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Introduction: To analyze the effect of pharmaceutical intervention on therapeutic adherence, viral load (VL), and CD4 T lymphocyte count in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) for strengthening the role of the pharmacist in an infectious diseases service. Methods: Retrospective observational study. Data were collected through interviews using the “Assessment of Predictive Factors of Therapeutic Adherence” questionnaire. VL and CD4 parameters were collected f were collected from the patients’ medical records at the hospital. Results: 103 patients were included, 92 % men, mean age 32.30± 10.90 years for the group of patients. After pharmaceutical intervention through strategies to promote adherence: 100 % of patients increased their knowledge of their disease, 62 % increased their knowledge of antiretroviral therapy (ART), 90 % showed tolerance to ART, and 4 % experienced adverse reactions. This was reflected in an increase in the median CD4 T lymphocyte count and a decrease in viral load (undetectable in 72 % of patients), statistically and clinically significant results (p< 0.01). Conclusions: The findings suggest that pharmaceutical intervention in therapeutic adherence to ART has beneficial effects (CD4 and VL) in the analyzed patient group. Further studies are necessary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Biomédica: Revista del Instituto Nacional de Salud is the property of Instituto Nacional de Salud of Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Actualización en Nutrición is the property of Sociedad Argentina de Nutricion and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Medica Colombiana is the property of Acta Medica Colombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

BACKGROUND: Monkeypox is an emerging disease that can range from a mild condition to serious complications, which have not been fully described. CLINICAL CASE: A 32-year-old male patient, with HIV, who presented with monkeypox and abundant sudden-onset rectal bleeding and hypovolemic shock, six days after the onset of skin lesions. Colonoscopy showed a bleeding ulcer in the internal anal margin, despite this, the histopathological findings were inflammatory infiltrates and granulation tissue formation. CONCLUSIONS: The monkeypox virus seems to have a variable behavior, being more serious in people with immunocompromise; however, some symptoms can alert us to possible complications for timely intervention. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV/AIDS emerged in the 1980s and created an urgent need for detection tests. Laboratory tests to detect HIV antibodies in blood samples were developed, followed by rapid tests in the 1990s. In the 2000s, HIV self-testing kits were introduced, improving accuracy and ease of use. Self-testing has become crucial in the fight against HIV. By 2030, the United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) sets goals for detection and treatment. Despite progress, challenges such as stigma and education persist. In Latin America, national self-testing programs are being implemented, such as in Chile, Brazil, and Colombia. In Mexico, the approval of self-tests in 2024 represents a significant advancement. Self-tests are expected to be widely used to detect the disease early, ensuring privacy and reducing stigma and discrimination. They will also be used for research in vulnerable groups and to refer patients to pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) services. With these actions, the aim is to achieve the goals set by UNAIDS and improve public health in the fight against HIV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Histoplasmosis is a deep mycosis that affects multiple organs, including the skin and bone marrow. CLINICAL CASE: A 36-year-old male patient diagnosed with HIV and cutaneous histoplasmosis, which manifested as a disseminated dermatosis on the neck, trunk, upper and lower extremities, characterized by papular neoformations of 1-3 mm in diameter, some of them umbilicated, erythematous and hyperpigmented, light brown in color. He had a good response to treatment with amphotericin B and later with itraconazole, as well as antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSIONS: Histoplasmosis is a common opportunistic mycosis in patients with HIV infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), which usually starts nonspecifically and may subsequently presents as a disseminated variant. The skin lesions show a heterogeneous morphology, such as umbilicated papules, nodules, vegetating plaques and/or macules. Amphotericin B and itraconazole are first-line treatments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Neurológica Colombiana is the property of Colombian Association of Neurology / Asociacion Colombiana de Neurologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Histoplasmosis is a systemic mycosis caused by the agent Histoplasma capsulatum. Its clinical manifestations depend on the inhaled fungal load and can vary from an asymptomatic infection (90%) to a disseminated disease, especially in HIV infections and a CD4 T lymphocyte count of less than 150 cells. Its initial symptoms are nonspecific, including fever, weight loss, dry cough, and chest pain. It spreads to other organs, with the skin being a rare site where lesions of wide polymorphism are observed. The disseminated form requires a high index of suspicion and must be differentiated from other common pathologies in patients with advanced HIV infection such as pulmonary tuberculosis. Clinic case: A 33-year-old male with a diagnosis of HIV/AIDS C3, pulmonary tuberculosis and dermatosis of 9 months' evolution, with poor adherence to treatment who died of complications secondary to disseminated histoplasmosis. Conclusion: Histoplasmosis is a common opportunistic mycosis in patients with advanced HIV disease, especially in endemic areas, so it's recommended to start an early diagnostic protocol and raise awareness of the importance of adherence to treatment, due to the rapid progression of the disseminated variant and its high mortality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Objectives: The COM-B model of capability, motivation, and opportunity was used to estimate the determinants of PrEP usage intention among men who have sex with men (MSM). Methods: Fourteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with MSM recruited through snowball sampling. The interviews lasted 30-60 minutes and were conducted via Zoom or telephone. The data were analyzed using Atlas Ti v.8 and mapped to capability, motivation, and opportunity domains. Results: Potential facilitators identified were the skills and interest in seeking information about PrEP (capability), social support and peer opinion (opportunity), and motivations to use PrEP as an additional tool in HIV prevention. The main barriers identified were stigma towards homosexuality and HIV (opportunity); healthcare system organization and financing (opportunity); perceived lack of ability to adhere to PrEP usage (capability); and monitoring of PrEP that could be attributed to personal and healthcare system factors (capability and opportunity). Conclusions: Four strategies are suggested to address these barriers: 1) adaptation of interventions that promote knowledge and skills for PrEP; 2) development of navigator interventions to engage organizations and leaders; 3) education and skills training for primary care physicians; and 4) improvement of sexual health care systems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Actinic reticuloid is a chronic photodermatosis characterized by erythematous-edematous papules and plaques that evolve into residual pigmented macules, initially located in photoexposed areas and related to daylight exposure. CLINICAL CASE: A 70-year-old male patient, originally from Tampico, Tamaulipas, and resident of Ciudad Madero, Tamaulipas, Mexico, with erythematosquamous, pruritic plaques affecting 90% of the body surface of 8 months of evolution. During his diagnostic approach, it was taken a first biopsy of the lesions, with data compatible with the diagnosis of actinic reticuloid: spongiotic hyperplasia of the epidermis with superficial perivascular lymphocytic infiltrate and lichenoid appearance. Subsequently, a second biopsy was taken confirming the diagnosis of actinic reticuloid. Complementary studies found HIV positive serology, as well as antibodies against Treponema pallidum. Antiretroviral therapy was administered with tenofovir, emtricitabine and efavirenz 300/200/600 mg in tablets 1 every 24 hours; doxycycline 100 mg orally every 12 hours for 14 days and thalidomide 100 mg every 24 hours. After 2 months of treatment the patient showed clinical and biochemical relieve of the lesions, decrease of pruritus, improvement in lymphocyte count and decrease of viral load for HIV. CONCLUSIONS: This case represents a clinical and histopathological description of actinic reticuloid in a patient with HIV and primary syphilis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gaceta Médica de México is the property of Publicidad Permanyer SLU and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) has been shown to reduce the incidence of HIV, but its adoption in Colombia is still beginning. To advance the implementation of PrEP as a public health intervention, it is necessary to know the interest of populations at risk of HIV and the factors that would facilitate its use. Objective: Identify factors related to interest and intention to take PrEP in gay/bisexual men. Methodology: Analytical cross-sectional study in a non-probabilistic sample in main cities of Colombia. Sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge, motivations, behavioral skills, and psychosocial factors were explored; logistic models were used to estimate the relationship of these factors with interest and intention to use PrEP. Results and conclusions: 552 gay/bisexual men participated, 301 (54%) recruited online and 251 in person. Only 40% of the sample knew of the existence of PrEP. 57.4% (95% CI: 54.9%-62.4%) reported interest and 52.9% (95% CI: 48.5%-57.3%) intention to use PrEP. Interest and intention to use PrEP were related to positive attitudes and norms toward PrEP, as well as greater skills related to PrEP services. Stigma toward PrEP and depressive symptoms were related to lower interest and intention. Our results suggest the need to promote information about PrEP, especially in populations with more social disadvantages and who experience more stigma, as well as to develop community interventions that support motivations and skills to use PrEP. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this work is to characterize partner violence in people with seropositivity (prevalence, types of violent actions, risk/protective variables, and consequences), for which a systematic review was carried out through the PRISMA protocol. The search for articles was carried out in Scopus, Web of Science, Eric, Scielo and Pubmed published up to 2021. 113 articles were found, of which 22 met the eligibility criteria. The results indicate that intimate partner violence in seropositive people, in addition to manifesting itself in a physical, psychological, patrimonial, sexual, and verbal way, can be presented using HIV to exercise violence. The prevalence varies depending on the geographical context in a range from 19.6% to 43.1%, which is higher in the migrant population and in men who have sex with men (MSM), seropositive women, non-heterosexual couples and in couples in which both members are seropositive. The risk/protective variables identified were associated with the dimensions: informational, motivational, behavioral skills, sociodemographic, cultural, health, socio-family and political. Likewise, social, economic and health consequences were evidenced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lamivudine is one of the most prescribed drugs in the world, and is used to treat human immunodeficiency and hepatitis B. This study aimed to evaluate the quality attributes and compare the dissolution profiles of two batches (A and B) of generic lamivudine 150 mg tablets with the innovator drug Epivir 150 mg tablets. We conducted an analytical, experimental, cross-sectional study, and used a spectrophotometric method at a wavelength of maximum absorption (λ) corresponding to 270 nm, to measure the percentage of dissolved drug. The study evaluated identification, content, dissolution and mass uniformity. Apparatus 2 USP (Paddle) 75 rpm, 900 mL of dissolution medium (37 ± 0.5 °C) was used in three dissolution media: pH 1.2; 4.5 and 6.8. Samples of 5 mL were obtained at 5, 10, 15, 20 and 30 min. Both batches of generic lamivudine (A and B) were found to have the same dissolution kinetic profile as the innovator drug. Both formulations met the criteria of very fast dissolving (85% dissolved in 15 min), and fast dissolving (85% dissolved in 30 min) drugs. Therefore, it was not necessary to calculate the similarity factor. We concluded that generic drugs A and B are in vitro equivalents to the innovator drug Epivir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de Gastroenterología del Perú is the property of Sociedad de Gastroenterologia del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Médicas UIS is the property of Universidad Industrial de Santander and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Prospectiva is the property of Universidad del Valle and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Tesla Revista Científica is the property of Puerto Madero Editorial Academica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Médica Peruana is the property of Colegio Medico del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introduction: One of the millennium challenges worldwide is to fight the advance of the human immunodeficiency virus/aids. Objective: To characterize the sick population with clinical onset of AIDS according to sociodemographic and epidemiologic variables. Methods: An observational and descriptive study was carried out, from 2017 to 2021, of 87 people diagnosed with clinical onset of AIDS in Santiago de Cuba province. In the statistical analysis, measures of central tendency and dispersion were used, as well as the distribution of absolute and relative frequencies; also, confidence intervals of 95% were computed for the proportions of selected variables. Results: The average age in the series was 42 years (79.3%), likewise, there was a prevalence of the male sex (91.9%), single as marital status (91.9%), working bond (72.4%), mixed race (52.8%) and black skin color (39.3%), and the urban origin (73.5%). The anal coitus was the main way of infection (84.0%), while the majority of the affected individuals of both sexes (65.2% in males and 66.7% in females) did not use condoms and homosexuality predominated among men (55.0%). Conclusions: The clinical onset of AIDS prevailed in young and single men, with working bond, among whom risky sexual behaviors were very significant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Insulinoma is a pancreatic neuroendocrine tumor that produces hyperinsulinism and causes a severe lowering of blood glucose levels with chronic symptoms such as fainting. It is more common in males and can occur at any age, either as solitary or multiple neoplasms, the latter known to be part of the multiple endocrine neoplasia, type 1 (MEN 1) group. Insulinomas are rare and require resective surgery, with symptoms resolution being the marker of recovery. This article describes a case of insulinoma in a 51-year-old woman with a clinically typical presentation and signs and symptoms of hyperinsulinism. Laboratory tests revealed increased insulin secretion, while magnetic resonance imaging showed features of insulinoma, where the pancreatic tumor could be seen. This case was treated by surgical resection of the pancreatic tumor during an exploratory laparotomy, using the enucleation technique, which is described in detail herein. There were no intraoperative or postoperative complications, i.e., the result was successful in terms of health recovery. This surgical technique is used at Hospital Nacional Arzobispo Loayza in Lima, Peru, when facing cases such as the one described. This type of neoplasm is very uncommon, so it should be considered highly suspicious and, in this case, the images were essential for choosing the surgical resection. Other cases of insulinoma have been treated surgically at the Hospital; moreover at least one case of nesidioblastosis could not receive an adequate treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We present the case of a 59-year-old male patient diagnosed with HIV infection since 2008 on intermittent antiretroviral therapy with dolutegravir, lamivudine, abacavir, stage C3 (viral load 29,855 and CD4 count 40) who was admitted for a clinical picture of two months of evolution consisting of the appearance of non-pruritic nodular ulcerated cutaneous lesions on the face and lower limbs associated with loss of visual acuity in the left eye. On physical examination presented ulcerated lesions with necrotic and hyperkeratotic edges, for this reason extension studies were requested. The patient presented reactive VDRL, which is why a skin biopsy was requested, due to the suspicion of malignant syphilis, as well as lumbar puncture and ophthalmological assessment, which confirmed neurosyphilis and panuveitis. Finally, the skin biopsy report showed lesions compatible with malignant syphilis, for which he was treated with single-dose benzathine penicillin G and crystalline penicillin due to central nervous system and eye involvement, with complete resolution of the symptoms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In May of 2022, the identification of monkeypox cases with human-to-human transmission began, with the sexual pathway being the most frequent form (1-3). Below, we present a case series of 11 patients with monkeypox, who consulted between August and October of 2022. Materials and methods: A retrospective descriptive study was performed. The demographic, clinical, and epidemiological characteristics of the patients were described, and a skin biopsy was performed in one of them. In addition, the main characteristics of the HIV-positive patients were specified. Data was collected and analyzed in Microsoft® Excel. Results: All the patients were male, mean age was 33.9 years. PCR was positive in 9 respiratory swab samples, in 10 skin lesion samples and in 8 scab samples. HIV history was present in 81.8%. All the patients had general malaise and lymphadenopathy; the time from contact to lesions was 13.7 days and 100% were pustules; lastly, systemic symptoms resolved faster than skin lesions. Discussion: The reported case series exhibited a similar behavior to that reported in the literature (male sex identified as homosexual or bisexual), who had frequent HIV coinfection and history of other sexually transmitted infections: 81.8% (n = 9) and 66.6% (n = 6), respectively. Conclusion: The data suggests a close relationship between HIV and monkeypox virus, having in common the transmission, primarily through sexual contact; in addition, the high prevalence of other STIs, which support the statement that it is the main route of transmission during this outbreak. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Neurológica Colombiana is the property of Colombian Association of Neurology / Asociacion Colombiana de Neurologia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Retos: Nuevas Perspectivas de Educación Física, Deporte y Recreación is the property of Federacion Espanola de Asociaciones de Docentes de Educacion Fisica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Marjolin's ulcer is the malignant degeneration of any chronic wound, with a latency period from tissue injury to variable malignant transformation that may occur up to 30 years later. Among the associated neoplasms, squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the predominant lineage in up to 71% of cases. The verrucous carcinoma variant has been estimated to have a low presentation, being described in the literature as 2% of all SCC and reported anecdotally in immunosuppressed patients, which justifies the objective of this publication. Clinical case: 65-year-old female patient with a history of being a carrier of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection, who presented a verrucous carcinoma associated to a Marjolin ulcer secondary to herpes zoster and infection of soft tissues in the right leg, with a latency period of 10 years from the initial infectious process to histopathological confirmation. Conclusions: The finding of a verrucous carcinoma on a Marjolin ulcer has been little described in literature, with a lower incidence in the context of a patient with a history of being a carrier of HIV infection, finding 7 case reports, the oldest from 1998. For this reason, it is important to have diagnostic suspicion, to carry out an adequate study protocol and always making clinical-pathological correlation, in order to establish timely and individualized treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction. The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infects and gradually destroy CD4+ cells of the immune system and eventually leading to immunodeficiency. Gastrointestinal opportunistic parasitosis are a frequent cause of morbidity and mortality in HIV+ patients. Objective. To determine the prevalence of the opportunistic parasites Cryptosporidium spp., Cystoisospora belli and Cyclospora cayetanensis, in patients infected with HIV in the municipality of Veracruz. Mexico. Material and methods. 230 non-serial stool samples from patients with HIV were collected. The smears were analysed by direct method and modified Ziehl-Neelsen staining. Results. A prevalence of parasitism of 92.17% was found, 85.22% of Cryptosporidium spp., and C. cayetanensis were identified as mono-parasitism or in association with each other and with other nonopportunistic parasites. Cryptosporidium spp. was the most prevalent parasite (72.60%), followed by C. cayetanensis (57.78%), Endolimax nana (36.52%), Blastocystis spp. (17.83%) and Entamoeba Complex (7 .83%). No samples with Cystoisospora belli were identified. Conclusions. Compared to the only report of opportunistic parasites in the HIV+ population of the Veracruz municipality, there was an increase in the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. and a abscense of C. belli. Even with a greater access to antiretroviral treatment, in Mexico, parasitosis continue to have high prevalences. Therefore, routine monitoring of opportunistic parasitism is necessary, using appropriate techniques to avoid underdiagnosis and the risk of comorbidity and mortality that they represent in the HIV+ population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Foundation: Seropositivity to the human immunodeficiency virus currently represents a serious health problem, due to its scope and global significance. In Cuba, the provincial capitals register higher incidence rates compared to the rest of the municipalities. Objective: to epidemiologically characterize the seropositive cases to the human immunodeficiency virus. Methods: a descriptive and retrospective study was carried out in the Cienfuegos municipality, between 2017 and 2021. The universe of 134 patients. The analyzed variables were: age, sex, level of education, sexual orientation, health areas and research group. For the analysis of the information, summary measures for quantitative variables (percentages and rates) were used. Results: health areas III and VI had the highest rates. The age group of 25-34 years predominated, and the male sex represented 79.9% of the total. According to sexual orientation, homosexuals occupied 58.2%, and 32.1% belonged to the research group captured. Conclusions: seropositive cases to the human immunodeficiency virus decreased significantly in the last five years, where patients of young adulthood were the most affected, as well as men who have sex with other men. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This report describes the case of two male HIV-positive patients who were not receiving treatment and whose diagnosis was confirmed by serology testing. Both patients developed midbrain stroke syndrome and the structural injury, which was caused by a central nervous system infection due to cerebral toxoplasmosis, was verified by brain magnetic resonance imaging. This condition was confirmed by cerebrospinal fluid serology testing. Weber's syndrome is a very rare type of midbrain stroke syndrome with little information available on its symptoms and evolution. It was first described by Sir Herman David Weber in 1863 and is characterized by ipsilateral injury of the third cranial nerve fascicle with contralateral hemiparesis due to injury of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts of the cerebral peduncle. Its causes range from ischemic or hemorrhagic processes, which damage the third cranial nerve fascicle and cerebral peduncle, to brain tumors, aneurysms, extradural hematomas and infectious diseases that behave like spreading processes. The assessed patients showed clinical signs and symptoms such as ptosis; vertical double vision; difficulty standing up; hemiparesis; hyporeflexia; decreased superficial and deep sensation; poor balance and coordination; third cranial nerve palsy; slurred speech; intermittent disorientation in time, place and person; and facial asymmetry. Oral trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, clindamycin and prednisone were administered as specific treatment for toxoplasmosis, which enabled the improvement of the clinical picture. This case report presents the sequence of events, treatment and a brief review of the literature to be considered in the diagnosis and determine its importance in patients with HIV-toxoplasmosis of the central nervous system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: infection by the human immunodeficiency virus is one of the most important sexually transmitted infections for health worldwide and one of the most frightening of this century. Objective: to characterize the infection by the human immunodeficiency virus in people aged 50 years and older. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive observational research was carried out, which included all the people diagnosed with the human immunodeficiency virus, in Cienfuegos, from 1986 to 2021. The analyzed variables were: age, sex, sexual orientation, research group, diagnoses by year and residence municipality. Results: people in the age group of 50 to 59 years contributed the highest incidence with 75.21%; the predominant sexual orientation was homosexual (58,9 %). According to the research groups, in the three age groups the captured group stands out with 41.88%. A sustained increase was observed in the province, mainly in the male sex, rising in recent years. Conclusions: the increase in patients aged 50 and older diagnosed with human immunodeficiency virus indicates that it is necessary to address the problem with a different clinical-epidemiological approach. These characteristics increase the risk of HIV infection, they must be monitored with the application of the MINSAP 50 and + Work Line. It is necessary to carry out activities aimed at reducing the risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article analyzes a mathematical model for the dynamics of HIV/AIDS, in which study six behaviors corresponding to five stages of progression of the disease: the phase susceptible, the phase without diagnosis, the phase of diagnosis without viral suppression, with viral suppression and with AIDS, is also considered a protected population under the action of pre-exposure prophylaxis. It is also considered a rate of immigrants in the populations of undiagnosed and diagnosed without viral suppression. With the proposed model, equilibrium points are sought, in which, due to immigration there is no trivial equilibrium point and therefore the basic reproductive number of disease cannot be calculated. Numerical simulations are carried out, and parameters are estimated with data from the city of Pasto, in Colombia, from where it can be seen that timely diagnosis and prevalence in the use of antiretrovirals are very effective in controlling the disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Acquired immunodeficiency virus infection continues to be a major public health problem not only in Ecuador but also throughout the world. Cancer is a common presentation in people living with this virus and represents the main cause of death in this population in most Latin American countries. For these reasons, we present the case of a 58-year-old patient, diagnosed with acquired immunodeficiency virus in the year 2000, who in the last ten years presented adequate clinical, virological, and pharmacological control. Suddenly and a few months ago, he began with symptoms related to a spinal cord compression syndrome at the lumbar level characterized by pain, functional impotence of the extremities and paresthesias. Complementary studies determined the presence of a mass at the medullary level and imaging studies (PET/CT) revealed a tumor mass at the lumbar level associated with multiple retroperitoneal and inguinal lymph nodes. The histopathological results revealed the presence of non-Hodgkin lymphoma, an AIDS-defining neoplasm, which ultimately resulted in the patient's death. The presence of this type of neoplasia is extremely striking after 20 years after the virus was diagnosed and especially after more than ten years of adequate controls and no detected viral loads, which warranted the publication of this case. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

HIV is a chronic disease that affects the CD4 receptors of the immune system, so it is necessary for people with the virus to be under Antiretroviral Treatment (ART) to reduce the viral load in the body. The success of ART is related to adherence to treatment, understood as: the intake of antiretroviral drugs, follow-up of medical controls and implementation of healthy lifestyles. There are personal, social and health systems problems that prevent people from adhering to ART in an adequate way. This situation has become a public health problem because inappropriate taking of drugs often leads to drug resistance. In this way, it is necessary to implement effective psychological interventions aimed at increasing adherence to ART, to contribute to a better use of antiretrovirals and to the improvement of the quality of life of people with HIV. Accordingly, the objective was to review the factors associated with the efficacy of psychological interventions, to increase adherence to ART and to aggregate the findings in quantitative estimates of its impact on adherence. For this purpose, meta-analysis was used as a research technique that allows a quantitative analysis of results by calculating specific statistics. The literature search and review were carried out from August 2017 to May 2019 in the PubMed, Academic Search Complete (EBSCO Host) and Springer Link databases, for the identification of experimental studies that met the eligibility criteria (studies published in peer-reviewed indexed journals, experimental or quasi-experimental research, using techniques to increase adherence, published in Spanish and English and reporting the necessary statistics for effect size calculation). Of the 15 studies (total n = 1669) selected, 38 effect sizes were obtained. The calculation of the individual and global effect size was performed using the Comprehensive Meta-Analysis software (Biostat, 2011, v. 2.2.064). All the effect sizes were calculated using the standardized mean difference and a random effects model. To find out if individual effect sizes were homogeneous and therefore represent a similar measure of treatment efficacy, the Cochran Q homogeneity test was applied; based on this, the I² was calculated. Also, it was performed a publication bias calculation, the objective of which was to estimate the number of non-significant effect sizes that are required for a reduction of the global effect size to a smaller and non-significant one. The overall effect size was moderate (d = 0.56, n = 38, 95 % CI = 0.39 - 0.72, p < .001) and presented high heterogeneity (I² = 82.25). Twelve moderator variables were analyzed (year of publication, percentage of men, average age, measurement time, number of sessions / interactions, duration of sessions, total duration of intervention, economic remuneration for intervention, place where the intervention was carried out, type of intervention, intervention modality and adherence measurement), of which 11 were significant (all but intervention modality: individual vs. group therapy). The results suggest that the success of an intervention proposal to improve adherence to ART will be related to its ability to consider the components of the environment and the social situation in which the person with HIV develops, as well as their intrinsic characteristics in interaction with their context. Likewise, it is necessary to consider that the presence of adherence barriers should be treated specifically in young people and adults, as well as in men and women. Finally, it is more important to establish interventions aimed not only to increase adherence, but maintaining it, which is why it is considered necessary to propose studies aimed at maintaining adherence, as well as offering practical tools for people to make better decisions about their health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective. To analyze the changes in the burden of HIV disease in the period 1990-2017, in contrast to the intervention policies and programs implemented for its prevention and control. Materials and methods. A timeline of policies and interventions in Mexico was developed and with JoinPoint regression models, we analyzed their possible relationship with significant changes in trends in the burden of HIV disease. Results. Changes in the burden of disease are related to the universalization of access to antiretroviral drugs (ARV), comprehensive care programs, and the fight against stigma and discrimination. In the period analyzed, there is a decrease in mortality related to universal and free access to ARVs. The magnitude of the changes tends to be greater in men than in women. Conclusions. The policies and programs implemented to treat people with HIV/AIDS in Mexico were integrated into increasingly cohesive and effective strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: In adolescents, the vulnerabilities resulting from HIV infection are linked to the biopsychosocial singularities of the phase, making them a priority group for health strategies. Objective: To analyze the state of the art regarding situations of vulnerability of adolescents who (co)live with HIV. Method: Integrative literature review conducted in eight libraries/databases to answer the guiding question. The standardized recommendations for review were followed, the findings were categorized and discussed according to the vulnerability framework. Result: 7,517 publications were identified, of which 11 were included. Different situations of individual, social and programmatic vulnerability experienced by young people with HIV were evidenced, namely: omission of diagnosis, stigma, discrimination, low adherence to antiretroviral therapy, emotional distress, among others. Discussion: Adolescents living with HIV are susceptible to situations that expose them to real and/or potential risks. In this sense, it is imperative to qualify health services and actions, in a logic of universal and integral offer, free of judgments based on personal beliefs. Conclusion: Adolescents who (co)live with HIV are inserted in dynamic, subjective, and complex contexts of vulnerability, constrained by individual, social and programmatic aspects that negatively influence their adolescence, their health, and their relationships. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Dilemas Contemporáneos: Educación, Política y Valores is the property of Dilemas Contemporaneos: Educacion, Politica y Valores and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Española de Quimioterapia is the property of Sociedad Espanola de Quimioterapia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: Neuromyelitis optica spectrum (NMO) is an autoimmune condition with preferential target at the optic nerves and spinal cord. Although HIV infection can also cause neuritis and myelitis, the entity of HIV related to NMO has recently been elucidated, however, little is known about the context of this disease. Objective: To describe the clinical characteristics, imaging, treatment, and functional prognosis in an HIV-positive patient who developed an episode of longitudinally extensive transverse myelitis (LETM) with positive anti-AQP4 antibodies. Clinic case: 36-year-old man with a history of HIV diagnosed in 2017, on antiretroviral treatment. On March 2021 he was admitted for study due to complete spinal cord syndrome, corroborating in MRI a longitudinally extensive lesion from T8-L1, with CSF with and AQP4 seropositivity, a diagnosis of NMO was integrated by Wingerchuk criteria and rituximab is started with symptomatic improvement, objectifying it with the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS) from 4 to 1. Conclusion: NMO entity related to HIV is rare, this phenomenon being classically found at the time of diagnosis or after the start of treatment when the immune system is still capable of developing an exaggerated immune response, however in the case we report the debut of NMO occurred 3 years after diagnosis, contrasting with previously reported cases, so we suggest that some other mechanisms could be involved, such as altered regulation of B cells and a direct viral effect. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Mortality from HIV/AIDS is one of the main indicators to monitor this public health problem. Objective: Analyze the changes in the trend in mortality and in the number of people infected with HIV/AIDS in Peru 2000-2021. Material and Methods: Ecological study based on open data on people living with HIV/AIDS in the period 2000-2021. Mortality rates were obtained from the Single National Health Information Repository. Data on new cases of HIV/AIDS were obtained from CDC Peru sources. A joinpoint regression analysis estimated trends using mean percentage change (APC); considering sex, life stages and regions, p values less than 0.05 being significant. Results: The general mortality trend had no significant changes (APC=-1.3 [95% CI: - 2.6; 0.1]); nine regions presented increasing mortality trends; mortality in women decreased (APC=-2.2 [95% CI: -3.7; -0.6]); an increasing trend was observed in adolescent mortality (APC=6.3 [95% CI: 2.3; 10.3]). An increasing trend was demonstrated in the number of people infected with HIV (APC=3.73 [95% CI: 2.6; 4.8]) and the trend of AIDS cases decreased from 2004 (APC=-2.54 [95% CI: -4.3; -0.7]). Conclusion: It was found that there are increasing trends in mortality from HIV/AIDS in adolescents and in a significant number of regions of the Peruvian highlands, being a key priority to deepen the management and approach of these populations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Medica Colombiana is the property of Acta Medica Colombiana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) infection is a public health problem worldwide. The aim of this study was to determine the clinical characteristics of patients with HIV-SIDA infection under follow-up at the outpatient clinic of the Homero Castanier Crespo Hospital. A retrospective sectional, analytical, observational, and quantitative study was done. All patients with HIV infection on control and follow-up at the outpatient clinic were included in the study. The total number of patients followed - up was 54. Predominant male (72.2%), heterosexual (75.9%), and higher frequency of cases in the age range of 18 to 35 years. Occupationally the group studied was diverse. In female patients (N: 16) housewives predominated (10/15) (66.6%). Most had been diagnosed in the last 5 years. Regarding the control viral load at one year of treatment, 48.1% had undetectable viral load (less than 40 copies / mL), viral load between 40 to 10,000 copies/mL 16.7%, more than 10,000 copies/mL 7.4% and 27.8% were under treatment less than 1 year. About 50% had a CD4 T lymphocyte count greater than 200 mm³. The antiretroviral combination in most patients (77.8%) was tenofovir / emtricitabine / efavirenz. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microsporidiosis is an emerging opportunistic human infection, capable of producing from a localized infection to a systemic infection. The objective was to detect the presence of Microsporidia in samples from HIV positive patients with diarrheal syndrome at the "Dr. José Daniel Rodríguez" from Guayaquil, 2021-2022. 87 patients were studied using the optical microscopy method, with fast-hot Gram Chromotrope staining, the analysis of results was carried out through descriptive statistics and Excel and SPSS software were used. About the total number of individuals studied, 13 (14.9%) patients were found positive for Microsporidia and 74 (85.1%) did not present spores. Regarding the level of education, 8 (61.5%) have primary school and 5 have secondary school (38.5%), marital status 10 (76.9%) are single and 3 (23.1%) are married, the highest concentration is in Guayaquil 8 (6.5%), Durán 1 (7.7%), Esmeralda 1 (7.7%) and Riobamba 3 (23.1%). The levels of LTCD4+, 7 (53.85%) patients had below 500 xml3 cells and 6 (46.15%) had more than 500 To the type of diarrhea, 13 (100%) presented chronic diarrhea. In conclusion, the optical microscopy method using fast-hot Gram Chromotrope staining allowed the detection of microsporidia spores, demonstrating high sensitivity and specificity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: in 2021 the Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) estimated that 160,000 children became infected with HIV. For this reason, the elimination of motherto- child transmission of HIV (MTCT-HIV) has become a global public health priority. Objective: to analyze the magnitude, distribution, and trend of cases by MTCT-HIV from 1996 to 2018, in Mexico. Material and methods: descriptive study, based on official records at the national level, identifying the cases due to MTCT-HIV and their distribution according to the mother's residence. The information was grouped by state and health jurisdiction (HJ) zones, using the Joinpoint segmented regression model. Results: between 1986 and 2018, 3,989 MTCT-HIV cases were diagnosed. Although there was a significant decrease in the number of cases from 2006, in 2018 there were 81 cases. From 2013 to 2018, 470 cases were registered, of which 50.9% were concentrated in six Mexican States and 49.4% in 24 HJ. Conclusion: although there is progress with the data obtained, it is possible to identify geographic areas where it is necessary to prioritize actions to eliminate MTCT-HIV in Mexico. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article seeks to present the stories of resistance of three HIV+ migrants from Venezuela and four lawyers from NGOs and legal offices in Bogotá to analyze how migrants react to the exclusion created by law, using legal and non-legal resistance mechanisms for access to the care and treatment necessary to survive. The methodology used was several semi-structured interviews conducted in 2021 and 2022, using the snowball methodology. Each participant was interviewed several times through Zoom, and the audio of each interview was transcribed and analyzed through N-Vivo. As a theoretical framework for the data obtained, I used different study categories to address resistance mechanisms explained by Austin Sarat, Patricia Ewick, and Susan Silbey. As a result, migrants have managed to process their health needs through NGOs and support networks where people who have had experience facing different scenarios of exclusion, particularly in hospitals, advise others and teach them "tricks." In addition, the lawyers interviewed agree on the strategic use of the refugee application to be able to regularize people's migratory situation and thus achieve full access to the health system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Antiretroviral therapy (ART) improves the quality of life and survival of people with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV); however, its prolonged use generates long-term metabolic and hematological effects. Additionally, dietary aspects and the infection itself are involved. Objective: To analyze the nutritional status and intake of macro and micronutrients in people with HIV under this treatment. Materials and Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional, and correlational study. Fifty-nine adults with HIV under ART with CD4 T lymphocytes ≥200/mm³ and without any other underlying pathology, who attended the infectious diseases service at Hospital Rawson in Córdoba, Argentina, during the period 2019-2020, participated. Demographic, biochemical (<12 months), ART initiation and current regimen, anthropometric nutritional status, and dietary intake data were recorded. Results: 57.6% were overweight; 25.4% had hypertriglyceridemia; 41.5% had low HDL cholesterol; and 27.6% had hyperglycemia. Excessive intake of calories (49.2%), lipids (54.3%), and sodium (57.6%), and deficient intake of potassium (44.1%), calcium (77.9%), zinc (20.3%), vitamins A (42.4%), and C (35.6%) were recorded in most individuals. Conclusion: The high prevalence of overweight/obesity along with lipid and glycemic alterations requires a comprehensive approach in which adequate nutrition complements ART. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper reviews the book Tras los rastros de un corpus seropositivo: VIH y sida en la poesída costarricense (1983-2017), by Ronald Campos López (2022). First, its importance for the studies on Costa Rican HIV-positive literature is exposed; in addition, the relevance of its theme -- "forgotten" in the literary academic field-- and of the theoretical contributions that support the analysis of Campos López are pointed out. Then, a synthesis of some chapters of the book is offered, where the approaches to the different poems selected by the author are commented. Finally, it is concluded that the book offers a lot of material for an academic, but also for a political reflection, since the study of HIV-positive literature also implies the analysis of the different kinds of knowledge that has built the "disease". [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To determine the characteristics and frequency of patients aged over 18 years with tuberculosis (TB) before (2019) and during (2020) the COVID-19 pandemic in a healthcare center (CS) in Lima, Peru. Materials and methods: A descriptive retrospective study that included medical records of 100 patients aged > 18 years enrolled in the TB program at CS Los Libertadores (SMP-Lima, Peru) from 2019 to 2020. Sociodemographic (sex, origin, age), clinical (admission/discharge status, body mass index, comorbidities, TB infection site, type of resistance, treatment regimen) and laboratory (smear microscopy, culture, drug susceptibility testing) variables were analyzed. Patients who did not have all the variables were excluded. An Excel database was prepared and a descriptive statistical analysis of the qualitative variables, expressed in frequencies, and quantitative variables, expressed in measures of central tendency (mean) and standard deviation, was performed using IBM SPSS Statistics. TB prevalence per year was determined, according to the population assigned to the healthcare center. Said information was obtained through the Tuberculosis Management Information System (SIGTB). Results: TB prevalence was 0.0015 % (49 patients) in 2019 and 0.075 % (51 patients) in 2020. In both years, the male sex and the age group between 18 and 29 years prevailed, and the most common site of infection were the lungs. In 2020, an increase in HIV comorbidity and mortality rate (0.074) was observed, as well as more positive smear microscopy cases. Conclusions: TB prevalence was higher in 2020, the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic, due to a reduced approach to TB programs as a result of the situation imposed by the pandemic. In addition, TB mortality rates raised in the same year, probably due to an increase in treatment dropouts or HIV and diabetes comorbidity rates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: to determine the correlation between CD4 count, viral load, and oral Candida colonization in people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA) receiving antiretroviral therapy (ART). Methods: a correlational cross-sectional study was conducted with 35 participants receiving antiretroviral treatment. Using flow cytometry, the CD4 count was determined; the viral load was determined by RT-PCRq and confirmation of oral colonization was made by isolating Candida spp. Results: CD4 count was significantly inversely correlated with viral load (Spearman's rho = -0.457, p=0.006; Kendall Tau-b= -0.306, p=0.012) and with oral Candida colonization (Spearman's rho = -0.442, p=0.008; Kendall Tau-b= -0.366, p=0,010), no statistical significance was found between viral load and colonization (p>0.05). Conclusions: in PLWHA receiving ART, low CD4 counts are associated with greater oral colonization by Candida; no association of said colonization with viral load was found. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]