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Copyright of Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios Rurales is the property of ALASRU / CEIL-CONICET and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Purpose: To provide a conceptual framework for the schematization of the water-food-international trade nexus using the actantial model, based on the qualitative analysis of the relationships that occur among its participants with an integrative approach. Methodological Design: It is explained under the logic of the actantial model, centered on the description and classification of characters, also known as actants. The analysis was based on the review of articles that present the context and discussion of the elements of the actantial model, enabling the identification of the main characteristics that explain the actant and its interrelationships through schematization in the study’s nexus. Results: The results provide a schematic and qualitative understanding of the underlying relationships among the elements comprising the water-food-international trade nexus, offering a novel perspective and arguing for the roles played by each actant component and nexus axes. This is significant because virtual water trade can lead to serious issues of hydro food dependency, necessitating the formulation of strategic and effective public policies in both the short and long term. Research Limitations: It is suggested to complement this research with a quantitative analysis from a network complexity perspective. This analysis would allow for the assessment of the effects of these interrelationships both theoretically and practically, while also integrating other agents that strategically shape water and trade policies, aiming to reduce hydro-food dependence. Findings: These interrelationships are diverse and intensive, underscoring the significance of global as well as national scale comprehension of the nexus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Ciencia e Ingenieria Neogranadina is the property of Ciencia e Ingenieria Neogranadina and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Foco (Interdisciplinary Studies Journal) is the property of Revista Foco and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Many of the contributions of nature to people are embodied or mediated by water. This article explores and exemplifies the spatial representation of the supply and demand of ecosystem services related to water and its application to the different needs of environmental management and policy, with particular focus in the Argentine case. The supply of these services can be mapped by combining different sources of geographic and satellite information supported by pre-established protocols or models. Their demand, even for highly subjective services such as the cultural ones, can be mapped using public photo databases or social networks. Representing supply-demand links often requires spatial abstractions or distortions. One possibility is to discretize the territory into sections and generate an exchange matrix for multiple services among them. Another one is the continuous quantification of the production and consumption of services along watersheds. Representations of 'virtual water' transport associated with the exchange of products can be related to the flow of water-related ecosystem services only if the water sources involved are distinguished (e.g., rain or 'green water' vs. irrigation or 'blue water' for agricultural products) and valued according to the context of the origin and destination. Each spatial representation is better adapted to different environmental management situations. Maps are valuable for land use planning. Exchange matrices are suggested to explore conflicts and cooperation opportunities. Continuous representations of watersheds are useful for evaluating hydraulic or green interventions. Finally, the analyses of virtual water exchange between countries constitutes a valuable element for international negotiations. The representation of water-related ecosystem services is a pillar of nature governance, ideally co-constructed by scientists and decision makers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Estudios Pedagogicos (Valdivia) is the property of Estudios Pedagogicos and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Ingeniería del Agua is the property of Universidad Politecnica de Valencia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tecnología y Ciencias del Agua is the property of Instituto Mexicano de Tecnologia del Agua (IMTA) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: The broiler chicken is the most consumed protein source in Lima - Peru, reason why its demand and consumption of water for its production, is increasing every year. According to the Peruvian Poultry Association (2016) in Lima, 76.4 kilograms per inhabitant per year are consumed and at the Latin American level chicken consumption in Peru is one of the highest in the region (Evans, 2016). Also, the World Wildlife Foundation (2014) indicates that food production is responsible for 70% of the water used by man on the planet, so it is everyone's responsibility to make good water resource management. Objective: In this context, the present work estimates the water footprint of the broiler chicken benefited. Materials and methods: The identification of the processes of broiler chicken production was carried out by means of direct observation, interviews and review of information, while for the estimation of the water footprint measurements were taken during the period from June 2016 to November 2016, water consumption, volumes of wastewater treated and kilograms of chicken benefited. Result: The incubation, breeding and profit processes were identified, the virtual water ratios of each process were calculated and based on this, the water footprint of the broiler chicken benefited was obtained according to the guidelines of the "The Water Footprint Assessment Manual: Setting The Global Standard "(Hoekstra, et.al, 2011). Conclusions: The result of the evaluation reports that the water footprint of the broiler chicken benefited is 2059.76 liters of water per kilogram of chicken, of which 85.28% corresponds to the indirect green water of imported agricultural inputs (corn and soybean) that are used in the production of balanced feed for chicken. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The complexity of the farming systems given their multiple interactions of biotic and abiotic elements, makes integral studies important for a better understanding and action in front of them. This work was aimed at studying the sustainability of 8 high Andean livestock systems. It was found on average animal load of 0.5 UGG, milk production of 4 kg/cow/day, calving intervals of 450 days and forage yields of 2.45 t dm/ha with 14% PC and 60% NDF. On average for the forest, the organic carbon of the soil was 33.72 t/ha and for grazing pastures of 25.29 t/ha, the difference being significant (p=0.05). No differences (p = 0.05) were found between the apparent densities in the soil of native forests (0, 46g/cm³) and pastures (0.5 g/cm³). The equivalent amounts of CO2 (CO2eq) produced on average were 76.12 t/site (65.5 t CO2eq corresponding to the production of CH4 and 10.87 T CO2eq to the production of N2O). The virtual water required on average for bovine animals was 16,222.26 m3 to meet their food, beverage and service needs (10 years), and to produce a litre of milk, they needed 1.78 m3. In the social aspect the indicators with lower qualification were public services and access to education. In conclusion and knowing that sustainability is achieved when there is a balance between the economic, environmental and social components; The results found make it possible to say that the high-mountain livestock production systems included in this work are not sustainable. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work was the determination of the blue water footprint in forage crops from DR-017 “Comarca Lagunera", México. By means of productivity and efficiency mathematical models were used to estimate the blue water footprint of forages crops. The results show that forages occupied 45% of the total agricultural area using 94,7% of groundwater, generating 33% of the Gross Value Production. Physical productivity rates were on average 252 L kg-1 (forage sorghum 181 L kg-1, forage oats 413 L kg-1 alfalfa L kg- 1). Income per m3 was US$ 0.04 m-3 on average (US$ 0.94 m-3 in forage maize, US$ 0.05 m-3 alfalfa forage). The social efficiency indicator showed in average 0.048 jobs per hectometer (0.037 jobs hm-3 in alfalfa and 0.076 jobs hm-3 in rye grass). Finally, under the same crop y market conditions the minimum amount for a viable operation (break-even point) was 39.02 t ha-1. In conclusion, the production of corn and sorghum forage in the region was highly efficient and productive compared to other forage crops which resulted in lower blue water footprint. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Today most water resources experts admit that hydrological conflicts are not caused by physical scarcity of water. They are mainly due to poor water management. However, the scientific and technological advances produced in the last half century allow today solving many of the water related conflicts with tools that a few decades ago seemed unthinkable. Three of them are considered: a) salt water desalination; b) the low cost and speed of food (virtual water) transport; and c) the easiness and low cost of groundwater abstraction, which has produced a kind of "silent revolution" in most arid and semiarid countries. These advances are changing the concepts of water and food security that have been predominant during centuries in the minds of most water decisionmakers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]