in adults cicling of both races The positive inmunoreaction is localizate in nuclei of estromales and glandular epitelium cells. The RE in adult ewes showed greater expression that in prepuberal , without significant differences between both races. The RP gave positive inmunoreaction in both races, being the signal more marcate in Romney Marsh lambs , while that in adult ewes higher signal was observed in Araucanas. We conclude that the immunohistochemistry expression of RE and RP is always detectable in the endometrium of the ewes varying his expression according to its development and reproductive stage, not significant differences were observed between both races. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of the present study was to sit morphological bases for the inmumocitochemical and hybridazion in situ study of the presence and distribution of estrogen and progesterone receptors in sheep of different prolificity and in different nutrition plane, centering our interest in the endometrium for its relevance in the reproductive mechanisms. We used sheep prepuberal Romney Mash of high prolificity (n=2) and Araucanian of standard prolificity(n=2) Immediately after slaughter uterine tissue was taken for histhological study from uteri , oviduct and ovary. Cross sections were stained with Hematoxilina-eosina, Van Giesson, Arteta and Periodic Acid of Schiff (P.A.S.). The results showed in both races a good endometrial development, with caruncular and glandular intercaruncular glandular areas well defined, the later necessary for embryo implantation and growth The nuMerous, tubular, coiled, glands, extend to the miometrium. No significant histological differences were observed between both races neither morphological changes between days 93 to 117 of post natal life ,being their aspect similar to the endometrium of mature sheep. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Cirugía y Cirujanos is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ginecología y Obstetricia de México is the property of Federacion Mexicana de Ginecologia y Obstetricia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Phytoestrogens are plant-derived compounds having similar effects to estrogens. Several phytostrogen groups have been identified being the most characteristics the isoflavones like genistein, coumestans like coumestrol, and lignans represented by the enterolactone. Depending on the doses, they can act as agonists or antagonists of steroidal hormones. This apparently bimodal function is due to their capacity to interact with the alpha form of the estrogen receptor (ERα) in several organs of the female reproductive tract and to the beta form ERβ present in prostate, testis, ovaries, limph nodes and brain regions. It has been observed that an increase in genistein or coumestrol induces an increase in haemorrhagic follicles, miscarriages, LH-FSH surge suppression and even estrogenic syndrome, whereas in males, induces alterations in testis development and a decrease in sperm count. In this review, a panoramic view of the actual research of phytostrogen impact on the reproductive function and perspectives mainly for domestic animals is presented. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]