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Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Poder Aéreo is the property of Escuela de Postgrados de la Fuerza Aerea Colombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article provides a systematic analysis of the dynamics of the actors associated with the defense industry in Ecuador, as one of the economic branches that has the best chance of boosting economic growth through contributions to the Gross Domestic Product, employment generation and the promotion of national production. The analysis was carried out with a prospective approach, applying the quintuple helix innovation model that allows an integral analysis from the economic, social and environmental components to address a topic of great interest for Ecuador. The research methods applied were historical, systemic, dialectical and modeling, supported by procedures such as analysissynthesis and integration-abstraction. In particular, a comparative analysis was carried out between Ecuador and other countries in the region, which made it possible to determine common aspects and gaps, especially with Brazil, Latin America's leading country in this area. The development of the research project summarized in the article will allow laying the foundations for decision making in the sector focused mainly on two variables: investment policies and the management model to be implemented that will allow dynamizing the participation of the different public and private actors in the development of the Ecuadorian defense industry system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Poder Aéreo is the property of Escuela de Postgrados de la Fuerza Aerea Colombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article focuses on the Armed Forces' contributions to Colombian foreign policy formulation through defense diplomacy. This fundamental element in foreign relations contributes to understanding and mitigating exogenous instability factors affecting national interest achievement. Here, a case study methodology is used to analyze the components of the grand national strategy and examine the background and projections of defense diplomacy as a political decision-maker tool. The concept of national interests and its relationship with the planned course for state decisions are also analyzed, exploring the possibilities of using defense diplomacy in pursuit of the common good. Finally, it is concluded that defense diplomacy is an essential tool to guarantee the survival of the State faced with the complexities of a changing and interconnected world. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IUSTA is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of IUSTA is the property of Universidad Santo Tomas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Journal of Psychology (UNLP) / Revista de Psicología (UNLP) is the property of Facultad de Psicologia Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos de Psicología del Deporte is the property of Cuadernos de Psicologia del Deporte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The cooling of intergovernmental dialogue in the political spaces of Unasur, and specifically in its South American Defense Council (cds), can be interpreted as a challenge to the most optimistic analyzes regarding the possibilities of cooperation in South America. In this text, we analyze the most recent process of emptying out the cds from Unasur, through the theoretical framework of regional integration studies and the analytical instrument of the Regional Security Complexes. We argue that the regional cooperation arrangement established through Unasur remains volatile to governmental efforts and incentives. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Poder Aéreo is the property of Escuela de Postgrados de la Fuerza Aerea Colombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Trashumante. Revista Americana de Historia Social is the property of Universidad de Antioquia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The Defense and Security Policy for the New Colombia 2015-2018 has set the goal to seek alliances and international approaches in order to position Colombia as a leader in issues of defense and security at a hemispheric and global level. In order to achieve this goal the Government has considered the active participation of the State within the International Missions related to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). Placing the attention on this last scenario, this article aims to develop a comprehensive and analytical reflection not only over the performance, the evolution, the achievements and the challenges of such missions; also it aims to make a deep exam about the Colombia-NATO relations, and the possible political and military advantages and disadvantages from a possible participation of the Colombian State inside the North Atlantic Alliance International Missions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Ciencia y Poder Aéreo is the property of Escuela de Postgrados de la Fuerza Aerea Colombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Analecta Política is the property of Universidad Pontificia Bolivariana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Económicas CUC is the property of Corporacion Universidad de la Costa, CUC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In terms of defense and security, South America is a region that faces a complex strategic situation which offers risks and opportunities, and because of that requires a clear framework to be understood. In an international level the development of security strategies has become more important as they are one of the main tools for countries to guide their decision making process in the field. In this regard, the purpose of this paper is in one hand analyze the main elements of the National Security Strategy of Spain (2013), and in the other hand, study the state of affairs of several Latin American countries. These in order to assist in the development of security strategies in a region that seeks to position itself as a relevant international actor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Systemic Acquired Resistance (SAR) confers long-lasting protection against a secondary infection by biotrophic, necrotrophic and hemibiotrophic pathogens. SAR is a two steps process. Firstly, the plant recognizes the pathogen and induces a local plant response through a signal cascade that ends in an intracellular Salicylic Acid (SA) accumulation. This accumulation induces an increase in Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and expression of pathogenesis related (pr) genes. Secondly, this local response induces a long distant resistance to pathogens in uninfected tissue. It has been postulated that molecules such as Methyl Salicylate (MeSa), some MAPKs and Nitric Oxide (NO), among others, could be responsible for the induction of SAR in the systemic tissue. During SAR there is a big interaction among SA, JA, auxins, ethylene and NPR1 and PR1 proteins. This review describes the last understanding about the molecular signalling to induce SAR trough SA. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista CENIPEC is the property of Universidad de Los Andes (Venezuela) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)