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Copyright of Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de la Asociacion Aragonesa de Criticos de Arte is the property of Asociacion Aragonesa de Criticos de Arte and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of EURE is the property of Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Estudios Demográficos y Urbanos is the property of El Colegio de Mexico AC and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

What does environmental ethics have to say about the urban context? Is the city an environment that has only negative value or is it possible, and in fact necessary, to develop ethical recommendations about how to design it? In this paper, I argue for the second of these disjuncts and sketch some ideas for an environmental city ethics. I try to show that the most important principle of such an ethics is procedural: anyone affected by a decision about the urban environment must have the possibility to participate in the process of making it. This principle has certain preconditions and there are also limitations on its applicability. For example, it is plausible that there are certain ecocentric ethical obligations, which are valid independently of the implementation of the principle. I sketch an idea for how a city's green areas can help to raise citizens' awareness of these obligations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The journalistic chronicles of Alfonso Fuenmayor are closely related to the urban environment of Barranquilla. From a psychosocial approach and certain theories of the cultural studies, we will analyze how certain elements that appeal to the urban identity construction are conjugated, finding its foundation in the relationship with that urban environment itself. We will study a plurality of points of view, and the dynamics in the role of the chronicler to reveal his project of identity formation, firmly anchored in notions of tradition and progress and rooted in elements of the Caribbean popular culture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the last decades in the city of Puno in Peru, the pollution problem has become more acute, due to the disorderly growth of the urban population, the deficient management of solid waste and the discharge of sewage that without any type of treatment is discharged into the bay of Lake Titicaca; severely affecting its biodiversity, the environment and human health. Problems that justify the development of this research that the objective was to determine the level of knowledge that the population has about the factors and sources of pollution in the bay of Lake Titicaca and its impact on human health and the environment. A non-experimental, quantitative, cross-sectional, descriptive, correlational and micro-level study was carried out. The universe of study was made up of 97,264 inhabitants over 18 years of age (INEI, 2018); the simple random sample consisted of 382 people (193 men and 189 women). The collection technique was the survey; the processing, descriptive and inferential analysis and hypothesis testing were carried out with the SPSS Software. As a result, the level of knowledge is differentiated; being acceptable in 50% of heads of family, deficient in 48.7% and outstanding in 1.3%. The variability of the level of knowledge, conditioned by the socioeconomic status and the spatial location of the house in the coastal environment, denotes that in 4/5 of the heads of the family their knowledge is adequate in terms of pollution factors in the house and on sources of contamination of the bay ca; On the contrary, the knowledge about sanitation and environmental education of more than 80% of heads of families is deficient, denoting the precariousness of their environmental and ecological awareness. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article focuses on the analysis of rooftop terraces in the city of Madrid (Spain) as an example of the new tourist demands in urban environments. In this way, they stand out as an example of an offer aimed to satisfy the needs of post-modern tourists who demand quality tourist experiences. The methodology was based firstly on a bibliographic review, secondly on the search for terraces through specialized web pages, fieldwork and their subsequent georeferencing, and finally in the analysis of the information. The spatial distribution of the terraces is presented, through updated cartography, carried out after the georeferencing of the terraces. It is worth noting that the rooftop terraces are directly linked to the offer of experiential and quality tourism demanded by tourists, while their geographical distribution shows their clear relationship with the most touristic area of the city of Madrid. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of ESTOA: Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca is the property of ESTOA Revista de la Facultad de Arquitectura y Urbanismo de la Universidad de Cuenca and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The science of the police and the enlightened precepts on urbanism arrived in Havana, as in the rest of the Hispanic monarchy, in the second half of the 18th century. This situation left as testimony a series of normative documents of an executive nature which emanated directly from the local power and regulated practices and aspects of public order in the urban environment for a greater control of the population. From this perspective, this article analyzes three bandos and a rule that dictated the implementation of public lighting and a system of cleaning and garbage collection in Havana during the term of governor José Manuel de Ezpeleta. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Olivar is the property of Universidad Nacional de La Plata and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista de Estudios de la Administración Local y Autonómica is the property of Instituto Nacional de Administracion Publica and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Apuntes Universitarios: Revista de Investigación is the property of Universidad Peruana Union Filiar Tarapoto and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The visual contamination is defined as a perceptual effect composed of disorder and excess of images within the visual field. This study was aimed at establishing visual load levels manifested in 13 urban landscapes of Bogotá City (Colombia). We wanted to establish levels of association between the different variables that contribute to visual load indexes (ViLI), as well as the difference that exists between the visual contamination detected in two different planes of the visual field (one lower and one higher) in relation to the observersÂ'vertical visual horopter. 130 people participated in the study. To define the levels of visual load, the reticulum tracing methodology was implemented on photographs that emulate the arrangement of visual stimuli into the retinal image. It is concluded that the visual load is greater when the objects are at the level or below 15 ° in the visual field. Although visual stimuli that are above 15° provide visual load, they imply a significantly lower index of visual contamination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this article, the results of investigations are described on the wooden domestic architecture in the city of Guantánamo, whose state of decadence causes a negative impact in the urban image, and the environment, in spite of its urban, historical and cultural transcendence for that city. It had as an objective to contribute to their recognition, starting from their characterization and their state of current conservation. Theoretical and empiric methods were applied, inside which are the inventory, study of cases, characterization, diagnostic, definition and classification of causes that impact in their deterioration and gradual disappearance. As a result, the need for a comprehensive intervention strategy is proposed, with a view to establish its possible protection in the future. A series of emerging actions associated with the existing transformations, as well as consolidation efforts are recommended, as a preliminary approach to recovering this heritage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of DYNA - Ingeniería e Industria is the property of Publicaciones Dyna SL and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Gestión y Ambiente is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The incidence of territorial stigmatization on residents in Santa Clara and Añaza, two neighborhoods of the disadvantaged periphery of Santa Cruz de Tenerife, is examined. Stigma is a process of an intangible nature that weakens feelings of belonging, deteriorates social ties and, ultimately, aggravates the harsh conditions of existence of urban environments with clear signs of social exclusion. The results obtained from the news in the written press and the use of qualitative techniques such as participant observation and interviews reveal, on the one hand, the persistence of a negative social image on both spaces and, on the other, the different ways in which its inhabitants react to this spatial stigma. These differences in the participatory management of this problem result in the development of different emotional ties of the inhabitants towards their daily places of life and suggests their unequal capacity when exercising their right to the city. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Urban agriculture has been an emerging phenomenon for several decades, and it has contributed new meanings to agricultural practice, beyond the productive one, it has endowed it a social function aimed to different population groups. And it can be seen as an opportunity to recover abandoned spaces, giving them a new identity in the city. In Malaga city 19 urban gardens have been inventoried, promoted by both public and private organizations. The aim of this paper is to analyze them: information, both cuantitative and cualitative, has been obtained from interviews with promoters of these orchards in order to highlight their most outstanding features in terms of operation, socio-economic characteristics of the users, management, motivations and typology. Our findings show not only the diversity of existing projects, but also their benefits related with the personal development of users, the family economy and the urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of the city as a didactic resource is not a new topic; the city is a framework of relationships and contacts between its inhabitants, which allows us to talk about an informal learning space (the everyday, living in the city) and an intentionally organized and structured formal learning that is developed according to different programmes or projects (both government or civil society). The work that is presented consists in the development of strategies that from the educational field (integrating teachers and students from different disciplines, especially Architecture) bring the citizen to their city, especially children and young people, where understand the importance of cultural, environmental, artistic and historical assessment of its urban environment; while fostering respect for all citizens. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research study compares simulations obtained using deterministic, statistical, and semi-deterministic propagation models to measurements obtained of digital terrestrial television signal coverage for urban and rural environments in Colombia. A propagation model is selected that is most similar to the conditions found in the Colombian rural territory. This is to be used in the planning of digital terrestrial television networks in the UHF band having an error coefficient that can be compensated by applying correction factors. Simulation analyses show that the propagation model that is best suited to the real television broadcasting scenario for Colombia corresponds to a combination of the ITU-R 525 deterministic models for clear line-of-sight environments. For obstructed line-of-sight environments, it is concluded that the Deygout 94 propagation model offers the best results. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Obvious and insignificant, hanging clothes spend most of the time unnoticed in our daily wanderings. However, leaning out of the windows or floating in the wind, they are part of the urban landscape of our cities. Moreover, in its supposed insignificance, hanging clothes suggest multiple aspects of current life: restrictions and inadequacies of space; work and rest routines; social identities and community coordinations. What do we see when we see hanging clothes? Do we still see our clothes? Or do we begin to see colors, shapes, stories, intimacies? Des-save and expose our clothes can interpellate us in several ways: what do we decide to expose? What is it legitimate to make visible? What things do we hide from the scrutiny of others? In this text we inquire about how the presence of hanging clothes can be understood as a series of gestures that refer to different approaches to the materialities that make up our daily experience of the city. Gestures that link the functional with the poetic and exposed with the intimate. Inspired by the notion of Perec's "infraordinary" and based on the understanding of the importance of everyday gestures and the sociology of objects, we explore the sensitive, public and political power of hanging clothes in urban environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The soundwalk is an artistic practice that combines walking with listening to the sound environment. In this article, we present the work of three sound artists who have become unavoidable references in the field of sound walks: Hildergard Westerkamp, Christina Kubisch and Janet Cardiff. We will analyse with them how the soundwalks can affect and alter our way of perceiving and inhabiting our cities. It was precisely Westerkamp who gave name to this practice of going for a walk to listen. For her, the soundwalk is an effective way to get out of our sound bubbles and become aware of our participation and responsibility in the urban sound environments that we inhabit. Hence, she weighs it not only an artistic practice, but also an ecological one. On her part, Kubisch invites us with her Electric Walks to immerse ourselves in the soundscape of the electromagnetic fields generated by the multitude of electrical devices that surround us. Thus, making the nearby imperceptible perceptible, our streets are recontextualised and our senses become more attentive to how much goes unnoticed. Finally, Cardiff weaves audio walks in which the voice, and with it the word, take on special prominence to lead us through emotional and temporal labyrinths through streets always shared and full of sounds, memories, wishes, fears, history and stories. The work of these three artists shows how the sound plays a key role in our lives and our cities and if we take the time to walk and listen to the streets we are not only occupying them but also composing ourselves with them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Acta Zoologica Lilloana is the property of Fundacion Miguel Lillo and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The main objective is to present the results of an exploratory study in which a questionnaire was applied on the habitability conditions of homes and the urban environment in the face of social confinement caused by COVID 19 in Tijuana. It is assumed that the effects of the main measure of containment of the pandemic, the "stay at home", are more harmful in households that reside in houses with worse living conditions and less consolidated urban environments. The questionnaire included, in addition to the dimensions that are traditionally used in the study of habitability, various items on the implications of confinement in homes by concentrating activities that are normally carried out outside it, such as work or educational activities, as well as their impacts on the economic conditions and problems of families. The results show that, although the habitability conditions of the homes studied in Tijuana are mostly acceptable, the confinement has shown greater negative effects in homes of smaller dimensions and located in popular neighborhoods or that were identified as priority due to their degree of social vulnerability to COVID 19. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article is to analyze the emergence of systems of interaction and the reconfiguration of the forms of political participation as results of urban socio-environmental conflicts. Establishing a dialogue among the systemic perspective, pragmatism, and political sociology, the author proposes conceptual elements for the study of the consequences of this kind of conflict linked to the structures of a system of protest. Neighborhood organizations can be seen as emerging systems of interaction whose practices and communications produce ways of observing and mechanisms for political participation in autonomous spaces. Using qualitative methodology, he studies the case of the Coyoacán General Assembly of Neighborhoods, Towns, and Rocky Areas and its creation in the framework of a conflict over the environmental consequences of real estate development in southern Mexico City. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mexican artist Abraham Cruzvillegas, of Purepecha origin, develops, through installations made of combinations of recovered urban and industrial waste, a work that addresses the social experiences of creation, transformation and subversion, from the edges of the city and from beyond State control. Through the visual analysis of a group of works by this artist, this essay examines the role of sculptures and installations as theoretical and critical devices of forms of life that, with their ingenuity and effort, persist in overpopulated and segregated urban environments. The essay concludes that Cruzvillegas' objects and installations provide urban anthropology with a critical register, as while they denounce conditions of misery and inequality, they work in a dual approach: 1) as condensed experiences, through which a reflexivity about the forms produced by human activities is deployed, and 2) as images whose materialities and architectures reveal the paradoxical interplay, which between precariousness and creativity, develop forms of life on the urban margins. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Larhyss Journal is the property of Biskra University, Research Laboratory in Subterranean & Surface Hydraulics and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Economía Coyuntural, Revista de Temas de Coyuntura y Perspectivas is the property of Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas y Sociales Jose Ortiz Mercado (IIES-JOM) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Kavilando is the property of Kavilando and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

This article reviews the obstacles and possibilities which Christian spirituality encounters in the city. It argues that six characteristics of urban living -which might seem toxic for the spiritual life- might, on the contrary, facilitate the birth of a more refined spirituality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As the basis of our study of the development of spirituality, we chose to identify aspects of change in an urban area and a specific city: Bilbao. We examine spiritual elements from three scenarios characterized as "nonplaces", by means of the approximation offered by a variety of professionals working in this urban space. We were able to base our analysis on a single point of departure: with only one exception, they all share a notion of spirituality which is Christian and theological. The methodology involved the use of questionnaires; from the collation of the responses received we can identify two profiles of "spiritual people" in development: seekers and persons who are accompanied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Bitácora Urbano/Territorial is the property of Bitacora Urbano/Territorial and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Universal accessibility allows the free movement of people regardless of their condition, exercising their right to the city, this is a characteristic of sustainable cities. The objective of this research was "To diagnose the areas of opportunity in the environment in the urban district 4 from the indicators of accessibility, taking as reference the 10 most frequent types of blocks in the environment in search of greater accessibility in the environment". The research is non-experimental, descriptive design, with a mixed approach, through documentation and simple observation. The level of accessibility was found by evaluating the 10 most frequent types of apples, the conditions of each of the indicators were also detected. The resulting accessibility is 46,247, rejecting the hypothesis "The urban district 4 of Puerto Vallarta has an accessible environment configuration". Puerto Vallarta is a tourist destination and has accessibility exclusively in tourist areas, it is necessary to also intervene non-exclusive areas of tourism and improve the conditions for the inhabitants. Urban actions impact on people, especially those who need better conditions to perform in the city and not be excluded from it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We keep trying to remember those architectural elements that once represented an example of constructions of certain monumentality that were disappearing from our urban environment. The Party Prison was one of those elements that fulfilled a specific function, which in addition was entrusted to the city council that was its owner. Entrusted to the execution of the good work and the quality of the architect Justo Millán was an example of monumentality and functionality that, like others that we will try to remember, unfortunately was lost forever. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The migrations of sense shape the urban viewer's gaze regarding what he or she considers beautiful, acceptable, desirable or significant in the city. The nomadic presence in public spaces, seen as aesthetics that are out of place or dislocated, represents these irruptions in the urban daily order, which opens the door to questioning the circumstances that produce and form the urban environment as a contested space of encounter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The future of cities gives rise to the idea of densification and verticalization. An increase of population in a smaller area reduces displacements, consumption of land and energy, although social interaction and mental health are subjects of discussion. In the case of Mexico City, favoring verticality would require a careful adaptation to the local, natural and historical context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Gestión y Ambiente is the property of Universidad Nacional de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

In recent decades, in Latin America in general, changes in land use and the dynamics of urban development have led to heterogeneous spaces in cities that manifest numerous territorial problems. The city of Ushuaia, located in the province of Tierra del Fuego, has been the scene of constant urban areatransformations impacting on areas of ecological interest. Socio-technical changes give rise to a process of urbanization on productive soil, particularly since the 1970s, when the national government promotes the Economic Promotion Law (19640/72) and the subsequent process of provincialization of Tierra del Fuego in the '90s. Among the changes are highlighted on the one hand, the reduction of both orchards and other productive spaces within the city linked to urban growth and redefinition of vegetable supply channels. On the other, this urbanization on productive soil, added to the clearing became in great modifications in the native forest. From a socio-technical perspective, this research constitutes a first approximation to the de-construction of the trajectory of the urban transformations in Ushuaia from the decade of 1970 until the present time. Among the preliminary results is the lack of strategic planning in the face of territorial transformations. Also, the emergence of disputes and tensions between different actors regarding the use of the land. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se presenta una introducción en la que el editor discute artículos en el tema sobre temas como compras al aire libre en Buenos Aires, Argentina, bienes inmuebles en Pachuca, México y entorno urbano de Argentina.

An introduction is presented in which the editor discusses articles in the issue on topics including urban environment, hospitality towards foreigners and immigrants and christian spirituality in the city.

This article describes the procedure for implementing a strategy for the design of urban stormwater drainage networks with use of mathematical modeling and the results achieved are discussed. It is based upon the Sanitation Director Plan of the city of Luanda, the study by the Technical Unit of Luanda Sanitation Office (UTGSL) to the Marzal basin and data from various sources and scales, so that it meets requirements required by simulation models suitable for the study of hydrological processes in an urban environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper proposes to first reconstruct some theoretical itineraries gender mainstreaming in urban planning processes, showing the diversity experienced by women as a group in urban life experiences. Second examines the main demands through which women have claimed the "right to the city". And, thirdly establishes the main political, urban and cultural challenges to building more democratic and inclusive cities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The practices of street-level bureaucracy (SLB) constitute a central issue to efforts made to understand the implementation of public policies. Lipsky's seminal work established the theoretical bases for a methodical analysis of this type of practice. Nevertheless, the appropriation of Lipsky, at least in the Latin American context, is limited to partial references and lacks a rigorous empirical examination of the theory. Our analysis of the Structural Programme for Risk Areas, based on both primary data (ethnographic participation, interviews, focus groups) and secondary data (official texts), identified practices and contexts not foreseen by the theory. Contrary to the theoretical postulates, it was found that the behavioural hypotheses of rationalisation of service and cognitive simplification are not good predictors of the relationships of street-level bureaucrats (SLBs) with their clients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper aims to characterize, for the social-ensemble that negatively defines them, the marginal urban spaces stigmatized in terms of their structuring value. We state that these spaces must be understood according to the system they integrate with pure and neutral spaces. Based on an critical review of the concept of heterotopy, we state that these sites of insignificant relative weight, in the material and political economy of contemporary cities, become essential for their symbolic and affective economy. These spaces accomplish the socially effective --and humanly cruel-- task of setting the lower limits of the urbanensemble, which takes consistency by their sustained expulsion. By embodying the radical exterior of contemporary cities, these spaces also act as the cathartic and projective locus of the collective imagination and passions that, at the same time, feed from them and discharge against them. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The compilation of data inventories regarding the distribution, composition, availability and structure of the variety of trees species in a certain urban area constitutes a necessary stage in urban forestry management. Havana's El Vedado has been historically characterized by its tree-lined streets. However, the current quantitative and qualitative deficiencies of its tree species affect significantly the urban image of the area and the well-being of its inhabitants, while also restricting the benefits provided by the trees and increasing their vulnerability. This paper presents a report of the first results of a spatial database of El Vedado's tree-lined streets, created through meticulous identification of tree species and the spaces where they belong. The data collected include information on basic aspects such as tree composition, density, size, growth performance and limitations. This type of study may prove very useful in helping to identify the characteristics that maybe used to select tree species better suited for landscape design in urban areas of Cuba. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]