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Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The inhabitants of the arid plain of northwest San Luis harvest rainwater in impoundments (small dams) to support cattle and goat production in native forests. This ancient technology has been complemented, in the last two decades, by aqueducts that transport water from the central mountains of San Luis (Nogolí dam). In this study, we 1) present an approach to social perceptions and local knowledge about impoundments; 2) implement technological improvements in six of them to increase the efficiency of water harvesting and storage, and 3) characterize the temporal dynamics of the regional water resource (impoundments and Nogolí dam). To achieve this, we conducted surveys with impoundment users, installed water level sensors, hired road machinery for improvements, and analyzed existing databases. The survey results showed that the impoundments, far from being mere water reservoirs, constitute the cultural heritage of rural families. The application of technological improvements significantly increased the maximum average water level of the enhanced impoundments, from 144 to 220 cm (P<0.05), resulting in a 113% increase in the average maximum stored volume, reaching 1282 m³ (P<0.05). The daily water level of the improved impoundments was higher than control ones (on average, 110 vs. 62 cm, respectively; P<0.01). The water supply from the impoundments exhibited complementarities concerning the temporal dynamics of the Nogolí dam in terms of the speed of response to rainfall and the time lag between filling and emptying. This study provides key knowledge to achieve ‘water sovereignty’ in the arid plain of northwest San Luis by proposing the enhancement of existing impoundments and the use of the aqueduct as a complement to them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Contextualization: Global water consumption has been increasing since the 20th century. This increase is because there is now a high demand in developed and emerging economies. Another aspect to consider is the population growth worldwide, which is related to an increase in the demand for resources in the agricultural, livestock, and industrial sectors, increasing the consumption of these resources. Knowledge gap: Fog harvesting systems (fog catchers) are becoming a useful alternative to use water resources already available in the environment for storage and subsequent distribution in various human development activities. However, Colombia lacks studies on implementing these artisanal systems. Purpose: This study investigated the usefulness of using four fog catchers with different percentages of shade cloth, located in the Vijal and Alto Bonito sites, corresponding to the Sub-Andean Forest ecosystem, to determine the feasibility of this fog water harvesting product. Methodology: A design of a completely randomized block was carried out. The ANOVA statistical method was used, and Duncan’s multiple range test determined if there was a significant difference between the percentages of shade cloth used and the height of the properties. Data collection was carried out for a period of six weeks. Results and Conclusions: As a result, the 65% shade cloth captured 980ml in the Alto Bonito property, and in the Vijal property, the capture was 784ml. The 80% shade cloth obtained 990ml at the Alto Bonito farm and 794ml at the Vijal farm. There were no significant differences in water harvesting compared to the shade percentage of the shade cloth. Regarding the height of the properties, there is a significant difference; the average water retention in the Vijal farm was 25.5ml/day, while it was 31.8ml/day in the Alto Bonito farm. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban expansion in agricultural areas demands attention regarding land use planning, particularly in dryland ecosystems with limited availability of water and fertile soil. The objective is to identify and characterize the natural, cultural, historical, and current elements that integrate the southwest of Maipu's (Mendoza, Argentina) rural landscape and its connection with territorial changes. Through a mixed methodology applied in a case study, with the analysis of historical documents and the use of open-access software QGIS, we analyzed the natural and cultural values, territorial infrastructure, built heritage, and how urban sprawls invade productive land. Thus, it is possible to extract recommendations for decision-makers in land use planning that promote local development and the inclusion of new territorial categories to interpret and manage the territory. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze water insecurity (WI), water supply frequency (WSF), and food insecurity (FI) in Mexican households, address their determinants, and propose recommendations for public policy. Materials and methods. Data from 28 500 households from the National Health and Nutrition Survey (Ensanut Continua 2020-2023) were analyzed. Validated experience scales such as HWISE and ELCSA were applied to measure WI and FI, as well as an indicator of the frequency of water supply, according to some determinants. Results. 16% of Mexican households experience WI and 22% suffer from moderate and severe FI. Only 34.7% receive water 24 hours a day, every day. The determinants of households most affected by WI, FI and in WSF, are poor welfare conditions, indigenous people and when WI and FI are found together in households. Conclusions. It is imperative to accelerate the implementation and improve the coverage of actions that positively impact access and availability of water and food for vulnerable people. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Water & Landscape (WAL) / Agua & Territorio (AYT) is the property of Editorial de la Universidad de Jaen and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Educación en Ingeniería is the property of Asociacion Colombiana de Facultades de Ingenieria and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Públic is the property of Revista Catalana de Dret Public and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Catalana de Dret Públic is the property of Revista Catalana de Dret Public and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Neltuma flexuosa is the main tree species in the Central Monte which presents important ecological and socio-cultural functions. Grazing and wood extraction, the most widespread human uses in the region, can modify the growth of Neltuma trees and generate changes in the woodland dynamics, which, in turn, is influenced by water availability. Our aim was to assess the growth pattern of N. flexuosa trees that inhabit open woodlands of the Central Monte and associate it to land use and to the climate. Dendrochronological methods were employed to analyze wood samples collected in areas destined for conservation, grazing use and wood extraction. Trees in the wood extraction area grew approximately twice that of the individuals in grazing fields and the protected area between 1977 and 2000, reaching their maximum growth rate between 20 and 40 years of age. In opposition, the maximum growth rate in the protected area and in the grazing fields occurred at approximately 70 years of age. A positive correlation between rainfall and growth was observed, however the association between climate and growth was low. Our results show that the different land uses have affected the radial growth pattern of N. flexuosa trees. The resprout capacity of the species would have allowed its recovery at the tree level, which, combined with a change in the intensity of anthropogenic use, enabled the recovery of the N. flexuosa population and the reestablishment of the forest. These results suggest that the extensive grazing and the extraction of wood to domestic use are activities compatible with the sustainable use of the woodland. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cultivation of avocado (Persea Americana) is not only essential from an economic point of view, but also plays a crucial role in the nutrition, health and well-being of populations around the world. The study was carried out in Ayacucho -Peru (latitude: 12° 53' 57" S, longitude: 74° 16' 55" W and altitude: 2596 masl), with the objective of evaluating the effect of the use of the technical drip irrigation system on the production and yield of twovarieties of avocado, Hass and Fuerte. The study was based on the use of an irrigation system with programming by treatment with avocado plants installed in plots of 500 m² in 6 sectors, with a density of 5 x 5 m, whose age was between 5 to 16 years, of the whichwere considered 12 plants (6 plants with drip irrigation and 6 plants as a control with gravity irrigation). Irrigation was carried out right at the flowering and production stage,guaranteeing adequate water supply in periods of water deficit, between February and June 2022. The experimental design was a complete randomized block, with six blocks of 20 plants each. The harvest carried out reported yields of 67.96 ± 8.8 t/ha under technical irrigation and 26.42 ± 4.93 t/ha under gravity irrigation, an increase of 157% with respect to the latter. As for the varieties, the Fuerte avocado had the highest yield 49.38 ± 23.06 t/ha compared to the Hass variety (45.0 ± 21.14 t/ha), the maximum yieldoccurred with drip irrigation for the Fuerte variety (71.09 ± 8.38 t/ha), this is explained by the energy expenditure in the osmotic adjustment potential which drastically decreasesthe yield potential with traditional gravity irrigation, obtaining a minimum yield in Hassof 25.18 ± 4.44 t/ha. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The research presented addresses the connotation of the non-observance of the right of nature in Cuban constitutionalism from the analysis of Law No. 124, of terrestrial waters from the study of Comparative Law, in relation to the legal framework of Latin American countries that do recognize the rights of nature in their legislation within the legal systems, in order to determine the impact of this non-observance on the legislative gaps in the environmental legal system studied. Materials and methods: Theoretical and empirical methods were used, as well as techniques and procedures of scientific research, theoretical doctrinal analysis of the categories involved in the delimitation of legislative gaps based on the most representative theoretical references to conclude that the legal system Cuban protects the right of people to use and enjoy that environment; not the right of nature to be used, guaranteeing its own subsistence as provided for in other legal systems, the lower hierarchy norms follow this legal logic. That of analysis and synthesis, to systematize the main elements studied; comparative law, to know the regulatory treatment of the water resource. The bibliographic review, to know the criteria of scholars on the subject. Results: the identification of possible legislative gaps in the aforementioned legal norm is provided and it is noted as an idea to defend the non-observance of the right of nature, by conditioning the presence of axiological legislative gaps in the legal norms of environmental content in the Cuban legal system., incident to its future perfection by the legislator. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Ecuador is a small Andean country located in the western hemisphere of South America. The country has 361;747hm3 annual superficial water resources; As a result, Ecuador, in the last fifteen years (2005 to 2020), has been rapidly developing hydropower projects to triple the production in this renewable source. There were eight new hydroelectric plants constructed in Ecuador among 2007 and 2015 invested close to USD 6 billion the projects. Increased the energy response with renewables; for example, in 1985, the country produced 4 TWh, in 2005-registered 7 TWh, and to 2020, 24 TWh. According to the Electricity Corporation of Ecuador in 2020 reported that generated around 80% of all electricity through hydropower; thus, the article aims to critically analyze the development of hydropower in Ecuador in recent years and establish general energy projections to 2030 to expand the fields of knowledge and perspectives. The paper methodology is quantitative, according to scientific editorial sources, articles, investigative documents, and collects data from government agencies that regulate energy development in Ecuador. It is conclusive between a projection's calculation, Ecuador will need for the year 2030 around 43 TWh, 47 TWh, or 52 TWh to supply the energy grid, according to the scenarios proposed (low, medium, high). Although hydropower will be essential to contribute to this requirement, the country has a barrier because hydropower is very sensitive to external factors of diverse nature, generating an uncertainly future directly associated with climatic effects. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseño y Comunicación is the property of Cuadernos del Centro de Estudios de Diseno y Comunicacion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Royal Decree-Law 8/2023 adopts measures to address the economic and social consequences derived from conflicts in Ukraine and the Middle East, as well as to alleviate the effects of drought. Title III of the decree is dedicated to energy and establishes measures for the incorporation of renewable energy facilities into the electrical system. Access and connection to electricity transportation and distribution networks are also regulated to promote self-consumption and decarbonization of the industry. Additionally, modifications are introduced in the hydrocarbon sector and flexibility is granted in the closure of thermal and nuclear power plants. Royal Decree-Law 8/2023 establishes measures to address fraudulent practices in the liquid hydrocarbon sector and to comply with the renewable energy objectives established by the European Union Directive. Support measures are also included to mitigate the effects of drought in sectors such as agriculture. Modifications are introduced in the legislation of the electricity and water sectors to promote energy storage and ensure water supply to nuclear power plants. These measures will come into effect on different dates starting from December 29, 2023. [Extracted from the article]

The Mesa de Los Santos region is known for its continuous development in infrastructure, agriculture, and tourism, especially in the north sector, which has generated a greater demand in the supply of drinking water. Previous geological, hydrological, and geophysical studies highlighted the importance of understanding the physical properties of rocks, as well as their spatial estimation, the reason why we implemented neural network models in this work. The laboratory results for the samples associated with the Los Santos Formation present porosities of up to 25%, %, while the Rosa Blanca Formation shows values of less than 5% in carbonate units and up to 30% for sandy lithologies. The P-wave velocity for both formations of interest is in a range between 1000 y 6000 m · s-1. The resistivity values were influenced by the pore fluid (water), obtaining values between 10² - 104 Ω · m for the Los Santos and Rosa Blanca formations. The maps generated by the neural network provided a consistent and accurate geological distribution compared to traditional interpolation methods. However, uncertainty was noted in areas with intense fracturing and weathering, which could affect the results in areas close to geological faults. These findings provide valuable information for geological, hydrogeological, and engineering studies in the region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In recent years, episodes of reduced water availability have occurred in the supplying basins of the city of Santa Marta, leading to a scarcity of water resources. This study delves into understanding the sensitivity of water supply to the macro-climatic phenomena of ENSO (El Niño-Southern Oscillation) and QBO (Quasi-Biennial Oscillation). To assess their influence, teleconnections were established through correlational analysis between hydro climatological series and macroclimatic indices, with statistical significance evaluated using the Student's t-test. The obtained results indicate that the ENSO phenomenon has a statistically significant impact on the hydro-meteorological regime of the area. During the warm phase of the event, there is an increase in average temperatures and a decrease in water availability in the Manzanares and Piedras river basins. Conversely, the Gaira River basin experiences increased water availability due to the melting of the glaciers in the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta caused by rising temperatures, resulting in an increase in runoff. Given the proximity of the study area to the Pacific Ocean, where the ENSO phenomenon originates, the macro-climatic signal manifests on the hydroclimatic regime during the same month. On the other hand, the analysis of teleconnections between hydro-meteorological variables and the Quasi-Biennial Oscillation event revealed that there is no statistically significant relationship between these variables. This indicates that the water regime is not dependent on this macro-climatic phenomenon. In conclusion, the water regime in the supplying basins of the city of Santa Marta is influenced by ENSO to a degree of 17 to 33%, and the lack of hydrological monitoring in one of the basins makes the city's water supply system vulnerable. Therefore, it is proposed to conduct a study for instrumenting the basins to establish an efficient monitoring system for proper water resource management and city water supply. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The paper analyzes the quality of the water supplied by the potable water treatment plant Altos of Quintero to the city of Santiago de Cuba through the study of five consumers. The quality of the parameters analyzed was determined for pH, color, turbidity, residual free chlorine and determination of total and fecal coliforms, resulting in La Colonia, La Cervecería Hatuey and the Combined Milk, which residual free chlorine and turbidity are outside the norm in some occasions. The effects of the quality of drinking water coming from the potabilizer were mainly the deterioration of the infrastructure of the supply networks and poor storage conditions of the liquid in the above mentioned institutions. Options are presented to ensure that water quality is maintained in the different consumption centers and a predictable model is proposed that allows the maximum time that guarantees the minimum level of allowable residual chlorine that a consumer source should have. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A new methodology is presented for calculating the economic diameter of a high density polyethylene (HDPE) pipeline in a pumped source system for water supply with direct injection into the network. It is based on the concept of the Range of Optimal Efficiency of the Pumping System (REOS), together with new concepts, criteria and technical approaches that complement each other to obtain the optimal diameter of the pipeline. The determination of the nominal pressure (PN) according to the characteristics of each section of the pipe profile and their respective internal diameters are incorporated in the analyses. The proposed procedure takes into account other variables that depend on the type of installation, design scheme and variation in hourly demand. The procedure is illustrated with the solution of a practical problem. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The legal treatment that has been given to water in Ecuador is interesting from the point of view of its constitutional evolution, because although it is true that it was considered a natural resource, it is now treated as a human right and a strategic sector. In the present investigation, based on a historical-legal methodology, a review is made of how the treatment of water resources has advanced at a constitutional level, and how international instruments, as well as the jurisprudence of international organizations and the soft law, influenced the Ecuadorian constituent for special treatment, being the first constitution to recognize it as a human and fundamental right. The research indicates that, despite the advances at the regulatory level, there is still a long way to go in terms of institutions and public resources that allow the generation of infrastructure to guarantee the right. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Guanacache Lagoons is a system of wetlands, marshes and lagoons associated with the Desaguadero River in the Cuyo region, central-west Argentina. In the upper stretches of the basins of the main rivers that feed this lagoons system, there is a large consumption of water resources and a high degree of intervention through hydraulic infrastructure built for water management. This situation began at the end of the 19th century, with the consolidation of the National State and provincial states. The outcome is a fragmented and unequal territorial configuration, where the resulting artificial oases occupy 3% and concentrate more than 95% of the population. The consequences are the degradation of the Guanacache system, making it imperative to implement comprehensive regional policies for its restoration. Therefore, the objectives of the present work are to quantify the temporal variations in the streamflow and spatial extent of the water bodies of the lagoon system, to explore the relationship with climatic fluctuations that modulate the regional surface hydrology over the last few years, and to establish the role of the construction of various engineering infrastructures such as reservoirs and canals for water distribution in regional water variations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The sustainable development goals with its premise of "leaving no one behind" aim to monitor social inequalities with an emphasis on the urban-rural gap. Since 2016 in Colombia there have been "differential schemes" as a set of regulations, policies, statistical instruments and programs to promote the supply of water and sanitation in urban areas of difficult access and management, and in rural areas. However, this dichotomy does not respond to the complexity of the territories, their socio-environmental conflicts, and accelerated transformations of the diffuse urban-rural boundary. The authors note imaginaries and concepts that question the urban-rural dichotomy from the literature and present a characterization of territorial transformations that affect community water management, based on their observations and listening to testimonies. The few studies on urban-rural territories and supply of public goods limit the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes the productive transformation and its links with food insecurity in rural communities affected by internal armed conflicts. The case of Maria La Baja, a municipality of agroecological riches in the Montes de María, is examined, one of the most affected region by prolonged civil armed conflict in Colombia. Quantitative analysis is used to verify the intertemporal relationships between the conflict facts and the expansion and concentration of oil palm crops, in detriment of food production and its access. Participatory diagnostic methods are applied to peasants, producers and other social actors, to document the role of the armed actors before the agro-industrial expansion, and their incidence on food accessing. Expansion in agro-industrial production in María La Baja is strongly related with violent acts of armed conflict and with reduced peasant production, restricting availability of food. This work contributes to the discussion by valuing the territorial visions that helps to understand the nature of the productive transformations generated by agribusiness public policies that reduced autonomy and food self-sufficiency in peasant communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The management of water resources in community systems faces several challenges when it comes to meeting the population's water demand. The efficiency of the water service provided by the Drinking Water Administrative Boards (JAAP) of the province of Los Ríos was diagnosed, through the identification of compliance (C) and non-compliance (NC), interviews and perception surveys based on the indicators: continuity of service, satisfaction with water quality, presence/absence of diseases, and perception of the work carried out by the directors of the JAAP. SPSS Statistic software was used, "Cronbach's alpha" (degree of reliability) was applied, Principal Component Analysis (PCA), KMO test (Kaiser--Meyer--Olkin Measure) showed a variable ratio of (0.78). The commonality matrix indicated a correlation criterion greater than (0.7), while the total variance explained for the principal component analysis was (76.14%). The majority of users considered it to be an optimal service, although 17.64% considered the pressure with which the water resource is received to be limiting, associating the presence of impurities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the Ecuadorian context, cooling technologies play a critical role in the operation of thermoelectric power plants. These technologies are essential to maintain the efficiency and reliability of power generation plants, which can use a variety of methods to cool their systems. Cooling towers are becoming a common option in Ecuador, allowing heat to be dissipated through the evaporation of hot water. In addition, heat exchangers play an important role in transferring heat from one fluid to another, contributing to the energy efficiency of power plants. However, the country also faces challenges related to the availability of water resources and environmental sustainability. The use of cooling water can raise environmental concerns, especially in a country with rich biodiversity and high dependence on natural resources. Therefore, this paper looks at the experiences of operators and finds that factors such as resource availability, environmental regulations and operational efficiency need to be carefully considered when selecting cooling technologies in Ecuador. Cooling solutions require a balanced approach that ensures reliable and efficient power generation while minimizing environmental impact and protecting the country's unique biodiversity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research work was developed in the company Hidroagua in the city of Quito, with more than 16 years of experience in the market, focused on solving basic needs of water supply in homes through pumps and hydro-pneumatic systems. Over the years it has been expanding its activities, sales and manufacture of products with the purpose more focused on the enjoyment and comfort through water. It has been observed that it lacks an administrative management, which does not allow the economic-accounting strengthening to be based on actions and contingencies according to its objectives and goals, therefore, it was developed as an objective to determine how the administrative management is an alternative for the economic-accounting strengthening of the company, The methodology was applied research, field, bibliographic and transversal, with a qualitative approach, the methods were analytical-synthetic, deductive, documentary, statistical, using survey and interview techniques which helped to obtain information regarding the situational state of the microenterprise. It should be mentioned that both the administrative management and the economicaccounting strengthening are based on being important and essential in the organization, in order to achieve the objectives and goals set. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article examines the strategic significance of security in critical water infrastructure, an essential resource for human life. Focusing on Spain, it explores the security system of this infrastructure and the existing legislation against threats to critical infrastructures, particularly drinking water supply. The study describes potential types of attacks, the preparedness of passive and active security systems against these threats, and the legislative developments to penalize them. Despite the increasing importance of this issue, as water infrastructure can be a target for terrorism with unimaginable impacts on life, health, economy, and society, the paper concludes that there are gaps in the classification and definition of sanctions against such attacks in Spain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: A water pretreatment plant for hemodialysis through clarification and dechlorination does not offer the expected flow with the required quality, in terms of suspended solids and residual free chlorine, affecting the useful life of reverse osmosis membranes and microfilters. In this work, operational problems are identified and improvements are proposed to guarantee greater efficiency of the installation. Objective: To propose improvements that guarantee the efficiency of water pretreatment for hemodialysis. Materials and Methods: The water flows supplied to the settler and the filter, and water characteristics were determined and compared with those of drinking water and for reverse osmosis. The effects of removal of suspended solids, turbidity, color, residual chorine and required dose of coagulant were established. The load applied to the double layer filter was checked. Results and Discussion: The inlet pressure to the plant does not allow the design flow to be achieved. The applied dose of coagulant is not adequate and alkali should not be added. It was found that the clarification and dechlorination processes are inefficient. Conclusions: Neither the service demand nor the design flow rate is always guaranteed. The required dose of coagulant is 18 mg/L and there is no need to alkalinize the water. The turbidity and color removal efficiencies are 70% and 60.53% respectively, and the suspended solids removal efficiency in the settler is 45.2%. The output turbidity and free chlorine concentration exceed those required for reverse osmosis membranes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Colombia is considered a biodiverse country. However, climate variation, climate change and the absence of public policies mean that many ecosystems are under threat. In response to this situation, a participatory action research was developed in a rural community in the municipality of Victoria, department of Caldas. The objective of this research was to consolidate strategies aimed at the conservation of the water resources that supply the local aqueduct, from which 152 families depend. The community's problems include increased deforestation on the banks of the aqueduct, pollution from wastewater, septic tank spills, and livestock entering water intakes. The qualitative research conducted in this community allowed identifying the stakeholders who live in the micro-basin, their perception and use of the resources, as well as their allies and the difficulties they have faced in achieving water governance. The results of the research show that the members of the community are aware of the environmental problems they face. For them, a series of strategies were developed through workshops, which were aimed to conserve the water source in the near future. The proposed strategies include environmental education actions, awareness about the importance of water resources and community participation in water management. The results of the research suggest that communities have an interest in conserving their natural resources. However, to achieve this objective it is necessary to involve the participation of public and private entities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the design of a hybrid collector for ambient humidity and rainwater harvesting was developed for water collection, utilizing design theories and methods. The mechanical design was carried out using the Quality Function Deployment (QFD) methodology, which provided tools for modeling a rainwater and humidity collection system that was cost-effective, energy-independent, and easy to implement and manage. The structure of the acrylic rainwater collector demonstrated adequate hardness and strength (with a required energy of 4.7 lb/ft), capable of withstanding rain load and the weight of solar panels, with superior resistance to that of a conventional roof made of tiles. Furthermore, a visually appealing design was achieved, optimal for installation in parks and mall entrances, as it provides potable water, energy, and shade. Finally, it was evidenced that a design without the implementation of the cooling system could offer an optimal solution for water supply in areas where there is no access to potable water and the annual rainfall exceeds 150 days. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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